Ritual Theology

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COPTIC ORTHODOX CHURCH

Diocese of Sydney and affiliated Regions
Pope Shenouda III Coptic Theological College
Sydney- Australia
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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
According to the rites of
The Coptic Orthodox
Church

By
Rev. Fr. Tadros El-Bakhoumi

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Ritual theology all about?
Why do we need to study Ritual theology?
The linguistic origin of the term ‘ritual’
Our traditional church and other denominations

Section One
The importance of the resources, which support rituals
The Historic Context
™ The inherent difficulties with studying the material
™ Why are the writings of the Apostles and the Apostolic Fathers of such importance?
The spiritual insights

Section Two
The Biblical references for rituals
Introduction
The Old Testament
™ Genesis
™ Exodus
™ Leviticus
™ Numbers
™ Fasting
The New Testament
™ Gospels and Acts
™ Epistles

Section Three
The historical basis
The Theoretical/systematic basis
The practical basis
™ Daily rituals
™ Periodical / Occasional
™ Service rituals
™ Celebratory rituals
The ritual books used in the church
Different types of ‘Katameroses’ used in the church
Detailed explanation about the ‘Katamaros’ of the holy Great Friday and Passion Week

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Section Four
A. Structure of the Holy Mass
- The Agpia
- Sections of the ‘incense raising service’ and their explanation
B. Hymnology
The order of hymns
The structure of the hymnology of the church
Verses of cymbals
The structure of Tasbeha
™ the evening praise before incense raising
™ midnight praises
™ the early morning praise

Section Five
The church building between the Old and New Testaments
Why do we build the church of the New Testament facing the East?
Why do we have to stand while praying inside the church?
Incense in the church
™ why do we use incense in the church?
™ the spiritual benefits of using incense
The design of the church building
The domes in the church
Some details about rituals, church interior and order of mass through questions and answers
- order for the place of the wine in bread in the mass and in pictures
- the Iconostasis
- the crucifix
- icons of the 12 disciples, St Mark and St Paul
- processions
- icon of St Mary
- icon of St John the Baptist
- icons of archangels Michael and Gabriel
- wooden doors for the altar
- the curtain for the altar
- the altar
- the picture in the ‘Bosom of the Father’ – the ‘Pantokrator’
- the ostrich egg
- why do we put candles in front of saints’ pictures
- the Coptic cross
- symbols related to the eagle
- design for the baptism room.

Section Six
Sunday: the day of the Lord
The reasons why the church replaced Saturday with Sunday in the New Testament
Biblical and historical proofs for making Sunday ‘the day of the Lord’
Spiritual understanding of sanctifying Sunday.
Sunday and fasting

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Sunday and kneeling down in prayer

The commemoration of the deceased on Sundays
The relationship between the Sundays of the year and the Holy Resurrection
The readings of various occasions that come on Sunday

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I

INTRODUCTION
We will introduce our course on Ritual Theology by reference to two verses of our Lord,
recorded in the Gospel of St. John:

“God is Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth”
(John 4:24)

“It is the Spirit Who gives life; the flesh profits nothing. The words that I speak to
you are spirit, and they are life.” (John 6:63)

These verses encourage us to study the rituals of the Holy Church, not as a dry academic
exercise, but in spirit and as life – indeed, as a life to live.

Before beginning it is necessary to make one point very clear. As I discuss the rituals of the
Holy Church, whether the rituals of the Holy Mass as one of the Sacraments, or the rituals of
the church herself which were delivered to us by the fathers the apostles from generation to
generation; You will detect significant differences in what I shall teach about the rituals of
the Holy Coptic Orthodox Church and those of other Christian denominations, such as the
Roman Catholic or Anglican Churches. What I shall do is to inform you of the rituals as they
have been defined and practised by tradition within the Church herself; a tradition which has
been passed down from the Holy Apostles, who received it at the hands of our Lord Himself.
This tradition has been thoroughly passed down from one generation to another – thus the
rituals of the Church have a direct relationship to the Holy Bible and to the Apostolic Fathers
from the first centuries of Christianity. We know from the four gospels that the Lord spent
about three and half years teaching His twelve disciples and apostles everything; and also
from the Book of Acts that the Lord after His holy resurrection spent forty days appearing to
His holy apostles informing them about all what concerns the church edification (Acts 1: 3).

It is important initially to discuss the term Ritual Theology itself in a little more detail. It is
significant that in Arabic the term for ‘theology’ (‘el-lahout’) incorporates both the terms
‘divinity’ and ‘theology’. Thus when we discuss Ritual Theology we should be careful to
include both these senses in our understanding of the term. It follows that, with a prior
knowledge of the Arabic, we can extend the traditional meaning of ‘theology’ in English.

Traditionally theology (from ‘Theos’ in Greek which means ‘God’, and ‘logos’ which means
the ‘word’, or ‘study of’) has meant the study of all things pertaining to God. When we add
the additional meanings from Arabic we can infer that ‘theology’ is both the ‘science’ of the
study of God, and also the (presence of the) divinity of God Himself. Thus when we speak of
Ritual Theology we are studying both the theology of the rituals of the Holy Church, and
also, through this study, we can simply understand and learn of theological understandings
and spiritual meanings seen in the rituals practised.

The science of theology is so broad that it has tended to be separated into various related
disciplines. At the root, or the base, of these divisions is systematic theology (sometimes

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termed ‘theoretical theology’), which is the branch of theology that deals with God Himself,
His characteristics and attributes, as well as the systematic study of the theological
underpinnings of the Holy Trinity. Related to this study are the smaller, but still very
significant, strands of theology: dogmatic; spiritual; moral; pastoral etc. Each of these
branches of study is concerned with how we may understand God’s revelation to us and how
we may reach a true knowledge of Him. Naturally this study is founded upon the Holy Bible
which is the core of tradition, and which is the foundation from which we may verify the
teachings and authority of the Church itself. It follows that our study will be based very
firmly upon the biblical traditions of our Fathers.

When we examine the rituals of the Holy Church we are not concerned solely with studying
them in themselves (their order, their practices etc), nor even with penetrating the spiritual
depths and meaning which underpin these rituals (while this is very important to our life in
the church), but more than any other motivation we are trying to find the presence of God in
these ritual procedures. It follows that, as we examine the ceremonies of the Church we shall
be trying to determine exactly what point the Holy Spirit, through the Church, is trying to
make clear to us. In other words, we shall be attempting to come close to the rituals of the
Church in order to find which particular concept and fact is embodied in each ritual, thus we
can determine whether one specific practice refers to the Father Himself, or to our Lord Jesus
Christ, and if the latter, which ones refer to His Incarnation, His life, His Crucifixion, His
Burial, His Resurrection from the dead, His Ascension and so on. Thus our goal is to
examine the rituals so as to understand the practice (its meaning and spiritual significance)
and thereby how we may relate this understanding to Christ our Lord, and thus to come closer
to Him.

From the above we can attempt a fuller definition of the aims of studying Ritual theology, to
gain an understanding of the theology and divinity of the rituals of the Holy Church, to find
God in the praises offered to Him from within the Church herself and ideally to discover that
this knowledge will lead me to God Himself.

It seems that many people understand that the word ‘ritual’ means not much more than the
‘order’ of the Church’s services. Thus some will say that a study of the Church rituals is
simply a study of how they are done, and the order in which they are completed. It is true, in
fact, to say that the order of the rituals is very important as the rituals were designed by the
Holy Spirit to lead us ever-increasingly towards perceiving God, and to have Him embodied
in our minds, eyes and understanding. It is significant that a simple man or woman,
uneducated in the study of theology, will, if he or she simply follows the rituals and practices
in full with the understanding which this engenders, be led towards God and will develop an
appreciation for the fundamental theological teachings of the Church. Nevertheless, this is
one of the profound beauties of our Church – that, whilst the simple will experience God
through the rituals of the Church, those who wish to study the practices of the Church more
deeply will be amply rewarded for their trouble.

A study of the rituals of the Church will reveal how the Holy Spirit has arranged the services
throughout the year to reveal a deep and abiding knowledge of the story of Christianity itself,
of Christ Himself, and for the sacrifice he made to redeem us all following the Fall of
mankind. The round of rituals of the whole Coptic year will reinforce our understanding of
the whole of Christ’s life in the flesh on Earth for our salvation; His Incarnation, life,
Crucifixion, death and His holy Resurrection. The rituals also teach us about the
establishment of our beloved Church here on earth through our Redemption by the blood of

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our Saviour on the Cross. Indeed, as we contemplate in the struggling Church on earth, our
minds are drawn heavenward to a vision of the other half of the Church, which is the
Victorious Church in Paradise. For the Church on earth is but one part of the Church, the
Body of Christ is comprised of that part which struggles in its earthly life here, as well as that
part which is victorious in Paradise and all are bound together in the one Body.

The rituals, arranged by the Holy Spirit, raise our souls, step by step, towards this victorious
Church. It is through the practices of the Church that all the faithful desire Heaven and strive
towards achieving it. The believer, who lives the life of the Church through her rituals, will
live in the depths of our Lord Jesus Christ and will be led gradually to unity in Christ
Himself. Indeed, this may explain to us why our Lord Jesus Christ would attend the
synagogue every Saturday with the Jews. He did not go because he needed to, of course, but
simply in order to teach us that without a Church and her rituals, we cannot survive in Christ
or, ultimately, in God Himself.

What is Ritual Theology all about?

Though in the time available to us I shall try to cover as much as I am able with regard to the
science of theology, and all that, which pertains to it, I doubt that we will be able to cover all
that it contains. But at least you will have an idea of the subject, and of its sub-sections.
Thus when you come to examine ritual theology you will be aware that it contains pure
theology, pure tradition, pure Bible study and pure spirituality which you can clearly discern
for yourselves once you practise the rituals with understanding.

Ritual Theology covers such subjects as:

The church building itself and the spiritual nature of ecclesiastical architecture.
The furnishings and interior of the church building
The functions of the furnishings and ritual objects
The study of iconography and iconology (i.e. the theology of the icons)
The design of the exterior and interior of the church building itself
The essential areas of the interior (The Iconstasis, the Baptistry, the Sanctuary etc)
The origins and study of the function of these portions of the church building
The ceremonial practices of the Sacraments
The church hymnody and hymnology (the study of the Church tunes, hymns etc)
The origin and foundation of Coptic hymnody, as well as their construction
The spirituality and theology of the various Feasts of the Coptic Year
The fixed calendar of Feasts, as well as ‘variable’ Feasts
The categories of service books of the Church
The hidden mystery of the order of the readings of the Church etc.

Whenever you visit a Church you will be aware of the readings of the Holy Mass, the Gospel
of evening incense raising (‘vespers’), the Gospel of morning incense raising (‘matins’), the
Pauline Epistle, the Catholicon, the Praxis (Acts) as well as the Gospel of the Mass etc. Have
you ever wondered why each reading has been chosen by the Holy Spirit for a particular day,
and how they are related to one another? Why is it that some of these praises are mixed
together in particular ways and at particular times? What about the different praises offered
at specific times such as Pentecost, and the rules which govern their use? Have you ever
wondered about the oils used in the Church, for instance, or any other of the materials
employed in the Sacraments, or indeed what conditions apply to the offering of certain
materials? To be honest, a course such as this one could easily be divided into five or six

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sections, and each section turned into a course of its own. Nevertheless we will examine each
in as much detail as time allows and, by means of these notes, coupled with those you have
each taken from the seminars, you may leave with a much improved knowledge of the rituals
of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

Why do we need to study Ritual Theology?

There are many reasons why we, especially, need to study the rituals of our Holy Church. It
is quite true to say that of all the Christian churches in the world, ours has maintained the
rituals which were used by our ancestors in the Faith many centuries ago – indeed, even from
the beginning of Christianity. So we should examine the ceremonial practices of our Church
to put us in tune with the worship, which has gone on in the Coptic Church without change
from its very beginnings.

It is also true to suggest that it is likely that our Church conducts some of the longest services
of any Christian denomination. A knowledge of the theological meanings which underlie the
rituals will enhance our enjoyment of these long services and mean that you, like me, will
never find the long services boring. Indeed, I find that I enjoy the long services very much
and that they are truly rewarding – so much so that I wish I could go back to the monastery
where we used to pray the Holy Mass in its fuller form, which is much longer again. And we
did it every day! At the moment you attend the English Mass here and feel that it is long –
much longer than the services of the Anglican or the Roman Catholic churches – but you
would be shocked to learn that the Coptic Mass which you attend is in fact half, or even less
than half, of the full proper Coptic Mass which is prayed in Coptic with its original tunes. In
fact here I am speaking about the basic liturgy of St. Basil, which we use today, but if we
were to pray the Mass of St. Gregory, with its distinct long tunes in Coptic, you would find
that from the recitation of the Creed until the end of the Mass would take at least four hours.
And this does not include everything that came before the Creed.

I should confess that out of curiosity this year and last year I have examined the newspapers,
such as the ‘Leader’ or the local newspapers during Easter time (here I am using the terms
you know, though I should like to call ‘Good Friday’ by its correct name of ‘The Holy Great
Friday’, and ‘Easter’ by the proper term ‘The Feast of the Resurrection’ and ‘Christmas’ by
the term ‘The Feast of the Birth of our Lord Jesus Christ’), and I have discovered that the
longest service on the whole page is two hours, whilst as you well know, ours goes from 8am
through until 6pm. And even so, we are pushing to finish everything in time! And what
about the vigil of Joyous Saturday? It seems that no-one else but us does this service any
more. For myself, I know that in church we start at 10:30pm and do not finish until 6:30 or
7am, whilst in the monastery we would begin at 10pm and not finish until 8am! In fact, I
once attended the vigil, or overnight watch, at Deir El-Muharraq (the Monastery of the Holy
Virgin) in upper Egypt. There we read the entire book of the Apocalypse, or Revelation, in
Coptic and then repeated it in Arabic!

