Computer Notes

COMPUTER NOTES
Chapter – 1: Internet Basics

World Wide Web (WWW)
 It is a way of accessing information over the Internet. It contains millions
of documents known as Web Pages.
 Each of these pages contain text, graphics, video, audio, etc. via
hyperlinks that connect it to different parts of the WWW. It uses HTTP
for the transfer of these documents
 It was created by Sir Tim Berners Lee, along with Robert Cailliau while
working at CERN in 1990.
 A software known as Web Browser is used to request a document or
web page located on the web and acts as a customer or client. After
receiving the request, the Internet host passes the information onto the
clients via HTTP.
Difference b/w WWW & Internet
WWW Internet
A set of programs, standards and Defined as a network of millions of
protocols which governs the computers connected worldwide to
manner of displaying multimedia share data via connecting devices
files on the Internet
It is a service available on the Offers various services such as e-
Internet mails, chatting, forums, etc. and
works independently of WWW
Administered by HTTP Administered by IP
Web Server
 It is a type of server responsible for providing web content. Primarily
hosts websites and allows clients to access these sites.
 Its function is to store, process and deliver web pages.
 A browser sends request to web server and it scans the requests and
provides relevant outputs.
 It takes help of Application Servers when websites have dynamic
content. These help to provide a centralised storage place for files
 It can be either a shared web server or a dedicated web server
Website
 It is a collection of related web pages containing multimedia dynamic
files under the same domain name
 These are written with HTML and can be accessed via the Internet
 These pages are linked together via hyperlinks and text and hosted on a
web server
 Each website has a unique address. The character-based addressing
system is its Domain Name while number-based system is its IP Address
 All files present in the websites are known as Site Files
 The service that provides space on the Internet for the maintenance of
the website is known as Web Host
 The system which helps the author in creating, designing and modifying
the content of a website is Content Management System (CMS)
Web Portal
 It is a gateway to a wide range of Internet services such as e-mail, search
engines, etc.
 It does not contain information on any specific topic but suggests related
web pages to the user
 Yahoo, MSN, etc. are some search engines acting as web portals
Web Page
 It is a digital page that contains multimedia files, written by HTML, stored
on a web server
 Each web page is defined by a unique address called Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
 User Web Page (req)  Web Browser  Web Server  Source code
and back
Web Browser
 It is a program used to visit different websites present on the Internet by
providing the required URLs.
 It acts as an interface between the user and the World Wide Web
 Provides downloading, bookmarks, password management, spell
checking, search engine tool bars, etc.
 It can be of two types, GUI browser (Google, Internet Explorer) or a text-
based browser (Linux)
Elements of URL
 Scheme – It is the first part of a web address, and defines which protocol
needs to be followed to access the address (https, mailto, ftp)
 Host – The second part of web address identifies the host, typically
starting with ‘www’ if the file is on the World Wide Web
 Domain – It follows the host. It is the unique name given to each website
by the Internation Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN). The Domain Name System (DNS) serves as a directory for the
web by locating and addressing devices in a worldwide network.
Protocols
 TCP/IP – It is a family of protocols defining conventions for
communication between computers over the Internet. It is the basic
communication protocol of the Internet. It works by packet switching
and is a two-layer program. TCP manages the breaking down and
assembling of data whereas IP is responsible for accurate delivery.
 HTTP – It determines how different programs exchange data over the
Internet. The HTTP is the standard protocol used by the World Wide
Web. It is responsible for accessing hypertext documents over the
WWW.
 HTTPS – Same as HTTP but the data cannot be intervened by any third-
party client as it is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate. ‘S’ stands for secure
Chapter – 2: Internet Services
E-mail
 It allows users to send and receive messages in real time
 It is a cost-effective and eco-friendly form of communication
 It can also send multimedia files such as videos, audios, etc.
 Services provided may either be web-based (Gmail, Yahoo, MSN) or
application-based (Outlook Express, Mozilla Thunderbird)
 Each user on e-mail has a unique address known as e-mail address
 POP3 Server Address is the address to be configured in order to retrieve
e-mails from a remote web server using a local client
 SMTP Server Address is the address to be configured to send an
outgoing mail
Difference b/w spam & junk
Spam Junk
Can arrive in other forms Only comes in form of mail
Often comes from websites where Comes from unknown websites
you have signed in to avail their
service
For the purpose of advertisement of Attempts to spread viruses or block
new products or services offered the Internet
Working of a search engine:

 Spider/Webcrawler – This software continuously crawls on the web to
comb out any new information and find their web addresses. Whenever
a keyword is entered, these spiders bring all matching URL results
 Indexing Software – The search results are indexed and important
information is extracted out of them. This information is stored in a
database and is used at the time of searching. Level of indexing varies
from browser to browser
 Search Algorithm – The search engines search the keyword in indexed
database using a sequential method called the Search Algorithm
 Search Engine Optimisation refers to methods used to increase traffic to
a website by increasing its search engine page rank and improving the
quality of content received
Protocols for File Transfer
 FTP – It is a standard Internet protocol for exchanging files between two
or more computers on the Internet over TCP/IP protocols. It is used to
upload or download files and uses a client/server model
 SSH – It is predominantly used for securing data over an unsecured
network. It establishes a secure connection between the client and host
computer through remote command execution for transferring data over
a network. It was used as a replacement for Telnet and other remote
shell protocols
 SCP – It helps in maintaining the confidentiality of data whilst moving
files between two connected machines over a network in an encrypted
form
 SFTP – Same as FTP but encrypts the data into binary form leading to
security and faster transfer speed
 Telnet – It is a protocol used for accessing a remote host computer. It
allows the user to login on the remote computer system using the
correct login and sign in credentials. It gives you a character-based
terminal window on another system
Chat
 IM – It is a private chat room where both the users must be online at the
same time. It is a communication service over the Internet that allows
the transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver.
Chatting only takes place between known people invited by the user. E.g.
Google Hangouts, Skype IM, etc.
 IRC – Allows people to communicate in real time and not limited to just
two participants. It is mainly designed for group communication but also
allows one-on-one private communication including file sharing. It works
on the client/server model. E.g. mIRC, IRCle, IRC2, etc.
 ICQ – It is an online communication program enabling people to chat,
send emails, and transfer files to each other. Each user is assigned a
unique number and notifies whenever someone you know is online.
 Web-based Chat – It is conducted on a web browser, usually provided by
a webmail provider like Google, Facebook, etc.
Video Conferencing (not typing)
E-learning (not typing)
E-banking (“)
E-shopping (“)
E-reservation (“)
E-governance (“)
E-groups (“)
Mobile Technology
 SMS – It is a quick and convenient way to send short messages on mobile
devices. They have a limitation of 160 characters
 MMS – It is an upgraded messaging service. It also includes multimedia
content and can carry upto 300Kb data at a time
 3G – The third generation of wireless mobile technology which made
web browsing an enjoyable experience. Each generation brought new
frequency bands and higher data speeds. 3G made streaming of audio
and video files with transmission rate upto 2 Mbps
 4G – It refers to the fourth generation of wireless communication which
is a successor to 2G and 3G. It is an IP based packet-switching system
with a high-speed data transmission rate of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps
 5G – It is yet to begin functioning in many countries. It has almost no
limitations and is supportable on WWWW. It provides large broadcasting
of data with high speed in Gbps. It has more speed, supports HD quality,
interactive multimedia and streaming audio/video files.

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COMPUTER NOTES

Chapter – 1: Internet Basics

Working of a search engine:

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