تجربة 4

University of Babylon
College of Engineering
Department of Biomedical Engineering
First stage
Phasor Diagram for RL series
Forth experiment
Electric Lap. /AC Circuit
Supervisor :MS. Nahla Jasem
Is written by :Zahraa Ali Reasan
Date:8th May , 2023

Objective
The objective of this exercise is to study the phasor diagram of RL series.
The V-I Relationship for a Resistor
From Ohm’s law, if the current in a resistor varies sinusoidally with time— that is, if
—the voltage at the terminals of the resistor
where is the maximum amplitude of the current in amperes and is the phase angle
of the current. The phasor transform of this voltage is
But is the phasor representation of the sinusoidal current
which states that the phasor voltage at the terminals of a resistor is simply the
resistance times the phasor current.
The V-I Relationship for an Inductor
We derive the relationship between the phasor current and phasor voltage at the
terminals of an inductor by assuming a sinusoidal current and using
to establish the corresponding voltage Thus, for the
expression for the voltage is
states that the phasor voltage at the terminals of an inductor equals times the
phasor current. Figure 9.10 shows the frequency domain equivalent circuit for the
inductor. It is important to note that the relationship between phasor voltage and
phasor current for an inductor applies as well for the mutual inductance in one coil
due to current flowing in another mutually coupled coil. That is, the phasor voltage
at the terminals of one coil in a mutually coupled pair of coils equals times the
phasor current in the other coil.
which indicates that the voltage and current are out of phase by exactly 90° In
particular, the voltage leads the current by or, equivalently, the current lags behind
the voltage by . Figure 9.11 illustrates this concept of voltage leading current or
current lagging voltage. For example, the voltage reaches its negative peak exactly
before the current reaches its negative peak. The same observation can be made
with respect to the zero-going-positive crossing or the positive peak. We can also
express the phase shift in seconds. A phase shift of corresponds to one-fourth of a
period; hence the voltage leads the current by or second
A circuit that contains a pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a coil
having a pure inductance of L (Henry) is known as RL Series Circuit. When an AC
supply voltage V is applied, the current, I flows in the circuit.
So, IR and IL will be the current flowing in the resistor and inductor respectively, but
the amount of current flowing through both the elements will be same as they are
connected in series with each other.
In RL Series circuit the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees angle known as phase
angle. It is given by the equation:
The phase shift angle (ϕ) between V and V can be find by three methods:
1- Impedance method.
For RL series circuit shown in Figure 1
Usually for any inductive load (coil) there is an internal resistance that made phase
angle between resistance voltage V and coil voltage V < 900 , therefore the phasor
diagram can be drawing as shown Figure 1.
The basic, simplified scheme of the three-voltmeter method designed for measuring
internal resistance and inductance of coil is presented in Fig.2.
According to the phasor diagram, the cosine of angle (α) can be calculated
Since the same current flows through R and ZL, therefore the load impedance value
is:
Where R is known resistance. If the impedance was a coil with internal resistance Ri
which can be found using :
And the reactance value is : √
And the coil inductance is :
Note: The voltmeter method could also use with capacitive load with internal
resistance
3- Oscilloscope method.
Phase shift angle (ϕ) between source voltage and resistance voltage can be
measured directly using two channels oscilloscope as shown in Figure 3
Procedure
1- Connect circuit in Figure 1.

2- Set source E(r.m.s)=6 V, f =200 Hz, R=220 Ω and L=100 mH (Ri is unknown).
3- Find phase shift angle (ϕ) by Impedance method
. 4- Find phase shift angle (ϕ) by Voltmeter method
. 5- Find phase shift angle (ϕ) by Oscilloscope method.
6- Compare among three results.
7- Find Ri and exact value of L from voltmeter method, theoretically.
8- Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit, then draw the waveforms for all the
currents and the voltages in the circuit.
Discussion
W= 2 = 6.28 rad/sec
XL = jwL XL = j * 6.28 * 100
XL = j628 Ω
ZL = Rin + j628 Ω
ZL = 165 + J628 Ω
= tan-1 [ ] = 98.856 123.294o
VZL = = = 54.288 140.083o
VR = = = 1.791

تجربة 4

Uploaded by

تجربة 4

Uploaded by

University of Babylon

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Phasor Diagram for RL series

Supervisor :MS. Nahla Jasem

Is written by :Zahraa Ali Reasan

Date:8th May , 2023

The objective of this exercise is to study the phasor diagram of RL series.

The V-I Relationship for a Resistor

But is the phasor representation of the sinusoidal current

The V-I Relationship for an Inductor

For RL series circuit shown in Figure 1

And the reactance value is : √

And the coil inductance is :

1- Connect circuit in Figure 1.

XL = jwL XL = j * 6.28 * 100

= tan-1 [ ] = 98.856 123.294o

VZL = = = 54.288 140.083o

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