From the above we must recognise that our Coptic Orthodox church is indeed a unique one.
On some occasions, I have met with various ministers and priests from other churches and
they have often been shocked when I explain the length and nature of our services. I have
sometimes felt that they must think that we are not from here at all, but from another planet!
Some years ago, when Barry Unsworth was State Premier, we would conduct with him and
various religious leaders a monthly prayer breakfast in the Rockdale region. In the other
churches it was the habit to begin eating and, after 25 minutes of eating, we would then pray

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for 5 minutes (some with food still in their mouths!). When it came to my turn to host the
prayer breakfast, I began with a prayer before eating, which surprised many. When I began
with ‘In the Name of the Father, and the Son … etc’ a large number were amazed and
thought it was some sort of heresy as they had never prayed that way before. This might
indicate to you just how far many of the other Christian denominations have strayed from
their origins.

From my experience as a father of Confession for many young people, it has come to my
attention that they are often accused by others of being part of a Church, which is ‘too strict’
and has ‘much too long rituals’ which ‘are not understood by the faithful’. This is an
accusation which is still made. It is to address this accusation that we have begun studying
this course in the rituals of the Holy Coptic Orthodox Church, so that this generation may be
well able to answer such erroneous beliefs for themselves and, in so doing, follow the
instructions of St. Peter who told us to:

“…sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and always be ready to give defense to
everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you …” (1 Peter 3:16)

It is for this reason that I shall begin this study of the rituals of the Holy Church with an
examination of their sources, in fact, I have not needed to go beyond the writings from the
Holy Apostolic Fathers up to the First Ecumenical Council of Nicea in 325. Before this time
the Church was undivided so this should be sufficient proof that our Church was not
following anything unoriginal or false, or indeed was just a continuation of the Old
Testament worship and priesthood. The result of this survey of the sources from the earliest
centuries of Christianity will prove that we are following the Lord Jesus Christ in truth and
‘in the Spirit’ just as the Holy Bible has informed us. In this context it might be interesting to
remember the story of Naboth the Jezreelite (1 Kings 21:1-13) who refused to sell his
inheritance of land to his neighbour king Ahab. For this loyalty to the inheritance of his
ancestors Naboth was killed. This is a moral lesson for us all, particularly those who have so
easily abandoned the traditions and faith of our Fathers.

The Linguistic Origin of the term ‘Ritual’

The English word ‘Ritual’ is a translation of the Coptic word of ‘Taxis’. This word refers to
the order or rite of the practices and services of the Church, and from it comes the Arabic
word ‘Tux’. From this term we can understand that the word, in its fullness, refers to the rites
or rituals or order of things to be done, so this course on ritual theology will comprise a study
of the rites of the Church with special regard for their theology and tradition, belief and
spirituality which are their foundation. To aid you in your research of this field there is a set
of notes on this topic which I found amongst the previous notes for this course. In fact these
notes, detailing the philosophical and psychological roots of ritual, are based upon the
writings of His Grace Bishop Gregorios, which were published over thirty years ago. These
introductory notes are of benefit, and I advise students to study them.

Our traditional Church and other denominations

Here I should like to emphasis our response to an accusation to which I alluded to earlier – an
accusation sometimes made by other Christian denominations whose experience of us is
limited – which suggests that the Coptic Church is still living in the Old Testament (or
indeed, within the Old Dispensation). This subject could be studied at length but I shall
restrict myself to the following:

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1. It is entirely and abundantly clear from the New Testament that our Lord did not
cancel or expunge (destroy) the Old Testament, but that He came to earth in order to
fulfil the promise and the symbols of the Old Testament.

2. The rituals of the Old Testament were not dry, lifeless or empty as some claim, but
were in fact very deep, rich and alive expressions of worship. Indeed whoever studies
the Old Testament closely will find that our Lord Jesus Christ is continually
prefigured in its pages (ie He is alluded to in the fullest possible symbolic sense). As
we study the rituals of the Church we will appreciate the continuity of the Old and
New testaments which both meet in one center; that is OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST.
When we examine the rituals of Christian Baptism, we will come to a full
understanding of its theological profundity, and then more fully appreciate the
sacramental act of Baptism, which exists at the very beginning of the Holy Bible in
the first chapter of the Book of Genesis. If we study diligently the books of the Old
Testament, as well as the rituals, practices and instructions which they contain, we
will be led easily to Jesus Christ, as we will be able to perceive that throughout these
books we will encounter many extraordinary symbols of the our Lord Jesus Christ.

3. The symbolic rituals of the Old Testament were not swept away by Our Lord, but
were fulfilled and reinvigorated by Him. He did not cancel or end these rituals, but
renewed their spiritual meaning in a way which gave them clarity and richness. The
rituals which He thus renewed confirm that He is the fulfilment of Old Testament
expectation, so they have become spiritually significant and enlivened by the grace of
the Holy Spirit. Therefore the rituals of the Church are a continuation of the rituals of
the Old Testament, but because they are empowered by the Holy Spirit in a
profoundly spiritual sense they provide for us a means of salvation. We should
remember that our Lord, Who created us and Who knows we live in limited flesh, also
knows that we are affected by the physical world around us. It follows, that He has
provided rituals for us as He knows that their practice influences and motivates us,
and moves us deeply inside. For this reason He instituted the rituals of the Old
Testament and continued them, in a wholly spiritual way, in the New Testament.

4. To suggest that the Old Testament is one thing, and the New Testament is another, or
to say that they have no linkage between them, is simply wrong. The Holy Bible is
comprised of two sections, an Old and a New Testament, with one leading as a natural
progression to the other. In actual fact, we can understand the Bible most effectively
in the following way: Open a book., imagine that on one side you have the Old
Testament with all of its rites and practices and on the other side you have the New
Testament with the establishment of the Church and all of her rites and practices. In a
basic and simple way we can see that both of them lead to our Lord Jesus Christ, and
for anyone to suggest that we follow the Old Testament alone is an indication that
perhaps they do not understand the Bible at all. (see illustration next page)

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5. The thing that makes the Old Testament highly important in the life of the Church is
that God Himself ordered all that was done in it. As you all know there is a verse in
the Holy Bible which tells us that the Holy Bible is the book of God, and all what is in
it is inspired by the Holy Spirit to the holy men to write it. Further, we are told that
God is the same as He was yesterday, today and tomorrow. He never changes. How
then can we expect that the multitude of rites and forms of worship, which He
instituted in the Old Testament, and described in minute detail to Moses, are now
somehow cancelled or made redundant? Has God changed His mind? Certainly not!
If it is the same God Whom we worship today, as they did during the Old Testament
times, then surely He requires of us similar worship and rites.

I just wished to mention to you these answers to the accusation that we are a Church of the
Old Testament as you may well be faced with similar questions and opinions in your life as a
teacher or servant. During our study we will return again and again to the origins of the
worship and rites of the Old Testament in order to come to a fuller understanding about how
these practices of Old and New have been united in the Person of our Lord Jesus Christ.

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
SECTION ONE
Introduction
1. It is now time to turn to the sources of the rituals, as well as to their theological
foundation. The sources of the rituals of the Church are as follows:
2. The Holy Bible
3. The Books of the Holy Apostles
4. The writings of the Apostolic Fathers
5. The writings of the disciples of the Holy Apostles, the first generation after the
Apostolic Fathers
6. The writings of the Fathers of the Church, her scholars and teachers, during the first
four centuries before the Council of Nicea in 325, which have great relevance as they
come from the period in which the Churches of the world were united in Christ.
7. The Books of the Church which detail the orders of service. The oldest is named
“The Order of the Holy Church of God”, a very large book which is kept in the
Patriarchal Library in Egypt. There are other smaller books which further explain the
rituals of the Church.

We shall study these sources for ritual from a couple of perspectives:

1. The importance of these resources as references with undoubted merits
2. Assessing the order of importance of these sources, and to ascertain which parts
contain commentary or instruction on ritual.

Another important area for study is the depiction of rituals within the Holy Bible itself. As
this is an extremely broad and profound topic, it requires a great deal of examination and so
we may select this field of investigation as an assignment topic.

The importance of the resources which support rituals

The ancient resources that contain materials relating to rituals are of the greatest importance
for the Holy Church and its ritual life for the following reasons:
1. The origins of the rites of the Church are portrayed within their historical context;
2. What valuable spiritual insights into faith and theology which these early resources
offer.

The Historical Context

1. The first of these ancient resources which chronicle the ritual life of the Church are the
two books of the Holy Apostles which are filled with their teachings. They are known
by the names The Didascalia and The Didache. They were completed by the Holy
Apostles after the Holy Spirit descended upon them in the upper room of Zion, the room
belonging to the family of St. Mark which was used by our Lord for the Last Supper. It
must be remembered that all of the Apostles’ words and teachings were directed by the
Holy Spirit, as we can determine from Acts 15:28:

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“For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit, and to us to lay upon you no greater
burden that these necessary things.”

We will begin our study of the sources of rituals from the writings of the Holy Fathers who
lived and wrote before the First Ecumenical Council of Nicea in 325, they are often called
the Ante-Nicene Fathers. The importance of these writings can be ascertained from their
historical importance as documents which chronicle the earliest times of the Christian
Church. They begin with the writings and canons of the Holy Apostles which were written
following a couple of extraordinary important events. In the first place these writings
comprise the materials which our Lord taught directly to the Apostles during His Life
among us on earth. In the second place (though no less importance) come the writings
which come from the period during which the Lord stayed with the Apostles following His
Resurrection from the dead. As it is written in the Book of Acts, our Lord spent 40 days
with the Apostles following His Resurrection and during this time He taught them all
manner of things pertaining to the Church and to the Kingdom of God and heaven. We
might well ask ourselves where these writings are recorded? When we go through the
gospels thoroughly we may well find 25 or 26 occasions where these private teachings are
mentioned, yet the substance of them is never recorded in words. In fact when we come to
the end of the Gospels, (i.e. to the end of the Gospel of St. John) we discover that the
Blessed Apostle suggests to us that if all the things which our Lord Jesus Christ both did and
taught to His Apostles were to have been recorded, then the world itself would not be
enough to contain the books written. Where are these writings then? Surely they are of
prime importance?
To answer these questions we must remember the so-called “Paraclete” chapters of the
Gospel of St. John (ie John 14-17). In these chapters, which are always read in full in the
very first hour of the evening of the Holy Great Friday during the Holy Pascha, our Lord
told the Holy Apostles that when the Holy Spirit comes, “He will teach you all things, and
bring to you remembrance all things that I said to you” (John 14:26). It follows that when
the Holy Spirit had come upon them, and their minds were filled with the remembrance of
all of our Lord’s teachings, they recorded them very carefully in words as instructions and
canons so that the Church would be organised and its rituals administered exactly according
to the wishes which our Lord expressed to His Apostles.
In fact, if we examine the Book of Acts, Chapter 15, we will find a mention about the very
first ecumenical council of the Church, the so-called Jerusalem Council, comprising of the
Holy Apostles themselves, and conducted in the year 50 after our Lord. The Apostles sat
together and prayed and then discussed a number of matters pertaining to the Church. Their
conclusions were written down for all of the congregations to see. This letter contained the
words, “It seemed good to the Holy Spirit, and to us …” (Acts 15:28) which indicates to us
that everything they said, as well as everything they wrote, was completed under the
direction of the Holy Spirit, and thus in accord with the will of God.
2. The second generation of writings from which we can learn much with regard to the
rituals of the Holy Church are those of the Apostolic Fathers, who themselves were the
direct disciples of the Holy Apostles. These Holy Fathers lived with the Apostles and
were taught directly by them. This established the chain of teaching whereby the words
and instructions of our Lord Himself were delivered intact from one generation to the
next. It is wrong, then, to deny the genuineness of these writings, particularly when we
consider that this ‘chain of transmission’ was spoken of directly by St. Paul, who tells his
disciples that what he has given them, they must also give to others – on the condition
that they are honest people who are able to keep the faith and deliver it to the holy

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Apostolic Fathers – to transmit the teachings of the Apostles to the next generation, and
the process would continue.

The period of the Apostolic Fathers covers the time from around the year 50/60 A.D. (ie the
period following the period of the martyrdom of the first Apostles) until about 90/100 A.D.
We should remember that the last Apostle to die was St. John the Beloved who reposed in
the Lord in the year 104 A.D., the only Apostle not to have been called to a martyr’s death.
Thus we can here see a cross-over between the period of the Apostles and the first
generation of Apostolic Fathers who were taught by them. This process continues to the
present day with the elders of the Church teaching those who are junior to them in the Faith.
So it was that the third generation of Holy Fathers are those we call the Ante-Nicene Fathers
(those who wrote before the First Council, and who received their instructions in a direct
line from the Apostles and Apostolic Fathers, and so on).
It is important here to observe that we have further cause to believe categorically all things
taught to us by the Apostolic and Ante-Nicene (“post-Apostolic”) Fathers. We must
remember that these Fathers lived in very dangerous times and underwent much persecution
at the hands of both the Roman and the Jewish authorities. In fact we know that many of the
Jews wanted to destroy everything to do with Christianity from a very early period. In fact
if we examine Acts 5:28 we notice that the Jewish authorities arrested the Apostles and
forcibly reminded them that they did not wish to hear the name of Jesus Christ and that the
Apostles were not allowed to preach – indeed, the Apostles were beaten for their
evangelising. It is important to recognise then that the writings of the Apostles and early
Fathers were not written as an individual today may write a book (that is for enjoyment), but
were written under severe persecution. It is no exaggeration to say that these writings were
penned in the authors’ blood, because the Fathers practised every word they wrote and were
martyred as a result. The price of these writings was the lives of the Fathers, their
possessions, their honour, their dignity, and in fact their very existence as human beings.
- The inherent difficulties in studying the material
Another point to emphasise in our examination of the early writings of the Church Fathers is
that the references to ritual and the ceremonial practices of the Church may be scattered
through many books, with a sentence here and there which relates to ritual, so we have to be
patient and conscientious in examining the sources to discover all of the relevant material.
The reasons for this are as follows:
1. The difficulty which exists in describing and explaining the rituals of the Church, as well
as the mystery of the Sacraments, to those who are pagans and do not understand the
language used.
An example of this difficulty is evident when we read the passage about Nicodemus in
the Gospel of St. John, chapter 3. Nicodemus was a teacher of the law, aware of the Old
Testament in detail, a prominent person amongst the Jews and he knew St. John the
Baptist, yet even he could not understand the significance of Baptism. How much more
difficult it would be then for a pagan who knows nothing of the Jewish tradition of the
Old Testament, to understand such a thing. Imagine if I took a pagan and showed him
some water and said that I, as a priest, could pray over the water and by washing him
with it grant to him a new nature. It is certain he would not understand anything I was
saying. Thus the brave early Church Fathers had to contend with great ignorance and
employed terms with which people identified. It could not have been easy!

