INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Indefinite integrals
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. This chapter is devoted to indefinite integrals
which is the second major problem of calculus.

Antiderivatives
Definition: A function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on a given interval if
F ' ( x)  f ( x) for all values of x in that interval. The functions (1 / 3) x 3 , (1 / 3) x 3  5 ,
(1 / 3) x 3  C , etc. are antiderivatives of f ( x)  x 2 on the interval (,).
The process of computing antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration. If
d
F ( x)  f ( x) then the functions of the form F ( x)  c are the antiderivatives of f (x). It is
dx
denoted by  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c , where the symbol  is called the integral sign and f (x) is the
integrand. The constant c is called the integrating constant. Since the right side of this relation is
not a definite function the term ‘indefinite’ is used.

Properties
Let F ( x) and G ( x) be two antiderivatives of f ( x) and g ( x), respectively and let c be a
constant, real or complex. Then the following properties hold:
(i)  cf ( x)dx  cF ( x)  C
(ii)  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx  F ( x)  G ( x)  C
(iii)  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx  F ( x)  G ( x)  C

Problems
For necessary formulas see page 324, Table 5.2.1 of the textbook Calculus by Howard Anton, Irl
Bivens and Stephen Davis (10th Edition)

t 2  2t 4
1. Evaluate  t 4 dt
t 2  2t 4  t 2 2t 4  1
Solution: We can write  4
dt    4  4  dt   (t 2  2) dt    2t  C
t t t  t
1  2t 3 1 
2. Evaluate (i)  3 dt , (ii)    2et  dt
t  2t 
x2
3. Evaluate  2 dx
x 1
( x 2  1)  1 1 1
Solution: We can write  x 2  1 dx   1 dx   x 2  1 dx  x  tan x  C
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4. Evaluate  [cosec 2 t  sec t tan t ] dt
Solution: We can write  [cosec 2 t  sec t tan t ] dt   cot t  sec t  C
5. Evaluate  cosec x(sin x  cot x) dx
Solution: We can write  cosec x(sin x  cot x) dx   (1  cos ecx cot x) dx  x  cos ecx  C
sec x  cos x
6. Evaluate  dx
2 cos x
sec x  cos x 1 1
Solution: We can write  dx   (sec2 x  1) dx  (tan x  x)  C
2 cos x 2 2
3
 4 1 x  x 
7. Evaluate     dx
2
 x x 1 1  x2 
Solution: We can write
 4 1  x  x3  1 1 x(1  x 2 )

  x x 2  1 1  x 2  dx  4sec x   1  x2  1  x2 dx
dx 

1 2
 4sec 1 x  tan 1 x  x C
2

Integration by Parts and Standard Integrals

1. Evaluate  ln x dx
1
Solution: We can write  ln x dx  ln x  1dx  
x
x dx  x ln x  x  c

2
2. Evaluate x tan 1 x dx
Solution: We can write
2 1 1 x3
1 2
 x tan x dx  tan x  x dx   1  x 2 3 dx
x3 1 x3 x3 1 x( x 2  1)  x
 tan 1 x   dx  tan 1
x  dx  c
3 3 1 x2 3 3  1 x2
1 1 x2 1 x
 x 3 tan 1 x     dx  c
3 3 2 3 1 x2
1 x2 1
 x 3 tan 1 x   ln(1  x 2 )  c
3 6 6
1
e m tan x
3.  dx
(1  x 2 ) 2
1
Solution. Let tan 1 x  z  dx  dz and x  tan z
1 x2
1
e m tan x e mz 1
So  2 2
dx   2
dz   e mz cos 2 z dz   e mz (1  cos 2 z ) dz
(1  x ) 1  tan z 2

2
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1 mz 1
  e dz   e mz cos 2 z dz
2 2
1 mz 1 e mz
 e   2 m cos 2 z  2 sin 2 z   c
2m 2 m 4
1
1 m tan 1 x e m tan x

2m
e  2
2( m  4)
 
m cos( 2 tan 1 x)  2 sin( 2 tan 1 x)  c

4. Evaluate  1  x 2 x5 dx

Solution: We can write  1  x 2 x5 dx   1  x 2 x 4 . x dx

Let 1  x 2  u. Then 2x dx  du giving x dx  (1 / 2)du
1 1
Therefore,  1  x 2 x5 dx   u (u  1) 2 du   u (u 2  2u  1) du
2 2
1
  (u 5/ 2  2u 3/ 2  u1/ 2 ) du
2
dx
5. Evaluate  dx
(1  x) 1  x
Solution: Substitute 1  x  u 2  dx  2udu
dx 2u 1
So that we can write  dx   2
du  2  du
(1  x) 1  x (1  u  1)u 2  u2
1 2 u 2  1 x
 2 2 2
du  2(1 / 2 2 ) log  c (1 / 2 ) log c
( 2 )  (u ) 2 u 2  1 x
x2 1
6. Evaluate  4 dx
x  x2 1
 1  1
x 2 1  2 
2 1 2
x 1  x  x
Solution: We can write  4 2
dx   dx   2
dx
x  x 1 2  2 1   1 
x  x 1 2  x  3
 x   x
1  1 
Let x   z  1  2  dx  dz
x  x 
Therefore, we get
1
2 x
x 1 dz 1 z 1 x c
x 4 2
dx   2  tan 1 c  tan 1
 x 1 z 3 3 3 3 3
2
1 x 1
 tan 1 c
3 3x

sin 1 x
7. Evaluate  (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx
1
Solution: Let sin 1 x  z  dx  dz and x  sin z .
1 x2

