Earth Science Reviewer (FINALS)
Earth Science Reviewer (FINALS)
Earth Science Reviewer (FINALS)
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
-Rocks undergo natural process known as
weathering, which involves changes in its Living organism may contribute to
physical and chemical properties. mechanical as well as chemical weathering.
Transport- happens once a particle is Factors that affect the occurrence of mass
entrained through various mechanisms such wasting include:
as suspension, saltation, traction and
solution. 1. Change in slope angle
2. Weakening of material by
MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT weathering
3. Increased water content
Suspension - where the particles are carried 4. Change in vegetation overloading
by the medium without touching the surface
of their origin. TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT
Magma rising
-Mud volcanoes are formed when chemical (Lahars) are mudflows formed when fine-
reactions with heated, acidic waters from the grained tephra mixes with water forming
hot springs convert rocks to viscous clay. streams
Based on activities, volcanoes are classified (Rock cycle). It is a process that describes
as active, dormant, or extinct. how rocks change from one form to another.
-Cinder volcano is the smallest type of Compression- occurs when tectonic plates
volcano due to its eruptions. are pushed together
-Domes form from the slow extrusion of TYPES OF MOUNTAINS AND THEIR FORMATIONS
highly-viscous silicic lava.
Volcano mountains- also known as
volcanoes
Volcanism or Volcanic Eruption is the Fold mountains- the blocks position under it
emission of material from deep in the earth.
Hanging wall- blocks position over the fault
Subduction zone, when the weaker crust is Foot wall- the common types of mountain
being pulled in the magma chamber and
breaks, it also forms volcanoes. A push and Reverse fault- horizontal sudden slip
pull event. Srike slip fault- hanging wall has moved up
Dome mountain- built from magma
EARTH SCIENCE
Fault-block mountains- blocks of rocks 5. Moderate
material slide along fault
6. Strong
Earthquakes
7. Very strong
Earthquakes- sudden shaking or trembling
8. Severe
Focus- location on the fault
9. Violent
Epicenter- geographic location
10+ Extreme
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
2. Love waves- moves sideways with no The Great San Francisco Earthquake (April
vertical movements 18, 1906)
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
1. Geological Fit
2. Fossil Evidences
3. Rock and Mountain Chain Correlations
4. Paleoclimate Evidence
5. Paleomagnetic Evidences
Major events in Earth’s Past
-Absolute age
Tells both the sequence of the events and the
amount of time that has passed from the
time the event occurred. It determines how
long ago the rock formed in the exact
number of years.
EARTH SCIENCE
PRINCIPLE OF CROSSCUTTING RELATIONSHIPS ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
Rocks must exist first before anything may
happen to it. This principle states that any The rocks are above and below,
feature such as or intrusion that cuts across unconformity have different orientations
rocks is younger than the youngest rock that
NONCONFORMITY
is cut.
Occurs where rocks that formed deep in the
Earth.
DISCONFORMITY
TYPES OF FOSSILS
INDEX FOSSIL
also known as guide fossil, this is used for
relative dating. Any animal or plant
preserved in the rock can be considered as
index fossil
TRACE FOSSIL
includes any impression such as feeding,
scratching, burrowing, walking, or resting.
These fossils reflect the animal behaviors.
PHANEROZOIC EON
represents the time during which the TRANSITIONAL FOSSIL
majority of macroscopic organisms, algae, is any fossilized remains that show the
fungi, plants and animals, lived. intermediate states between an ancestral
form and that of its descendants.
CENOZOIC (RECENT LIFE)
is known as the "Age of Mammals." It is MICROFOSSIL
during this era that mammals and grasses is remains of tiny animals and plants found
become abundant. in rocks and sediment.
MESOZOIC (MIDDLE LIFE)
FOSSIL RESIN (AMBER)
is known as "Age of Dinosaurs." It is during is an exudates (fluid emitted by the
this time that dinosaurs roamed the lands. organism) of long-buried plant life.
PALEOZOIC (ANCIENT LIFE)
DERIVED FOSSIL (REWORKED FOSSIL)
is known as the "Age of Fishes." is an exudates (fluid emitted by the
Sedimentary rocks that are formed during organism) of long-buried plant life.
this era contain fossils of early life forms
such as invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, CHEMICAL FOSSIL
and reptiles. is a fossil wherein the derived compounds
formed by living creatures that occur in
Fossils some rocks.
- are preserved remains or traces of animals, Blast from the past
plants, and other organisms.
in 1676, the first dinosaur fossil was
FOSSILIZATION
recovered from the Taynton Limestone
is the preservation of organic remains Formation of Stonesfield limestone quarry,
through a complex processes. Oxfordshire.
PERMINERALIZATION
Great Scientist
is a process of fossilization that occurs when Willard Frank Libby was an american
water containing minerals enter these pores physical chemist, awarded the nobel prize in
of plants, bones, or shells. chemistry in 1964
CARBONIZATION OR DISTILLATION