2. The difficult circumstances within the early Church

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The situation which the Church faced was very hard and challenging and they were often
misunderstood. For example, we know that when we begin the Mass with the offertory
we are offering a sacrifice. We also know that the priest who officiates at the service is
called “to receive the sacrifice” on behalf of the congregation. Well, in the early times,
when many of the pagans heard this they thought that a human sacrifice was being
offered, so sometimes the pagans or the civil authorities or the army attacked the Church
to stop such a sacrifice. This is just one amongst many misunderstandings with which
the early Fathers had to deal.

3. In the early centuries, the Church was understandingly hesitant about new-believers. The
Fathers were concerned that those who knew a little about Christianity, but did not
accept Christ in their hearts, might go out and tell others what they knew, and that what
they said would be misinterpreted.
In fact in the early centuries unbelievers (the unbaptised) were kept for three or more
years under instruction in the Faith, and they were not allowed to attend the Mass of the
Faithful and were told to leave the Mass after the Creed and the first Prayer of
Reconciliation. In proof of this, you might like to examine the writings of some Holy
Fathers like St. Ignatius of Lyons or St. Polycarp of Smyrna, both of whom were
disciples of St. John the Beloved. In their sermons, which we have copies of today, and
which were delivered after the Gospel while the catechumens (the unbaptised persons
who were taking instruction in the Faith) are still present in the church; the fathers at the
end of the sermon used to ask them to leave the church. For the catechumens here, the
fathers’ speeches were as if ‘under a veil, under a cover’ and the fathers always used
terms such as ‘there are many other things which I will tell you when we are alone’. The
meaning of this is clear, that much more would be revealed when the baptised members
of the Church were together alone. Thus we can see how the Fathers of the Church kept
much of their teachings for the baptised members of the congregation and did not let it
get into the hands of the ignorant for fear that Christian teachings may be misrepresented
or twisted. They remembered clearly the words of our Lord that we are not to throw our
pearls or our precious things before swine and dogs, as they may trample them underfoot
and destroy them. The Church was rightly very cautious and thus was able to keep her
rites and ceremonies correct and properly administered. For this reason it requires a
well-educated person to read the writings of the early Fathers in order to extract from
them what there is to know about rituals, ritual theology, tradition and so on. So it often
happens that one line or one paragraph will contain small amounts of information for the
interested reader.

- Why are the writings of the Apostles and the Apostolic Fathers of such importance?
- No-one can doubt the references in Holy Scripture, that is, the Holy Bible, which refer to
ritual practice. Equally no-one can doubt the authenticity and authority of the writings
and canons of the holy apostles. The area of contention for some, exists in the period
following the apostolic fathers. Though we employ many of the writings of the post-
apostolic fathers, and those who wrote after the first council at Nicea, within the Church,
when we discuss the rituals and teachings of the Church, we normally rely heavily on the
writings of the Pre-Nicene Fathers (ie pre-325 AD). The reasons for this are as follows:

1. The period which stretched from the Holy Apostles to the First Council was one in which
Christendom (the universal Christian Church) was one in Faith, and all teachings and
practices were common. In fact, if you were to have attended a Mass anywhere in the

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Christian world at the time before Nicea, you would have discovered that all things were
identical in matters of Faith. The rituals, the dates of celebrating the fasts and feasts, the
construction of the Holy Mass, and the rest, were all common in the doctrine of the Faith.
The only differences were to be found in culture and language. In fact, the most obvious
sign of the differences in culture was the hymnody of each Church (ie the hymns and
chants used in services). As we know the hymns of the Church contain within
themselves the spiritual, theological, and traditional teachings of the Church, but they
may well be chanted in tunes to match the culture of the people involved. In Egypt, for
example, the people inherited the wondrous tunes from the era of the Pharoahs which
they particularly loved and which they applied to the hymns of the Church. In other
areas, such as Europe, you would find a very different culture and so the tunes would be
equally different, and equally specific to the place and people, though the teachings
would be identical.

2. During this early period the Church was still establishing herself in a hostile environment
and her services were being held in secret, often underground or in caves. This secret
worship was conducted, not to avoid persecution, but so the various forms of persecution
would not spoil the Sacraments or the reverence given to them. Further, during this time,
the Church was growing towards its gradual completion in writings and so forth for,
though the Church was established fully in the time of the Apostles, the Apostolic and
Pre-Nicene Fathers made sure to record all that they knew and experienced in order to
pass it onto future generations. We should remember St. Paul informing his disciple St.
Timothy to keep and to pass-on everything he has learned to good and faithful disciples
that it may be maintained. We should here remember the concluding passage from the
Prayer for the Congregation of the Holy Saints from the liturgy which states that just as it
was, so shall it be from generation to generation.

3. In this period the majority of the most terrible heresies and heretics appeared in the
Church; up to 90-95% of the major heresies in the history of the Church. The heretics
could not, or chose not to, understand the high values and standards required by true
Christianity; they were caught between wishing to appear as true Christians (and leaders
to other Christians) and the desire to continue their lives as they had before conversion.
As a result they chose to force the two paths into one instead of undergoing a true
spiritual conversion; often this resulted in terrible heresy. A heresy is a wrong
understanding or a wrong teaching about the faith and the teachings or practices of the
Church. Against such heretics the whole Church came together in unity, led by the Holy
Spirit and the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ. The entire Church argued and debated
against these heretics and answered them with strong and irrefutable proofs from the
Bible in order to maintain the purity of the original teachings from our Lord and the
Apostles. From this period we might remember that during the First Ecumenical Council
held in Nicea in 325, King Constantine, the first Christian king, attempted to count the
bishops as they entered and departed from the council room. As the bishops entered, he
counted 318; as they were seated he counted 319. He repeated the exercise a number of
times and was confused – he then asked the head of the council to explain the dilemma.
The head stated that the extra person was in fact our Lord Jesus Christ Who had said that
where 2 or 3 were gathered in His Name, He would be in their midst. This presence of
our Lord amidst the deliberations indicates the value of the writings of the Pre-Nicene
Fathers.

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4. An important means of determining the validity and truthfulness of the writings of the
Pre-Nicene Fathers is to notice the humility and reverence with which each of them
wrote. Regularly they would refer to the Fathers who had come before them as the real
authorities. Thus St. Athanasius the Apostolic used regularly to refer to the Fathers who
lived before him in the second generation of Christianity. This is an indication of the
holiness of a man who, though only 19 years old and a deacon at the time of the First
Ecumenical Council, was the one voice who spoke above all of the bishops and who
drafted the Creed. Yet he, in humility, referred to the writings of the Fathers who
preceded him. The same is true for Pope St. Dioscoros who constantly referred to St.
Cyril, the 24th in the order of the Patriarchs with the words, “Our holy father St. Cyril
said …”.

Spiritual Insights
Aside from what these early writings offer us in terms of their historical value as testimonials
to the activities of early Church, we need also to study their value as repositories of faith and
theology.

1. These writings were not produced simply in order to publish books or to fill libraries or
even to please kings and emperors, but they were completed by holy men who knew
before they began that they must write of the Church in all her strength and glory, even
though the price might not be measured by money but by their own blood.

2. These holy men suffered greatly in their writings in terms of financial, emotional and
physical loss. They often paid not only with their possessions and all of their honour and
dignity, but also with their blood simply so as to pass on to others the faith which had
been delivered unto them. There are many examples. St. Timothy, a young deacon in
Egypt, was beaten to death by the Arians as he wished to prevent them using the holy
alter and Sanctuary for their sacrifices.

3. As we read the writings of these holy fathers we can detect the depth of their
understanding and we can notice that their eyes have been raised to heaven as their hands
write. We feel the bravery and purity of their writing as they are prepared to write what
needs to be written regardless of the potential for physical harm and danger which stands
over them.

4. One of the values of these writings, especially the Fathers of the first generations after
the Council of Chalcedon in 415 A.D. (in which the Church was divided into two), is that
we can recognise that the number of our Orthodox believers grew, even under strict and
terrible persecution from the hands of opposing Christians. This growth was attributable
to the insistence of the early Fathers that the teachings of the earliest times be recorded
and passed on from one generation to the next.

All of the above points emphasise to us the very real historical, spiritual and theological value
of the resources of the early Church as contained in the writings of the Early Fathers. We
should incorporate what they have to teach us into our lives and apply these teachings just as
we do the teachings of the Holy Bible.

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
SECTION TWO
Biblical References for The Rituals
Introduction
We will now examine in depth a very important topic for Sacramental Theology that is the
Biblical origins of the rituals of the Church. We will touch in this section the Biblical
references to rituals, and when we come to the explanation of the rituals there we shall refer
regularly to the Holy Bible in every instance. We should remember that every single word in
the Mass has a biblical precedent and reference. In passing, we can wonder at those who
deny or reject the rituals which we employ with the excuse that such rituals are not mentioned
in the New Testament. Often people accuse us of using practices which are from the Old
Testament and that our Lord came to ‘cancel’ such way of worship. In the last lecture I
explained the extraordinary unity and oneness of both the Old and New testaments in our
Lord Jesus Christ and that the two are united in one centre which is Him. Both are very
clearly pointing to our Lord Jesus Christ.

If we examine the first chapters of the Holy Bible we will notice that the rituals of the Church
are there explained physically, ritually, theologically and in terms of tradition. We notice that
God Himself explained the order of worship in every detail down to the most minute.
Anyone who studies these passages in detail will notice that in each of these rituals there is a
strong symbolism of our Lord Jesus Christ. Each of these practices, including such small
details as numbers, is a reminder of our Lord Himself and, as such, is established by God that
we might constantly aim towards the target of Salvation in order to reach heaven at the end
and be with our Lord.

Some Examples of Rituals in the Holy Bible

Firstly The Old Testament

A. Genesis
1. Baptism
Have you noticed that in the very first two verses of the Bible are explained some of the
sacraments of the Church in full detail? What is the first Sacrament of the Church? Baptism.
Baptism is the door to the church.

A superficial understanding of Baptism is that the priest comes to Church in the morning and
fills a huge basin with water. Then the family comes with the child to be baptised and the
priest immerses the child in that water. The child then becomes a Christian. But the reality is
that; through the prayers with rituals pracitsed by an officiated priest, the Holy Spirit comes
upon the water and makes it a holy material for the work of the Holy Spirit. When the
catechumen comes, there are prayers by the priest which are prayed on the person with oil-
anointing and rituals. Then that person is immersed into the water with certain prayers
recited; the person comes out of the water having been transferred from darkness to light.
We believe that by this, the person receives the new nature in Christ our Lord. We also

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believe that the baptised person becomes a spiritual bride for our Lord Jesus Christ, and
accordingly is luminous with spiritual light (which is why we dress the person in white
clothing). We are further reminded that this person will now start to grow and enjoy the
fruits of the Holy Spirit.

It is really amazing to find this practice mentioned above is explained in the first three verses
of the whole Bible (Genesis 1: 1-3). Referring to these three verses in depth, we begin to
understand the relationship between the Old and the New Testaments. The verses say that in
the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, and that the earth was without form and
was void. The Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters and then God said, ‘Let
there be light’. There was light and then God saw that the light was good. After this God
began the creation of the visible order (fruitful plants and trees etc). Let us understand that in
the beginning earth was fully covered with water and there was darkness over it and it was
void. But the Spirit of God hovered over the waters and, after God’s command, light
appeared. These verses refer directly to the person being baptised. For every person is born
in sin and his physical body is originally made of the earth. Referring to (psalm 51:5) it states
that every human is born in sin and iniquity. In addition, the Bible always symbolises the life
of sin by darkness, because the sinner is away from our Lord Who is the True Light; and also
at the birth of our Lord to save us from sin, it was said about Him that He is “a light shining
upon those who are in darkness and the shadows of death” (Luke 1: 79). So by this any new
born person until he is baptised is in darkness and also is without form and void (as originally
we should be in the image and likeness of God which we lost by sin). When this person
comes to baptism and is immersed inside the water, here he is like the earth in (Genesis
1:1 -3) which was void and without form, in darkness and covered by the water. Return to
the person, and to verse 3 in Genesis 1; as after the Holy Spirit hovered over the waters and
God ordered light, it became so and the earth started to take its beautiful form. Exactly the
same happens to the baptised; while he is inside the water, with the prayers of the priest, the
Holy Spirit is doing the same to him to change him from darkness to light and to be on the
beautiful image and likeness of our Lord. And that is why we say that he had the new nature
in our Lord Jesus Christ.

The earth was The person (made of the

void, in dust of the earth) under
darkness, the water before baptism
covered by the is void and in darkness of
water and the sin – with the Holy Spirit
Spirit of God upon the water through
hovering on the the sacramental prayer,
face of the he gets the new nature
waters and lives in the light of
(Genesis 1: 1-3) Christ our Lord (Romans
6: 2-5 & John 8: 12)

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Continuing in Genesis chapter 1, we find that after the water dispersed from the face of the
earth, the earth produced the beautiful fruitful plants. The same happens to the baptised
person, that after baptism he is anointed with the Holy Chrism through which the Holy Spirit
dwells inside him. Then the baptised partakes of the Body and Blood of the Lord to abide in
the Lord. This changes the life of that person (especially if he was and adult) and starts to live
in Christ and show the fruits of the Holy Spirit in his life. By this, he becomes a light for
others through his good works (refer to Matthew 5: 16).