3
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sin 1 x sin 1 x z
We can write  (1  x2 )3 / 2 dx   (1  x2 )1 / 2 (1  x 2 ) dx   1  sin 2 z dz
  z sec 2 z dz  z tan z   tan z dz  c  z tan z  ln(cos z )  c
 sin 1 x tan(sin 1 x)  ln cos(sin 1 x)  c
x
 sin 1 x  ln 1  x 2  c
2
1 x
1
8.  dx
1  sin x  cos x
1
Solution: Let I   dx.
1  sin x  cos x
sec x
Dividing both numerator and denominator by cos x, we get I   dx.
sec x  tan x  1
Let sec x  tanx  1  z. Then (sec x tanx  sec 2 x) dx  dz and so we get
dz
sec x(sec x  tanx) dx  dz  sec x dx  2
z 1
Therefore, we get
dz  1 1
I      dz  ln z  1  ln z  C
z ( z  1)  z 1 z 
z 1 sec x  tan x
 ln  C  ln  C.
z sec x  tan x  1
Alternative method
2 tan( x / 2) 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)
We can write 1  sin x  cos x  1    2  2 tan ( x / 2)
1  tan 2 ( x / 2) 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)
1 1  tan 2 ( x / 2) 1 sec 2 ( x / 2)
I  dx   dx   dx
1  sin x  cos x 2  2 tan( x / 2) 2 1  tan( x / 2)
x 1 x
Let 1  tan  z  sec 2 dx  dz
2 2 2
1
Therefore, I   dz  ln z  C  ln 1  tan( x / 2)  C
z
1  sin x
9.  dx
sin x(1  cos x)
1  sin x  1 sin x 
Solution: Given  dx      dx
sin x(1  cos x)  sin x(1  cos x) sin x(1  cos x) 
 1 1 
   sin x(1  cos x)  1  cos x  dx  I 1  I 2 , say

1
Now I 1   dx
sin x(1  cos x)
x  2 x
2 tan
 1  tan 
We can write sin x(1  cos x)  2 1  2
2 x  2 x
1  tan  1  tan 
2 2
4
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x  2 x x x   x
2 tan  1  tan  1  tan 2  2 tan   4 tan
2  2 2 2  2  2

x x  1  tan 2 x  1  tan 2 x  (1  tan 2 x )(1  tan 2 x )
1  tan 2  1  tan 2   
2 2  2 2 2 2
x 1 x
Let tan  u  sec 2 dx  du
2 2 2
x x
(1  tan 2 ) sec 2
1 2 2 dx
So I1   dx  
sin x(1  cos x) x
4 tan
2
2
(1  u ) 1 1 1 1 u2 1 x 1 x
 2 du   du   u du  ln u   ln tan  tan 2
4u 2 u 2 2 4 2 2 4 2
1 1 x x
I2   dx   sec 2 dx  tan
1  cos x 2 2 2
Hence, I  I 1  I 2 .
1
10. Evaluate  dx
cos 3 x  cos x
x2 x cos x
Solution: Let I   2
dx   x sec x dx
( x sin x  cos x) ( x sin x  cos x) 2
x cos x d x cos x 
 x sec x  2
dx    ( x sec x)  2
dx  dx
( x sin x  cos x)  dx ( x sin x  cos x) 
x cos x
 ( x sec x) I 1   (sec x  x sec x tan x) I 1 dx where I1   dx
( x sin x  cos x) 2
Let x sin x  cos x  z  ( x cos x  sin x  sin x) dx  dz  x cos x dx  dz
1 1 sin x cos x  x sin x
Also, sec x  x sec x tan x  x 
cos x cos x cos x cos 2 x
1 1 1
Therefore, we get I 1   2 dz    
z z x sin x  cos x
x sec x x sec x
Hence, I     sec2 x dx    tan x  C
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x

Alternative method
1 1 1 1
We can write  cos 3x  cos x dx   2sin 2 x sin x dx  4  sin 2
dx
x cos x
1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x 1
  2
dx   (sec x dx  cs cx cot x) dx
4 sin x cos x 4
1 1 1  x  1
 ln sec x  tan x  cs cx  C  ln tan     cs cx  C
4 4 4  4 2 4