You see from this explanation that the whole ritual practice of the first sacrament (baptism),
and even the growth of the person’s spiritual life through his continuous practice of the other
sacraments of the church, is explained simply in the first few verses in the first chapter of the
whole Bible. This can answer the people who say that there are no rituals in the Bible. This
claim of theirs shows that they do not understand the Bible in depth; as the Lord said “You
are mistaken, not knowing the scriptures nor the power of God” (Matthew 22: 29). The Lord
also commanded us to “search the books” (John 5: 39)

It is also amazing that John the Baptist was baptising with immersing people in the waters of
the Jordan. He always used to tell them that he is just baptising with water; but after him is
coming Who will baptise them with the water and the Spirit (he means our Lord Jesus
Christ). This is another proof for a ritual sacramental practice which is carried in the New
Testament but mentioned in the Old Testament, in the same first few verses of Genesis
chapter 1 as explained before.

Another beautiful understanding we can find in the same verses of Genesis 1, which appears
to be telling in a simple way the story of the creation, but looking more deeply into them we
find another beautiful spiritual meaning that applies on the life of a Christian person who is
really growing in Christ our God. When the person arises from the water he or she begins to
live in the light of Christ and is worthy to accept Christ inside him or her. And just as
following the Creation of the Light, God made fruits and every living thing, so too the newly
baptised member of the Church walks into a new creation and will begin to grow within
himself the fruits of the Holy Spirit. As he grows in Christ he will begin to preach to others
and will thus yield inside himself the seeds of the faith and spread it amongst others upon the
earth. So too, just as the birds are created to fly in the heavens, so too after baptism are we
supposed to fly spiritually above the material desires of this earth. Here we see that the first
two verses of Genesis echo our lives as new Christians and the creation and recreation
(through baptism) have parallels, just as do the Old and New Testaments – one cannot exist
‘in Light’ without the other.
The above is just one example of a Biblical origin of one of our rituals, explained
theologically and in terms of tradition. Here are others;
2. The day of the Lord
If we continue reading within the first chapter, we notice that after the six days of Creation,
God rested on the seventh. I am sure that you will all agree with me that God does not
require rest, or that he suffers from tiredness or toil! Yet this teaches us from the very
beginning that there is a day of the Lord and that the true rest is in the Lord Himself. The
spiritual meaning of rest is that we rest in the Lord by abiding in Him, attending the church
and having Holy Communion. Also as much as we can to spend the rest of the day in spiritual
practices (prayers, reading, spiritual meetings etc…). This is another very important dogmatic
teaching for our traditions of the church; by asking all the believers as much as it is possible
to sanctify and keep the day of the Lord (the Sunday) to the Lord Himself.

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3. The necessity of sacrifice for forgiveness

As we read Genesis chapter three which documents the fall of Adam and Eve, we will
discover the very first roots of the tradition and rituals of salvation by the sacrifice of blood.
We know that Adam and Eve disobeyed God, they discovered their nakedness and had the
feelings of shame and embarrassment. They took leaves from a fig tree to cover their
nakedness which did not work. Our merciful God, after confronting them with their sin,
covered them with tunics of animal skin (Genesis 3: 21). Stopping here with a deeper look
into this incident; to make tunics of animal skin, an animal should be slaughtered; and this is
the way of animal sacrifice of the whole Old Testament. It is as if here God is telling from the
very beginning that the forgiveness of sin will not take place without a blood sacrifice. You
see with me that this is a very early telling about how the Lord will save us by offering
Himself a True Sacrifice slaughtered on the cross to pay the punishment of our sins.

There is something that makes me wonder here about some other churches who replaced the
ritual liturgy prayers and the Holy Communion with just a loaf of normal bread put on table.
Then they sit down singing some songs and reading some sections of the New Testament, and
then everyone eats a piece of that loaf with some juice or soft drink. Where is this practice
from what we explained about the sacrifice of blood to forgive the sin, and about the lengthy
chapters in the book of Leviticus explaining the different sacrifices? Also where this practice
of theirs stands in front of what the Lord said to His disciples in the upper room of Zion “for
My Flesh is food indeed, and My Blood is drink indeed. He who eats My Flesh and drinks
My Blood abides in Me and I in him” (John 6: 55,56). You all see in our holy Orthodox
Church, how great and respected is the sacrament of Holy Communion; in which the
officiated priest prays on the bread and wine and the Holy Spirit comes to convert them to the
Body and Blood of our Lord. Also the priest gives the Body and Blood of the Lord only to
the baptised believers and who are ready and worthy for it – here many conditions apply.

4. Another symbol for the necessity of sacrifice

In Genesis chapter four we notice the mention of the building of an altar and the offering of
sacrifice. Abel offered a lamb, slaughtered as a full sacrifice. Cain offered an offering of
fruits of the earth. God rejected Cain’s sacrifice and accepted Abel’s to indicate that the only
acceptable sacrifice (the only thing able to cover sin) was a blood sacrifice. The sign of the
acceptance of this sacrifice was by fire coming down from heaven to burn the offering. This
is a very early reference to one of our rituals which is mentioned again later in the Book of
Leviticus, where a burnt offering must be fully burned in the fire and the Lord will smell
within its smoke a ‘sweet aroma’ and be pleased with the sacrifices of His people.
This means that God made it clear to Adam and Eve that the only way He wants sacrifice for
forgiveness of sin is slaughtering an animal. It is obvious here that Adam has delivered this
information to his children Cain and Abel. Abel who obeyed, God accepted his offering,
while God rejected the disobedient offering (Cain). This simply is the tradition which means
orders from God Himself delivered from generation to generation.

5. Lessons from Noah’s ark

a) Baptism –
Noah’s ark itself gives us another symbol of baptism, for the 8 people inside were fully
immersed in water, given that the ark was surrounded by the waters and was being heavily

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rained upon from above. After being delivered from their immersion and enclosure in water,
the 8 people were born into a new life. This meaning is reiterated in St. Paul’s letter to the
Romans, chapter six and also in the epistle of St. Peter. Here it is important to remember that
sometimes people justify the ritual of full immersion in Orthodox baptism solely by referring
to our Lord’s Baptism in the Jordan. Though this is true, it is necessary to recollect that, from
the very beginning of the Holy Bible full immersion has been signified and performed, as we
see from the first pages of the Old Testament. I will put here the verses of St Peter’s letter as
an example for this strong relationship between the Old and New testaments (1Peter 3: 18-22)
“for Christ also suffered once for sins, the just for the unjust, that He might bring us to God,
being put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit,
by whom also He went and preached to the spirits in prison,
who formerly were disobedient, when once the Divine longsuffering waited in the days of
Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is eight souls, were saved
through water.
There is also an antitype which now saves us – that is baptism (not the removal of the filth of
the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God), through the resurrection of Jesus
Christ, who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God, angels and authorities and
powers having been made subject to Him.”

b) Building of the church –

The ark also is a very clear symbol of building the church. God Himself did not just ask Noah
to build an ark, but told him details of exact dimensions of the ark. God specified the height,
the width, the material to be used and how to be done. A deep study of this description needs
easily two hours to understand it, as it is full of spiritual meaning to the way we build our
churches now. This in itself gives us an understanding why we in our church are very specific
in the way the church is constructed and built with many fine details inside it. Every single
detail in this aspect is referred to a biblical reference and for a spiritual meaning which we
will explain later.

c) The importance of sacrifice (Holy Communion) in our lives –

In Genesis chapter 9, you find that just as Noah had come out of the ark, he built an altar and
offered an animal sacrifice which is symbol to Holy Communion. This teaches us how
important is the continuous practice for the sacraments of the church in our lives, especially
those necessary sacraments for salvation (baptism, confirmation, holy communion and
repentance & confession).

d) Another lesson of tradition

It is amazing here to notice in the same chapter 9, it says black and white that Noah offered
from “the clean animals”. If you search your Bible, you will find that the mention of the law
of clean and unclean animals had started only in the book of Leviticus chapter 11. This was in
the days of Moses the prophet which was more than a thousand years after Noah. The
question here is how would Noah know about this unless it was a tradition ordered by God
delivered to Adam then from Adam to generation after generation.

6. More symbols of Holy Communion in the lives of Abraham and Isaac his son
a) We recollect that wherever Abraham travelled he had with him his altar. And wherever
he settled the first thing he used to do was to build the altar and offer an animal

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sacrifice which again reinforces the importance of Holy Communion in the believer’s
life.
b) When Abraham went for the war to save his nephew Lot, at his return, he met with
Melchizedek. Research in the Bible we find for Melchicedek no origin, no father or
mother and no roots. He was simply called the High Priest of God and the King of Peace
(King of Salem). Of course related to him is the priesthood and the Kingdom of God.
Even though Abraham, the father of fathers, was a Patriarch, nevertheless he placed
Melchizedek upon a level higher than himself and indeed Abraham offered him 10% of
his material goods. Melchizedek accepted Abraham’s tithe and, in return, blessed him
and gave him bread and wine; this indicates that Melchizedek is a symbol of Christ who
is the real King of Peace and the real High Priest, and Who accepts our 10% in money,
health, time and service for His Holy Church. From this we see that the officiated priest
who is the servant of God; on behalf of God, accepts our 10% for the church and in
exchange, the priest does not offer money or presents or the like, but will give the most
valuable thing in return; the Precious Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ and
blesses us. This practice which is taking place in our daily lives in the church, has been
stated in Genesis since that early time (the time of Abraham and Melchizedek)

c) As we read further we notice God called Abraham to offer his only beloved son as a
sacrifice on the mountain. Abraham obeyed and Isaac carried the wood of the altar on his
shoulders, to the appointed mountain. There, Abraham built the altar, tied his son Isaac
and placed him on it to offer him a sacrifice. You will notice that they reached the
appointed mountain on the third day of their travels and that the Lord saved Isaac and
returned him alive with his father. We should also notice that our Lord Jesus Christ
Himself carried the wood of the cross to offer Himself a sacrifice on our behalf up on the
mountain at Golgotha. However, He arose from the dead on the third day and achieved
victory over death which had ensnared us because of our sin.
From this we see that the symbol of the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ and his resurrection on
the third day was given very early in the Holy Bible.

7. Symbol to the consecration of the holy altar

Reading in Genesis 28 when Jacob was fleeing from his brother Esau and after he walked
long distance, he felt tired and slept on a stone under his head. He saw in a dream the ladder
extending from earth to heaven and the angels of the Lord are ascending and descending
upon it. The Lord Himself from heaven spoke to him to assure him with the blessing and
protection and that He will grant this land to Jacob and his children. Jacob awoke up and he
was frightened and said “how reverend is this place, this is nothing but the house of God”. He
prayed and poured oil on the stone and called the place Bethel, which means the house of
God. Then he vowed that he will worship the Lord all his life and pay his ten percent to the
Lord God from all what God will provide him.
This is simply the origins of the ritual of consecrating a new altar in the church. As for the
reverence that Jacob felt in this incident, I can here give a personal witness; I was blessed to
accompany his Holiness Pope Shenouda in every place he went to during all his visits to
Sydney. I attended the consecration of all the altars in the new churches. In every single one
of them, at the end of the prayer when his Holiness pours the Holy Oil (El-mayroun). There is
a real feeling of reverence that I cannot describe in words.
From this you can see that since that very early time God has put in the Holy Bible about the
altar in the house of God and its consecration.

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I would like here to highlight also another point, that Jacob vowed to pay ten percent of all
what God will provide him. Searching the Bible thoroughly, you will find that this
commandment of the ten percent was not mentioned as a written commandment in the Bible.
It mentioned only that when Abraham met with Melchizedek in Genesis 14, he offered him
ten percent of the goods. The first written commandment about the ten percent, was in the
book of Leviticus given Moses in the law (Leviticus 27: 30), this was about 500 years after
the time of Jacob. This again confirms the existence of the tradition delivered through the
fathers from generation to generation and its importance is by no means less than the
importance of the biblical verses.

B. Exodus
1. The lamb of Passover
Following the same plan of God that salvation is only through bloodshed, if we go to Exodus
chapter 11 & 12, we will find it tells about the lamb of Passover. God informed Moses about
the Passover in very fine detail. If we study these details, we will find ourselves looking at
our Lord Jesus Christ the True Lamb Who offered Himself as a true, eternal and divine
sacrifice on the cross for the salvation of all. As the lamb of Passover saved the first born of
all the Jews from destruction by the angel and saved the whole nation of Israel from the
slavery of Pharaoh, so our Lord Jesus Christ saved us by His sacrifice and blood-shed from
the pangs of death and from the devil who is imprisoning us (imprisoning the living with the
bonds of sin and the departed in hades).

The biblical understanding here is that Pharaoh who was enslaving the Israelites was a
symbol to the devil who was enslaving us by sin, and the only way for us to be saved was
through the Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ which was symbolised by the lamb of the
Passover. Here we note that the Passover which was an essential part of the Jewish life of
worship is simply a symbol for Holy Communion, which is also the most essential part of the
Christian life of worship. Also, studying the details or the rituals of the lamb of Passover, we
find that it is very much similar to the rituals of the sacraments of Holy Communion.
Furthermore, we can see this more clearly, knowing that our church always celebrates every
year the Holy Great Thursday (in which the Lord established the sacrament of Holy
Communion) on the same day of the Jewish Passover.

2. Another symbol for Baptism

Looking to the order of salvation that God performed with the Israelites, giving them freedom
from the slavery of Pharaoh, we find that God ordered them to paint the top and 2 sides of the
door frames of their homes with the blood of the lamb; and to eat the lamb in haste. After the
angel killed the first-born of the Egyptians, they let the Israelites leave Egypt. The Israelites
departed from Egypt in haste, however when they had reached the shore of the Red Sea,
Pharaoh regretted letting them go and went after them with his army. God miraculously made
the Israelites cross the Red Sea and studying the details of this crossing, you will find that the
water was underneath them (the Lord prepared a land for them to walk on in the middle of the
sea, and parted the water above it. There was water underneath that land), on their right and
left, and the cloud was on top of them i.e. they were fully surrounded with water from all
sides. As soon as he Israelites crossed, God made the water return back and Pharaoh with his
army drowned in the bottom of the sea.

In the above, we find a very strong symbol for baptism and how baptism saved us from the
slavery of the devil: inside the water in the basin of baptism is our Lord crushing the devil

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with His blood which He shed on the cross (just as Pharaoh died under the water). The Lord
crushed the devil by the cross, with His blood He wipes away the sins of the baptised.

Another beautiful spiritual understanding from the ritual of baptism can be gained by
understanding the reasons behind the place chosen for the baptism to take place in the Coptic
Orthodox church. The baptism basin is always placed in the north-western corner of the
church building with 2 doors, one western door leading to outside the church and another
eastern door opening inside the church, leading towards the sanctuary. This is because the
person coming to be baptised enters the church from outside through the western door with
his/her back to the world outside (his/her old life). Between the 2 doors is the basin of
baptism itself, inside the room – crossing the baptism he/she becomes a believer and gains a
new nature in Christ and goes through the eastern door towards the sanctuary. This is exactly
like the Israelites leaving Egypt, symbolising the person to be baptised leaving the world
behind them, crossing the Red Sea (symbol to baptism), and becoming freed from Pharaoh
(symbol of the devil), going towards the wilderness where God ordered Moses to build the
tabernacle of God – a symbol of the church.

3. A symbol for the church building

After the Israelites settled in the desert out of Egypt, the first order from God to Moses was to
build the tabernacle in the middle of their tents that God may dwell in their midst. If we read
Exodus 25, 26 & 27, we find something really wonderful – how much God went into detail
about everything in the tabernacle. He gave details about the materials, the fabrics, the rings
of the curtains, the type and dimensions of the wooden poles that go through the curtains etc.

Someone may ask: why did God need to go into these fine details and talk about them in long
chapters of the Holy Bible? The answer is that these details are full of meanings and symbols
which God planned to lift up to a spiritual level in the New Testament. As I said previously,
the New Testament is exactly like the Old Testament lifted up spiritually by the Holy Spirit.

From chapters 35 to 39 you will read about the tabernacle, its construction, dimensions and
the way to consecrate it. It is the very first House of God. We notice in chapter 40, how much
was the awe and reverence that overwhelmed Moses himself after he finish
ed the consecration. This awe and reverence was to the extent that Moses himself could not
enter the tabernacle as the cloud covered it and the glory of the Lord filled His house
(Leviticus 40: 35).

4. Symbols for the priests’ clothes and services

Going further to Exodus chapter 28 we encounter the special vestments and dress of the
priesthood to be worn during services. And you find that God had given full details about the
fabrics and different materials used in making the priesthood vestments that are very much
similar to what is used in the church of the New Testament. As we examine this dress style
we encounter a full range of symbols that remind us both of our Lord Jesus Christ and also of
the true function of the priesthood in the New Testament Church. We can see the origins of
what the priest and particularly the bishops (and notably the Patriarch) wear now. If you
examine the dress you will notice how much the style of vestments tells us about the role of
the Patriarch, bishops and priests in being our advocates and trying hard to prepare us for
heaven.

5. Symbols for the rituals of ordaining a priest, consecrating an altar

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In chapter 29 we notice the ordination of a priest which is just like we do now, also in chapter
30 we read of the consecration of an altar. In these chapters, and those following, we see the
Lord giving exact instructions to Bezalel and others as to how exactly to make and fashion
the items for worship and the tabernacle, from the colours to the materials to the styles, and
so on.

Here I would like to say, if God Himself instituted these rituals, and He is ‘the same
yesterday, today and forever, then why would He change these rituals or cancel those of the
old in favour of the new?

C. Leviticus
Searching through the book of Leviticus, you find a lot of ritual practices and the way of
worship in the house of God (the tabernacle), which is the church now. We will mention from
them the following:

1. The first five chapters of Leviticus explain in detail the five sacrifices, which are for us an
indication of the true life of a Christian who carries his life in the Lord from the altar in the
Church to the altar in his home to the altar in his heart.

2. In chapter eight you will notice the consecration of a priest, just as we still do it.

3. In chapter nine are listed the offering for sacrifice and how they should be prepared and
completed.

4. In chapter 10 are listed the punishments for doing wrong, which we still have in the
Church. They also tell us how the priest should behave and act and how the Lord reacts to
any wrong action.

5. In chapter 11 the Lord lists the animals, birds and fish which are accepted as clean animals
for sacrifice and food. Often when people read this chapter, they simply list which
animals are good for sacrifice and which are not. I should say that it took me seven
weeks, with one hour per week, to explain what is the spiritual meaning of these animals,
birds and fish is in our lives with Christ. I told the people that our Lord would never
include in the Bible simple words that had no meaning or words that are simply for story-
telling; so they were surprised just how long it took to explain the animals for sacrifice and
the depth of the spiritual meaning which each carry for our lives in Christ.

Finding the sacrifice of our Lord on the cross in the book of Leviticus
I would like now to highlight the first point mentioned above, and its relationship to the cross
and how we can understand what the Lord fulfilled on our behalf by His cross.

The Lord fulfilled the 5 sacrifices mentioned in the first point in His Body on the cross. The
following is a brief explanation. The 5 sacrifices were the sacrifice of burnt offering, the
sacrifice of grain offering, the sacrifice of peace offering, the sacrifice of trespass, and the
sacrifice of sin.

See diagram where sacrifices are drawn in the shape of a cross, connecting the 5 offerings
fulfilled by the Lord on the cross.

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The sin offering is drawn on the left of the cross and the burnt offering on the right. As
explained in the book of Leviticus, the Lord smells the burnt offering as a smell of pleasure
and is happy with His people. Hence the cross transfers me form sin (left) to make me a cause
of pleasure for my heavenly Father.
At the bottom of the cross is the trespass offering. The devil made all mankind trespass
against God from the beginning, and on the cross the Lord crushed the devil under His feet
and under the cross. This is also symbolised by the drawing showing the skull of Adam under
the cross and the Lord’s Blood coming down on it to wipe away the trespass that Adam did
against God Himself. Only Christ’s eternal sacrifice could achieve this.
At the top of the cross is the grain offering which symbolises The Lord’s Body which He
offered as a sacrifice on our behalf and gave us to eat his Flesh and Blood in Holy
Communion for salvation in the form of bread and wine. By fulfilling these 4 sacrifices, and
giving them to us in the form of His Body, we live in peace as St Paul said in Ephesians 4.

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The Lord is our peace. The sacrifice of peace is drawn in the middle of the cross representing
the Lord Jesus Christ Himself, Who is in the middle giving us peace. We can see that the
rituals in the Old Testament are still valid and fulfilled in the Lord in a spiritual way that we
can benefit from. In the New Testament, the Lord grants us His peace not through offering
sacrifices in the morning and evening as the Levites did, but through repentance, confession
and partaking of the Holy Communion.

D. Numbers
When we arrive at the book of Numbers, we learn about the journey of the people of Israel
through the wilderness after leaving Egypt until the arrival in Canaan. This symbolically
represents our lives as individuals and as the Church. Following baptism, which the Israelites
experienced symbolically as they journeyed through the Red Sea, the story tells us how we
should live in preparation for our lives in the true Promised land which is heaven. This
journey tells us much about the activities of the devil and how we may answer him.

1. Another symbol of the cross in the book of Numbers

In 1 Corinthians 1: 18, St Paul says: “For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who
are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God”. This means that the
word of the cross to the unbelievers is foolishness but for us the believers means the power of
God with us because, without the cross there is no salvation to any one of us. There is no
salvation for us unless during our sojourning in this earth we have the cross constantly in
front of our eyes. St Paul said: “I have painted in front of you our Lord Jesus Christ and Him
crucified”. The Lord also said: if anyone wants to be my disciple, he/she should deny
his/herself and carry the cross and follow me.

We note that Jacob before his departure in Egypt said blessings to eleven of his sons, and
instead of Joseph, he blessed Joseph’s sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. This is because later, in
the time of Moses, God specified the tribe of the Levites to be His, leaving only 10 tribes (not
counting Joseph and the Levites). By adding to them Joseph’s sons, they become 12 again.

The Lord ordered the twelve tribes to travel through the desert in the shape of the cross (3
tribes on each side and the arc of the covenant which carries the manna in the middle. The
manna here symbolises the Body of our Lord Jesus Christ which we receive in the church -
the true Manna, the living Manna). And He said to them, whenever you journey, you journey
in this form. In the middle, were the Levites blowing the trumpets loudly, which when
sounded the tribes start moving in this order and when blown again, the tribes stop again in
this order. If one could look down onto them from a plane, one would see a very big cross,
made of about 2 million people moving the journey through the wilderness (our sojourning as
strangers in the world) until they reach Canaan the land of promise (symbol to heavenly
Jerusalem).

Sometimes I meet with churches from other denominations and I am the only one who does
the sign of the cross! The cross is our life. The cross for those who do not believe is
foolishness but for us it is the power of God with us.

2. God is always the same, God of orders and rituals in His worship
This book further tells us about God’s characteristic of order and not of confusion. So this
book, and the whole of the Bible, explains how God has put an order for His Church;
priesthood, the diaconate (deacon-ship) and the laity (the congregation). In such a way, God

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has ordered that those of one group should not interfere with another. During the time of the
Book of Numbers, God would act immediately to stop wrongdoing – there was an incident
where three men, Abiram, Dathan and Korah wanted to raise themselves from their level of
deacon-ship to that of the priesthood (they were jealous of Moses and Aaron). So they created
a big scene. In an instant God opened the mouth of the earth and swallowed them together
with their followers. 250 people were swallowed up.

God was so specific about roles in His house, so our church is also very specific about the
roles of her patriarch, bishop, priest, deacon and so on. We never allow anyone to jump his
role. You find that God does the same and is very specific about things to be done in a certain
way and any mistake made, He used to punish on the spot. This is the importance of the
rituals. For instance the book of Leviticus tells us “Then Nadab and Abihu, the sons of
Aaron, each took his censer and put fire in it, put incense on it, and offered profane fire
before the Lord, which He had not commanded them. So fire went out from the Lord and
devoured them, and they died before the Lord.” (Leviticus 10: 1,2). So as we can see, because
Nadab and Abihu, the first 2 sons of Aaron the high priest, who worked in the altar in the
house of the Lord, did their services in the wrong way, immediately fire came from the altar
and burned them in a moment. We are more lenient now in the church, but God stores for
everyone the wages of their deeds.

On another occasion one of the Israelites committed a sin and entered the house of the Lord,
so a priest took a spear and killed him and God agreed because the priest had a zeal for the
house of God and took revenge for the Holiness of God. Nowadays we do not do this but we
try to teach people to respect the altar.

Another example was when king David was returning the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem
after being absent for a long time. The Ark was carried on a carriage with 2 oxen. Uzzah “put
out his hand to the ark of God and took hold of it, for the oxen stumbled. Then the anger of
the Lord was aroused against Uzzah, and God struck him there for his error; and he died there
by the ark of God” (2 Samuel 6: 6, 7). Uzzah was worried the ark may fall so just for a
minute he supported it. However, this was against God’s command, as he was not allowed to
touch the Ark because he was not a priest (He was a Levite assisting the priest). Therefore,
immediately God killed him. Even David became very upset that God did so, but God
ordered things to be this way, so they had to happen this way. Now in this century people
cancel rituals, and follow no orders or practices. If God Himself wants those rituals and in the
above examples has made sure they are perfectly kept, how can we dare cancel the rituals that
God has ordered?

Fasting
An examination of the Old Testament informs us everything about fasting: the periods of
fasting, the reasons for fasting, about public and private fasting, and even which foods to eat
whilst fasting. God tells us about boiled beans, and the right seeds to be eaten in Ezekiel 4:9-
11. In this passage we are given the correct foods for fasting, and we should note that there
are no meat or dairy products! We should also remember the young men in the Book of
Daniel who were taken to Babylon and offered all that was on the king’s table. They refused,
and stated that they were fasting and not eating meat. The Lord rewarded them for their
steadfastness and gave them a better appearance than all those who ate from the king’s table.

Another point is that fasting was the very first commandment ever from God to mankind. The
first sin of the whole world was a sin of breaking fasting. God said to Adam you have all

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these trees with all their fruits to eat of, but do not eat from this one tree in the middle of the
garden, isn’t this fasting? Eat this and don’t eat that. The first sin was breaking this order of
fasting.

These are just a few selections from the Old Testament. It requires a great deal of time to
analyse the Books in detail and to find all of the references to our rituals which are contained
therein, particularly if we are looking for the theology, spirituality, applicability to the
individual’s life and also the strength of Church tradition. This is the process which we
should undergo if we are aiming to cross the seas of this world and to arrive in the Heavenly
Jerusalem and the True Canaan.

In answer to those who level criticisms at the Church that it is a Church of the Old Testament,
etc, we should always remember that God is unchangeable and that those commands which
He gave us in depth in the Old Testament are to be observed now in their spiritual depth. It is
simply not feasible that God would have made such commands, in the most minute detail,
and punish with severity those who transgressed these commands, and then all of a sudden
completely change His mind and cancel them.

The New Testament

A. Gospels and Acts
It is very clear from a reading of the Gospels that our Lord Jesus Christ perfected all of the
rituals of the Old Testament in Himself. He fulfilled them all, He submitted to them all and
He fully respected the priesthood even though He, being God, knew of the corruption of the
priesthood at the time. Nevertheless, He still gave them respect, a pure respect, given their
office as priests. He showed respect even when He needed to confront them with their
mistakes and to show their errors strongly. We should remember that when He cured the
man born with leprosy, He told him to go and show himself to the priest and offer the due
offering which was required from anyone who was healed of leprosy, which he should offer
to be declared by the priest that he is cleansed and healed.

He also told the people that they should look with respect at the priests who sit on the thrones
of Moses and Aaron, and to listen to their teachings. Nevertheless He did say that the people
should not look at their deeds or actions, even though they may be corrupt, the people should
learn from them.

We notice, too, that our Lord Jesus Christ is a God of order just as we noticed in the Old
Testament. When, after the Sermon on the Mount, He miraculously blessed the five loaves
and two fish, and then again later when He blessed the seven loaves and a few fish in the
second miracle of multiplication, He said for the people to sit in groups of 50. This was, of
course, of little importance to our Lord personally, but He is a God of Order, everything here
has meaning – even the number 4000 and 5000 have meanings which can touch our lives.

Even when our Lord rose from the dead, every detail has a spiritual significance and tells us
about the order He requires of His creation. When the two Apostles, St. John and St. Peter,
rushed to the tomb after St. Mary Magdalene had told them that she had met the Risen Lord,
they found the tomb empty. We would expect that the risen Lord would have left the shroud
and cloths lying where they had fallen, but no. Instead they found that the cloths were folded
neatly and in place. Our God is a God of order.

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He appeared to His disciples for the 40 days following His Resurrection and the Book of Acts
tells us that these appearances were made to teach the Apostles and disciples all they needed
to know about the arrangements of the Church and of the Kingdom of Heaven.

The same is true with regard to the conversion of St. Paul. The Lord appeared to Saul who
later became St Paul the apostle, He caused him to be blind. Saul was shocked and terrified
and in great fear asked “what do You want me to do Lord?”. The Lord may have said go and
preach my name; but this did not happen. The Lord said to him go to Ananias the apostle in
Damascus and he will tell you what to do. We notice here that as the Lord has appointed the
apostles, He left the full authority for them to direct St Paul. Ananias the apostle baptised St
Paul and instructed him. St Paul spent three years in the desert with the Lord Jesus Christ and
when he was ready to serve the Lord sent him to the apostles in Jerusalem and he met with
those whom he called the pillars of the apostles (James, Peter and John). St Paul as he
mentioned in his epistle, showed them the gospel he was going to preach (basically explained
to them his faith and what his knowledge was) and they gave him the right hand of the
ministry. This act is equal to the ordination and the appointment of the bishop, priest and
different clergical levels.

Another example of our Lord’s emphasis on order is to be found in the story of the raising of
Lazarus from the dead. Our Lord asked people to roll away the stone from the tomb and then
He ordered Lazarus to arise from the dead. Then He asked His disciples to loose him from the
burial coverings. This last point has great significance; what does death result from? Death
is the result of sin which we allow to conquer us and through that we are under the rule of
Satan the devil. So if sin is the cause of our death, then it is symbolised by the burial
coverings that were tying Lazarus in the tomb. And who can remove these ties, but the Lord
Himself? It is He who is able to forgive our sins and who is able to raise us up from the death
caused by sin. He can untie me; absolve me. This power he also gave to the Apostles that
they might loosen the ties of sin which bind us. We repeat this statement in the Absolution,
after every Confession, at the end of vespers and during the Holy Mass: ‘You Oh Lord gave
authority to the Apostles, to bind and unbind the chains of injustice on the earth…’. The
priest himself had no personal authority to forgive sin or to raise the dead, but his power
comes solely from God. Just as the Lord raised Lazarus and gave him a new life unfettered
by the bonds which held him captive to death, so too the priest, being authorised by the Lord
Jesus Christ, can loosen the bonds of sin and set the captive of sin free and allow him or her
to practice a renewed life once more. And this takes place at the end of an honest confession
with repentance.

B. Epistles
When we read the letters of St. Paul the Apostle, particularly his letters to the Corinthians, we
notice that he has written down the rituals of the Church to be followed. In the epistles we
see how St. Paul used his priestly authority to bind and unbind, to absolve and deny
absolution. In the first letter he expels a sinner from the Church community for a full year
and in his second letter he relies on his authority as an Apostle to allow the sinner back into
the fold so that he might not be consumed or swallowed by the devil; this is an absolution.

There are those who deny priestly authority and say that if we choose to confess, then we
should do it straight to God alone, not with the agency of the priesthood, forget that God
made it very clear that he wished it to be so. Some people will then say ‘Get us obvious

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verses’; the verses are there for those who choose to study the Scriptures with understanding
and not simply learn them by rote (as proof texts) or simply read them superficially.

St. Paul also mentioned in this letter about how he expected the Church order to be conducted
in services and the like. He noted that women should cover their heads in the Church and this
practice we have not changed. Many Churches have forgotten this practice, but it is Biblical
so why should it be dismissed? St. Paul, in the same letter, said that he did not like men to
wear their hair long as women do – this too we teach. Also we do not allow women to raise
their voices in the Church, even if a woman want to ask something; we suggest that a woman
remains quiet and asks her husband when she returns home, or ask someone in authority
away from the service itself.

St. Paul praised the Corinthians for their order in services; he said that everything should be
kept in its place and ordered. In the English texts of the bible it uses the word ‘discipline’,
but a better word is the original ‘tuxus’ which means order or rituals. In 1 Thessalonians he
made warnings against those who walk to act without order (1 Thessalonians 5:14); in 2
Thessalonians 3:6-7, after his first warning, he suggested that he faithful should avoid any
brother who walks or acts without order. Indeed he wrote to the disciple of the Church there
in the same order as St. Paul had delivered unto him and also to ordain priests for them (here
is an ordination in the New Testament).

If we read the Book of Revelation we notice a very thorough set of order, movements and
writings. The same is true for Isaiah’s vision of heaven which itself is very ordered and calm,
everything done step by step and with ordered explanations for everything. This reminds us
of the passage in Genesis 28 when Jacob was fleeing from before the face of his brother Esau
and after he slept overnight in the wilderness on a stone and had himself an appearance of the
Lord, he arose in the morning and poured some oil over the stone and declared how sacred
the place was and would remain. This is the same ritual which we employ today and when
we need to consecrate an altar; we pour oil and we pray.

I will give here some references to read which clearly tell that God teaches us orders, rites
and rituals. They may be translated in the wrong way in the English Bible. But in them all we
notice that St Paul is giving clear instructions about order and rituals to be practised. Even
more than this, St Paul said “any brother who does not follow this order stop him”.
The references are:
1 Cor 14: 26-40
Col 2: 5
1 Thess 5: 14
2 Thess 3: 6, 7, 11

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Note: you might notice in the English translation using the word “elders” instead of priests, which
is the order they use in the protestant and Anglican church, while the origin of the word is priest.

Conclusion
These very few examples prove the Biblical origin of all of the rituals practised within the Holy
Church so that we shall each be ready and able to offer an explanation to anyone who questions us
about rituals which we use in the practice of the Church. It is also worth mentioning that the Coptic
Orthodox Church is perhaps the Church truest to the model of ritual life which is portrayed for us in
the Scriptures. Our Church is distinguished in many rituals and I might dare to say that it is the
most loyal to the Biblical tradition.

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
SECTION THREE
In the previous sections we had an introduction about the sources for ritual theology and the proofs
from the Holy Bible about the importance of the rituals in the worship of God. Rituals are not
something originating from the Old Testament only, they were continued in the New Testament and
the church life.

In this section we will start talking about the body of the course itself. We will start with divisions
of ritual theology, or as we spoke before, finding theology in the rituals practiced in the church.

The subject of ritual theology is divided into three main sections: -

1. Historical basis
2. Theoretical or systematic basis
3. Practical basis
Historical
This follows up the history of an individual or particular ritual of those practised in the Holy
Church. In it we are tracking that ritual, when and how it started, and the stages it has gone through
until it settled on what we practice in the Church today. However, we have to emphasise the fact
that all these rituals originated from what God ordered in the Old Testament, which was continued
in the New Testament, but with spiritual practices and understanding.

Example: Baptism
In the apostles time, the church was at her beginning, there were no churches built etc… so baptism
took place in rivers or lakes in an open place that is available. Then eventually by building churches
they started to build a basin for baptism.

The apostles had the authority from the Lord so that by laying their hands on the person baptised or
a substance, they give the Holy Spirit or call on the Holy Spirit to work in the substance or place or
person. They were aware that their time will not continue more than few years and they will be
martyred or departed. Hence, they made the Holy oil of Myron (or the oil of christening used in the
sacrament of confirmation, or the Holy Chrism), so that when used to anoint by the bishop or priest
it does the same work as the laying of the hands of the apostles.

After St Peter’s sermon which touched the hearts of many (3000), the apostles first prayed on the
water to be consecrated and through their prayer and apostolic authority the Holy Spirit came upon
the water at that instant, and then they baptised the people and by laying their hands on the baptised
people they received the Holy Spirit. Then the apostles prayed another prayer on the water so that it
went back to its previous state.

After the apostolic time, it was the case of building the church and the baptismal font, then the
bishop puts the Holy oil of Chrism that the apostles gave to the church and by this blessing, the
baptistery is consecrated and ready to be used.

During a baptism, through the prayer of the bishop or the priest on the water the Holy Spirit comes
on the water to consecrate it and make it ready for the person to be baptized in it.

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At the end of the baptism, with another prayer of the priest or the bishop the water returns to its
original state and is drained into a certain container underground, with holes around its side that the
water goes directly to the bottom underground and not in the sewerage.

If you read the Gospel of St John Chapter 5 when the Lord went to the pool of “Bethesda” and there
was a man who had been lying there for 38 years with infirmity. The Lord said to him “do you want
to be made well”, he said “yes Sir but I have no- one to put me into the pool”, as an angel came
once a year to stir the water, and the first one who comes into the water is healed from the disease
he had, then the water turns to its origin. The angel is a symbol to the bishop or the priest of the
church as in the book of Revelations the Lord spoke a message to “the angel of the church”, like the
Angel of the church of Smyrna and so on.

By the prayers of the priest the water is changed by the Holy Spirit, and after the priest finishes and
prays again the water comes normal as when the angel stirred the water and the first one in, was
healed. In the Old Testament sickness was punishment for sin and being healed was forgiveness
from sin. And you know that the Lord always for every person presented to him used to say firstly
your sins are forgiven. Then take your bed and go. And when the disciples saw the blind man who
was born blind with the Lord, they said to Him, Who has sinned him or his parents that he was born
blind.

This is just to give you some understanding of the rituals in the Bible as they are hidden like a
treasure.

The above is an example of what is meant by historical view of the subject which talks about our
rituals, how they started and developed to what they are now and why; and the biblical and
theological understanding of it as I explained in this example of baptism.

Theoretical
States the theories or the principles of the Church, the main target of Christianity, the architectural
theories of building the Church, inside and out, different parts of the Church items and objects used
in the Church and why. (Why is it built like this and not that, the vestments of the priest and
deacons, the different ranks, the covering and veils used, the different substances used (oils,
incense, candles etc…), the different vessels used (e.g. censor, oil lamp etc…) we refer to history,
theology, tradition, Bible and Spirituality to explain why).

Practical
The practical side of that subject. It deals with the details of how to practice every section of a
sacrament or service in the church. You notice a lot of movement for the priest and for the deacons.
A person who recently joined the church, standing among the congregation in the church, will
notice practices of bowing down at different times, and other events. This is what will be explained
in this section (as much as time allows us). The explanation will cover two sides:

A. Details of the rituals, what are they?

B. The grounds for these rituals - spiritual, biblical, dogmatic, theological and traditional
grounds of these practices (are they just some movements to be practised during the prayer,
to show off, or are they grounded and based on the Bible and spiritual understandings and
meanings. This sub-section also gives the reason for the order of prayers, order of the mass,
order of the praises, order of the Holy Passion week, order of the Pentecost, the 50 days, the
great holy fast etc

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This can be a very long section, as it talks about the whole church life. To be honest with you, not
many people in the church, in general, know all these details. This course should be at least 2 or 3
courses if not 4, but we will explain as much as the scope of this course allows us.

We will try here to understand some main items that we see every week in the church, for you to
understand it and to know what it is all about. And we will also study the church as a building in
another section - then we will see if we have enough time to deal with the historical part.

To study the practical side, we will firstly study the different types or orders of the church rituals
that are practiced in the church life and what do they mean. We will divide them into 4 main
subsections:
a) daily rituals
b) the periodical/occasional rituals
c) rituals of different services needed for the believers
d) celebratory rituals
a) Daily rituals
Mainly concerns the rituals that are practised every day in the life of the Church (the general public
Church where the congregation meet to worship the Lord, the small unit of the Church ie. my home
and the smallest unit of the Church ie. myself as a believer and as a member of the Body of Christ).
This includes the daily rituals eg. The “Agpia” (book of prayers of the hours – containing selections
of psalms and the gospels) and the praises which are performed in my own life and the Church, the
raising of incense (which can sometimes be prayed without a Mass), and the most important of all
the Holy Mass, which the Holy Fathers said could be practised every day, as is the habit in the
monasteries. The daily rituals apply for the whole church being the Body of Christ our Lord,
concerning the liturgical life of the church for the congregation. It also applies on the individual
being a member of the church or a member of the Body of Christ our Lord. Here it includes the
person’s practice of the daily spiritual life according to the guidance of his/her confession father,
and this applies to the individuals whether of the clergy or laymen.

b) The Periodical/Occasional rituals

These study the rituals of the service that are practised only once or very occasionally throughout
the year and which fall at exact times throughout the year.

Eg. The rituals of the Lordly Feasts (7 great and 7 small and two other feasts which are ritually like
Lordly Feasts), the rituals of the month of “Koiak”, the rituals of the Holy Great Fasting, the 3
masses of the water (El-Lakan) which comes in Epiphany, the Great Thursday of covenant and the
Apostles feast.

c) The rituals of different services needed for the believers.

The service of the rituals conducted according to the needs of the Congregation, (conducted
when only needed). This includes 5 of the sacraments – Baptism, Confirmation, Repentance,
Confession, unction of the sick, marriage and the blessing of homes. There is even a ritual
prayer called “Abo Tarbo” for the person bitten by a rabid dog (a dog which has rabies), which
you may have not heard about before. It was used frequently in Egypt in the old times and is
sometimes used in our days. If a wild dog bites someone it might kill him and this is a special
prayer to help that person (it is found in the books of the church). We mention this to
demonstrate how the church, being a mother (and that why I like to refer to the church as
“her” and not “it”) caters for all the needs of her children. The church to us is not the building,
it is the intellectual, logical and internal service offered by her servants, to satisfy all the needs
of her children the believers. In the praises before the evening incense raising, there are

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sections of praise arranged on the sections of the Saturday “Theotoki”, in one of them there is
a verse which says “the church is a mother, her vessels are always full, her children are thirty
and hungry but she always feeds them and satisfies them”. When you hear this and hear that
even when a wild dog bites someone, (which is very common in Egypt, in the old times and
even now in some villages in upper Egypt) the church cares for and helps him/her, you feel
that the church is a real mother caring for everything. Moreover, in the mass we even pray for
the vegetation, plants, for rain, for the rivers, for the winds, for someone travelling, for
everything… The church is like a mother looking after all the needs of her children.

d) Celebratory rituals
These are special rituals concerning the general Church as a whole; used for the service and order of
the Church running and hierarchy. This is performed according to the need, it is usually an
additional celebration with several rites that are added at certain times during the Holy Mass, eg.
Ordination of Patriarchs, Bishops, priests, deacons, consecrating churches, altars, preparing and
consecrating the holy “Myron” etc.

Note: what you see nowadays during consecration of the church when the Bishop or Pope comes is
only consecrating the altar and icons painted on wood or on the wall. This takes 1.5 hours.
Consecrating a church takes 7 hours. When this happens no one can enter the church with shoes,
and in certain occasions women cannot enter the Church at all. This is what happens in the
monasteries. We will not be able to explain the details of these rituals in this course.

The Ritual books used in the Church

The ritual books of the church fall under 6 groups; all are in the same level of importance and are
used in the rites of the Church the whole year through. The first five groups should necessarily be
available in every Church. The 6th group is only kept in the Patriarchate Library, and some of the
books of the 6th group exist with the Bishops for certain uses in the parishes (but not all of them).
1. Divine books
2. Books to serve at the altar
3. Books of public reading to address the congregation
4. Books of praises
5. Books of celebratory services
6. Books of general Church service and order (this is a special group to be kept in the Patriarchate
library only, and some of them are also kept with eth Bishops of the Church).

1. The Divine Books

The word “divine” gives the impression that these books are directly from God, like the Holy Bible.
They are continuously used in the church life and in the personal life of the individual believers
(e.g. at home).

a) These are both Testaments of the Holy Bible, used in the meetings, Sunday School
meetings, the services of the Church;

b) The book of the “Agpia” which means “the prayers of the hours”. Its main frame is the
psalms and sections form the Gospels plus some added prayers (91% is from the Holy
Bible, it is divine);

c) The book containing the 151 Psalms, used in the 1st procession of the overnight watch
of “Apocalypsis” (the joyous Saturday overnight watch), it is wrapped in a white veil
and carried by the priest in a procession around the whole Church at the beginning of
the overnight watch prayers.

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2. The Books for service at the altar

Mainly the books which concern the Holy Mass, the Holy offering (the Body and Blood of Jesus
Christ). This group includes:

a) Holy Liturgy (of St. Basil, St. Gregory and St. Cyril). There are other Masses like the
Mass of St. John the Beloved and St. James (added to the book containing the liturgies
of Saints Basil, Gregory, Cyril are the anaphora of St. John the Beloved and St. James
etc). There was a book of secret prayers, which was kept aside on the altar for the
Priest, but is now included in the book of the Holy Liturgy.

b) The book of the services of the deacons containing all the different responses by the
deacons who serve inside the sanctuary in different occasions. It also contains all the
hymns prayed by the congregation (led by the deacons who serve outside the sanctuary)
in all occasions and feasts.

c) The book of praises before incense raising and during the Holy Communion time. And
other praises which some people call songs, however I don’t like to use this word, in the
church life they are called “praises” (in Arabic “Tarateel”. These praises are different
from hymns which are called “El-Alhann”. They are like verses of poetry that rime).
This book contains praises sometimes used during the praises before the incense raising
“vespers” or in the early morning incense raising and the praises at the end of the mass
during the Holy Communion. It is a big book that covers the whole year.

3. Books of public reading to address the congregation

Some are used during the Holy Mass, others are used at different times.
a) The different “Katameroses” (meaning explained later) which cover the readings of all
the Masses all over the whole year and the passion week.

b) The “Synaxarium” – tells the biography of the saint of each day of the Coptic Year and
any important events in the history of the church that occurred on that day. According to
the rituals of the church, it is NOT read in Passion Week, the 50 days after the
Resurrection and the 7 great Lordly feasts.

c) The “Difnar” – is a book that throws some light (without details) on the life of the Saint
or the church event celebrated on that day, with a glorification. It is used at the end of
each day’s midnight praises (at the conclusion of “Theotoki”). The “Difnar” is replaced
by a special commentary for : the Sundays of the Holy Great Fasting, Sundays of the 50
days after the Resurrection, all of the Great Lordly feasts and some of the small Lordly
feasts, and the feasts of St. Mary.

d) The Book of “Mayamer” – this is hardly used, it is a sort of contemplation of one of the
Fathers in a certain occasion, and mainly used for the 3 great Lordly feasts and some of
the small ones, and also on some of the days of the Passion week (But this is very rarely
used).

e) The book of sermons of the Holy Fathers eg. St Athanasius the apostolic, St. John
Chrysostom, St. Shenouti the Archmandrite and other fathers. Some of these sermons
are read in Passion Week and on other occasions.

f) The books of explanation or commentaries (for some feasts or events of the year). Eg.
after the Gospel in Epiphany, at the end of every hour in Passion week, and after the
feast of the Great Resurrection.

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4. Books of praises
The first is called the “Psalmodeia” from the word “Psalmos” which is like the English word Psalm
(this is the origin of the word which means prayers chanted in verses). Some of them are taken from
the psalms of the prophet David and some of them from the Fathers of the church.

There are two main books of “Psalmodeias” to serve over the whole year (the yearly “psalmodeia”
and the “psalmodeia” for the month “Koiak” which covers the 4 weeks before the feast of the birth
of Christ).

a) The second group of books, are the books of “Epsalies”. These are special books for
additional sections to be added in the praises for special occasions like the feast of the
birth of Christ, the feast of baptism of Christ, the holy great fasting, Palm Sunday, the
feast of the cross, the feast of the resurrection and the feasts of saints and martyrs. These
added sections, are called “Epsalies”, which means chanting in poetry to Praise Our
Lord Jesus Christ or in exalting St Mary or one of the saints (from the original Coptic
word “Epsalia”).

There is a special book for the preparation day of the birth of Christ and the day itself,
and for the preparation day for Epiphany and the day itself.

There is a book for the “Epsalies” of the Holy Great Lent and its commentaries and it
also contains the order and the readings of the procession of the Holy Cross. (There are
3 processions of the Holy Cross, and they should all be conducted during the early
raising of incense).

The book of “Epsalies” of feasts and saints. It basically gives 2 or more “Epsalies” for
every single feast and for many of the saints.

b) The book of Spiritual praises that are used at the end of the mass, glorifications etc.

c) The books for different church services needed by the believers and the books of
glorifications for angels and saints.

d) The book that includes the prayers of these 4 sacraments: Baptism (this includes the
prayer for the water; prayer for the woman; prayer for the catechumen; the prayer for
the washing of the child after 7 days (from birth); and the commandments to be read on
the godparents), Confirmation, Unction of the sick, engagement and the different
Marriage prayers (for first marriages and second marriages which are due to death or
divorce), prayer for “Abo Tarbo”, and the different prayers for funerals.

e) The book for Glorification of St. Mary, Angels and Saints

f) The book of blessing new homes and properties.

g) The books kept in the Patriarchate Library, only a few of them are kept with the
Bishops. These are:

h) The book of consecrations which contains the rituals for: laying foundation stones for
new churches and consecration of altars, the book of consecration for the whole church
building from inside, the book for consecrating the vessels used for the mass, the icons,
and ordaining priests and deacons in all their ranks (this book is also kept with all the
Bishops)

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ii) The book of ordination of monks and nuns – the Bishop will only have this if
there is a monastery in his parish (also in monasteries and convents).
iii) Both of these books should be in the Patriachate library and added to them are;
iv) The book for ordaining Patriarchs, Enthronement of the Patriarch (if a Patriarch
is chosen from amongst the monks he will be ordained a Patriarch, but if he was
a bishop before, it will be a prayer of Enthronement only), and for ordaining
Bishops and Metropolitans
v) The book for consecrating Churches
vi) The book for consecrating Altars
vii) The book for the Holy Chrism/Myron (prayers during preparing the
Myron oil).

Different types of ‘Katameroses’ used in the church

Now, we will go to the third group of these six groups of books. The main book in this group is the
book we call in Coptic “Katameroc” which is simply in English the “portion” of readings allotted to
each day. “Katameroc” is equal to the Greek word in Coptic letters “Kathyn-mermin”. Some letters
in the origin Greek will be different. “Kata” means “according to” & “meroc” means “the portion or
what belongs to”. So katameros means “according to what belong to everyday” or originally if you
hear the word “kata eheo meros” it means what belongs to that day’s readings or according to that
day what are the readings. People usually say “katamaros” as they used to hear it but the right
pronunciation is “katameros”.

This book includes the readings of the vespers, matins and mass (Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistle,
reading of the Acts which we call “Epraxis” (from the Greek word “Eprax” which means a story)
and readings of the main Psalm and Gospel of the mass.

To understand why the church chose specific readings for specific days we require a long detailed
study. The church arranged the readings for the whole year in a frame, inspired by the Holy Spirit in
an amazing way, to go in two lines, vertical and horizontal, and it covers in a round frame the event
of the day, and a target of a period e.g. the Great Holy Fasting, the 50 days of joy after the
resurrection, the period of St Mary Fasting and so on. It is really amazing to understand, but for
now we’ll at least gain an idea about the book of “katameros”. There are several different books of
“katameros” used in the church:
1. “Katameros” of Sundays
2. “Katameros” of days
3. “Katameros” of Holy great fasting
4. “Katameros” of Passion Week
5. “Katameros” of Holy Joyous 50 days

These are the main “katameroses”, which we use according to the time of the year they cover. All of
them provide 6 main readings for every single Mass or Liturgy, three of them are comprised of 2
sections. What does this mean? The basic ground for the “katameros” is to provide reading of
Vespers, Matins and the Mass. The readings in part are as follow:
1) Vespers has selected verses from one or more psalms and a Gospel
2) Matins has selected verses from psalms and a Gospel
3) Main Mass has
a) Pauline, which is part of one of St Paul’s 14 epistles.
b) Catholicon e.g. one of the universal letters, the letter of St James, St Peter, St John and
St Jude.

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c) Acts part of the book of Acts, which has the story of the 12 Apostles, called “Epraxis”.
The word “Eprax” means story
d) The main Psalm and Gospel of the Mass.

The “Katameros” of the Holy Great Fasting is quite different from the others. It adds some other
readings from the Old Testament in a certain order, which we will talk about later. It still provides
the same six sections like the other “katameros” plus additional readings. The order of readings for
the fast of Nineveh is the same as that of the holy great fasting. Although Jonah fasted 3 days in the
belly of the Great Fish, it was not voluntary, he was forced. However, the people of Nineveh fasted
willingly for repentance and forgiveness of sins, and God forgave them. For this reason the fast is
preferably called the fast of Nineveh (instead of the fast of Jonah).

We will return to the 5 books of “katameros” mentioned above.

- No 1 and No 2 are the most used books in the church life over the whole year
- No 3 is used only in 58 days of the year
- No 4 is used only in 6 days of the year
- No 5 is used only in 50 days of the year

So No. 3,4,5 are used in 115 days of the year, and the other 250 days are covered by the other 2
books.

The “katameros” of the days provides the readings of all the days, the 250days that are not covered
by No. 3,4,5 except Sundays. Because we do not know in which day of the month Sunday will
come, there is “katameros” of Sundays (No.1) which covers only Sundays. It covers some of the
feasts but not all. This book employs a system called “borrowing”, where readings of other days are
borrowed, so that they match the event celebrated that day e.g. Ecumenical council, feast of St
Mary, feast of Archangel Michael and other archangels, feast of the martyrs etc... For example, for
the feasts of the apostles, the church selected readings that match with the lives of the apostles and
repeats them every time we have a feast of a disciple or an apostle. The same for feasts of the
archangels etc...

This is the system of borrowing the readings. But the Lordly feasts are special, each one has its own
readings included in the yearly day “katameros” except for resurrection, Pentecost, Palm Sunday
and the Great Thursday. While the book of Sundays covers all the Sundays of the year, except the
period of the Holy Great Fasting, the Passion Week and the Holy Joyous 50 days. These three
occasions move from year to year according to the Jewish Passover because we always feast of the
resurrection of the Lord the Sunday following the Jewish Passover according to what happened in
the days of the Lord Himself. The Jewish Passover changes from one year to the other depending on
the moon of the month.

The period of the holy great fasting, the Passion Week and the fifty joyous days after the
resurrection, always comes in the period of the months ‘Baramhat’, ‘Baramouda’ and half of the
month ‘Amshir’. So we will find the Katameros of Sunday covering all the Coptic year except this
period, which is skipped, because the church does not repeat the event in different books.

The Sundays’ readings have been put in order in a certain way, horizontal and vertical to cover how
the Lord saved me in an amazing order. But it is too much to be covered in such a course. It is very
deep to understand how the Holy Spirit guided the fathers to select all these readings with such deep
meanings.

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Detailed explanation about the “katameros” of the Holy Great Fasting

and Passion Week
In the Holy Great fasting, I prefer this name rather than the lent. We will divide the readings of the
Holy Great fasting into two main sections:
1. Saturdays and Sundays
2. Days from Monday to Friday plus the 3 days of fasting of the people of Nineveh and their
repentance.

By the way those three days of the Nineveh was not in the church life from the beginning, they
were added in the middle, one of the Patriarchs was from Assyrian origin used to fast those 3
days and did not fast the 7days preparation before the 40 days, so it was a bit of disagreement
between the Patriarch on one side, and the bishops and the other congregation on the other side.
So they have come to a resolution that the church will fast the three days of Nineveh and he
fasts the 7 days of the preparation, this how it is started around the third century.

The three days of the fasting of the Nineveh and their rituals are practiced the same as the 40
days of the Holy Great fasting. This based on that the Lord fasted the 40 days abstaining from
food and drink and also the people of Nineveh fasted for three days without food or drink, that’s
why the church considered them at the same level like the Holy Great fasting.

As we are talking about the period of the holy great fasting, also the hymns and all sections of
the praises before vespers and the midnight praises are different on Saturdays and Sundays from
the ones used form Monday to Friday in the great holy fasting. Also the three days of Nineveh
are the same tunes like the praises from Monday to Friday. This is just very brief and will be
detailed in the section for hymns.

Returning to the books of the readings in the Holy Great fasting, we do not pray the evening
incense raising or vespers except Saturday only. But from Monday to Friday if we have a mass
every day, we will not have vespers. On Sunday evening, we have something called “the
Sunday evening service”. In it, there is thanksgiving prayer, a reading of the Gospel and a
commentary. Sadly, this is hardly practised lately, but at least you now know how the early
church was.

The reason why we do not have evening incense raising or vespers from Monday to Friday
during the holy great fasting, is that the abstaining from food and drink on those days should
continue until 5 pm, and the holy masses should end by the same time. The origin from the
Jewish system is that the new day of the church life starts from the sunset of the day before.
Hence, finishing the mass at 5 pm is very close to the beginning of the new day, which means
we cannot pray vespers. That is why you notice that in the masses of those days of the fasting
we pray the “Agpia” prayers till the 12th hour. From this explanation, you will find another
difference in the “Katameros” of the holy great fasting, that there is no readings for vespers of
the masses from Monday to Friday.

Another difference in the “Katameros” of the holy great fasting is that before the gospel of the
morning incense raising there are some prophecies and sections of the Old Testament added,
which differ in their number and length from day to another. This involves some special rituals
which are not practised in the normal early morning incense raising for the normal days of the
year.

Another thing we have to know that the period of the Holy Great fasting and the 50 days after
the resurrection and before the Pentecost is divided into weeks e.g. the first week, second week,
third week etc… Always the Sunday comes after the days (e.g. we’ll be having Monday of the

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first week till the Saturday of the first week, then we have the first Sunday, and so on…)
So always the days precedes Sunday in the same week, because Sunday crowns the week or
collects the week.

We find also something amazing about how the readings in the “Katameros” of the Holy Great
Fasting have been selected and put together. The readings form a complete theme going on steps
from week to another. We find that every single week is centred around a target which is part of
the main theme of the whole fasting period. The target of each week is highlighted in the
readings of the Sunday. Deeply understanding it, you find that the readings of the Sunday for
each week is the centre of the week and also crowns its readings with highlighting the target of
that week. The targets of the seven weeks of the holy great fasting go along in steps from first
week to the last fulfilling the theme of the whole fasting period. By this you feel that the Holy
Spirit has guided the fathers in selecting those readings to be like a spiritual trip taking the
believer from the first Sunday to the end, stepping up gradually until the conclusion of the holy
fasting fulfilling the spiritual theme targeted; and amazingly you find that the spiritual meanings
of the palm Sunday and the Sunday of the Holy Resurrection perfects the spiritual
understanding of the theme fulfilled in the period of the holy great fasting.

The readings included in the Katameros of the Holy Great Fasting

Readings of the days

Readings of from Monday to
Readings of the Feast
Readings of Sundays
Saturdays Friday & also the
of Jonah
three days of
Ninevah

For every Sunday the The readings for For every mass of The readings for the
Katameros contains Saturdays include the these days the mass of Jonah’s
the following following: readings include: Feast include:
readings:
1. Prophecies for 1. Prophecies for 1. Psalm and Gospel
1. Psalm and Gospel early morning (not early morning for Early Morning
for Vespers usually read) Incense Raising
2. Psalm and Gospel (there is no
2. Psalm and Gospel 2. Psalm and Gospel for Early Morning Vespers)
for Early Morning for Early Morning Incense
Incense Raising Incense Raising 2. Pauline Epistle
3. Pauline Epistle
3. Pauline Epistle 3. Pauline Epistle 3. Catholicon Epistle
4. Catholicon Epistle
4. Catholicon Epistle 4. Catholicon Epistle 4. The Acts
5. The Acts
5. The Acts 5. The Acts 5. Psalm and Gospel
6. Psalm and Gospel for the Holy Mass
6. Psalm and Gospel 6. Psalm and Gospel of the Holy Mass
of the Holy Mass of the Holy Mass Note: Its hymns and
Note: There is no order follow the
7. Psalm and Gospel Note: The last readings for Vespers normal year rituals.
of the Evening of Saturday of the Great as they are not
the Sunday Fasting is Lazarus prayed in the days of
Saturday which the Great Fasting.

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follows the normal

year rituals.

The Katameros of the Passion Week

The “Katameros” of the Passion Week contains readings of the hours of the Holy Passion
Week, which most people follow and attend. It is based on hours; the system of the hours is:
five hours in the morning and five hours in the evening. On the Palm Sunday, the ninth and
eleventh hours are prayed with the same passion week system and always prayed before the
five evening hours of that day (which is the evening of the Monday of the holy Pascha)

As we explained before, that the day in the church life starts from the sunset of the day before.
The same will be in the prayers of the holy Pascha, so if we are starting the prayer on Monday
morning, we say “the first hour of the Monday morning”, and so on, the third, sixth, ninth and
eleventh. When we start the evening service, we say “the first hour of the evening of the
Tuesday of the holy Pascha” and so on to the eleventh hour.

Also on the Palm Sunday, after finishing the Holy Communion with the joyous tunes of the
Palm Sunday, being a great Lordly feast; the priest does not conclude as usual but he closes
the curtain of the sanctuary and starts praying the general funeral for all the congregation. This
funeral is prayed as we cannot conduct any service different from the hours of the holy
Pascha. So, just in case someone dies during the Passion week, that person had already
attended the funeral. His body in the coffin attends one of the hours of the holy Pascha, and
some of the water that attended the general funeral and is kept in the church is sprinkled on his
body and then he is buried.

On the Holy Great Thursday, the readings of the morning hours, are divided on the service of
that day. The readings of the first hour is included in a certain order during the morning
incense raising. Then the basin used for the “lakan” is filled with water to attend the prayers of
the third, sixth and ninth hours. Then the prayers of the “Lakan” are conducted, then the holy
mass; at the end of it, the curtain of the sanctuary is closed and the eleventh hour of that day is
prayed during Holy Communion.

The Holy Great Friday, being the main day of the Pascha, all the gospels of its hours are
prayed from the four gospels; i.e. the hours of the evening and the whole Friday are explaining
the steps of the crucifixion of our Lord; each single event of them is read from the four
gospels. Only the first hour of the evening of the Holy Friday, its four gospels are all taken
from the gospel of St John the Evangelist, and are called the sections of the Holy Spirit “the
Paraclete”. The morning hours of the Holy Great Friday itself, are six hours and have a certain
order different from the normal hours of the Holy Pascha. They go from the first hour to the
twelfth hour which is prayed in the first chorus with opening the curtain of the sanctuary and
taking away all the black flags. The twelfth hour is concluded by the burial service. Then the
psalms are read until psalm 150.

Then comes the resurrection, there is a special “katameors” (for the Holy fifty days), which
starts with the readings of the Resurrection Sunday and goes along until the Sunday of the
Pentecost when the Holy Spirit descended upon the holy apostles like tongues of fire. The
readings of this “Katameros” of the fifty days is based on a similar system of weeks as
explained for the “Katameros” of the holy great fasting. But we should note here that the
readings of all the fifty days have no additions like the ones of the great fasting. They go like
the normal year days (psalm and gospel for vespers, psalm and gospel of early morning
incense, pauline epistle, catholicon epistle, acts and psalm and gospel for the mass).
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There are other books that are used in different services according to the need of the believers,
which also contain some readings selected from the Bible. Those books are considered books
of service and are not from the group of “Katameros” books.

Those books are:

1. The prayer of the Absolution of the women after giving birth
2. Prayers for baptising a new believer
3. The prayer of the water after 7 days (prior to a child’s baptism)
4. The prayers for weddings
5. The sacrament of Holy Unction (Anointment of the sick)
6. The book of Pentecost afternoon {Prayer of “El-Sagda” (the kneeling down)}
7. The prayers for funerals
8. The prayers of the 3 masses of “Lakan”
9. The prayer of blessing new homes and properties

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
SECTION FOUR
This section is divided into two main subsections:
a) The structure of the Holy Mass (Liturgy) with its different sections
b) Hymnology - study of different hymns in the church worship life

A. The structure of the Holy Mass (Liturgy)

The Holy Liturgy is divided into:
- The service of the evening incense which contains “Agpia” prayer, praises, and incense
raising.
- Midnight praises which contains “Agpia” prayer, praises and the priest’s absolution
- The service of the early morning incense, which contains “Agpia” prayer, early morning
“Zoxologies” and incense raising.
- The service of the offertory : 1) Preparation and offertory
2) Mass of the catechumen
3) Mass of the believers

This is what we call the Holy Mass, it shows you how much you miss if you only attend part of it.
We will briefly explain them all.

First section: the service of morning and evening incense.

It starts with the prayers of the “Agpia” (this word is derived from the Greek word “agp” which
means “hour”. Hence, the “Agpia” means “prayers of the hours”).

The Agpia
The “Agpia” has 7 hours plus one hour for the Monks (the prayer of the veil of the day). Any one
can pray the veil prayer but it is long so the Monks usually are the only ones who pray it because
they have dedicated their lives to the Lord. The book of “Agpia” has morning, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 11th, 12th,
veil of the day, and midnight prayer, which is comprised of 3 services and a conclusion.

Each hour of the “Agpia” has:

- Introduction: Our Father, Thanksgiving prayer, Psalm 50
- Psalms
- Gospel
- Sections of prayers after the Gospel followed by:
- the Trisagion (Holy God, Holy Almighty...), Our Father…
- Hail to ST Mary
- The Beginning of the Creed – “We honour you mother of true light”
- The Creed
- Lord have mercy 41 times
- Holy, Holy, Holy
- Absolution
- Concluding prayer

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In the morning and in the evening we add other prayers, which are: the section starting with “let us
praise with the angels…” in the morning; and the section starting with “Lord by your grace protect
us…” in the evening. This is the main frame of the hourly prayers of the “Agpia”. The only prayer
which is slightly different is the midnight prayer.

In the church life, we fulfill the seven hours’ prayers in the one-day service. The mass and the
preparation for it starts from the eve of the day e.g. the Sunday mass starts with vespers on Saturday
night where some of the “Agpia” prayers are prayed, and the rest of them are prayed the next day in
the mass. By the end of the Mass we should have prayed the seven hours. For example, on Saturday
we go to church in the late afternoon. We start by praying the 9th, 11th and 12th hour prayers, then
the praises before the raising of incense (vespers), followed by the incense raising. Then we pray
the midnight prayer of the “Agpia”, followed by the midnight praise. In the following morning we
pray the morning prayer from the “Agpia” (first hour) then the raising of incense, then section 1 of
the mass starting with the 3rd and 6th hours. By this, the seven hours of the “Agpia” have been
completed in the full service of the one day.

Incense Raising
The evening incense raising is known by the word “Vespers”, and the morning incense raising is
known by the word “Matins”.

I would like to highlight here, that in recent times the majority of the congregation neglects
attending the incense raising not realising its great importance being a part of the Holy Mass. The
church guided by the Holy Spirit, have put the service of the incense raising on Biblical
understanding according to the verse: “Let my prayer be set before You as incense, the lifting up of
my hands as the evening sacrifice.” (Ps 141:2)

To easily understand the structure of the incense raising service (evening or morning), I will put it
in a diagram (see diagram next page).

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Diagram explaining the structure of the incense raising service

1- Have mercy upon us, the Lord’s prayer, Thanksgiving prayer

2- Verses of the Cymbals

I
3- Litanies: Departed, Sick, travelers, offerings
n
(not all of them are used at one time)
c
e 4- The “Zoxologies”, the Creed
n
s 5- the beginning of the Creed, the Creed
e
6- O God Have mercy upon us, response (Lord have Mercy 3 times in its tune)

R 7- Litany of the Gospel

a
i 8- Gospel reading
s
i 9- Gospel response
n
g 10- Litanies after the gospel

11- conclusion

Introduction
We notice something here, at the very beginning of incense raising when the priest starts by
opening the curtain of the sanctuary; he begins by saying “Have mercy upon us O God the Father
the Almighty…”. Also this is the beginning of any other service conducted in the church. There is a
beautiful deep spiritual meaning in it, which I felt I have to stop at it before explaining the sections
of incense raising. Also we notice that even in the personal prayers at home there is something
similar in meaning but not in the same wording with which the believer starts his “Agpia” prayer at
home.

Some of the spiritual meanings in this beginning are:

1. “Have mercy upon us” is just asking Him to allow us to call Him, to talk to Him, pray to Him
because, any time you pray, God inclines His ear to listen to you. He is surrounded by the praises of
the Cherubim, the Seraphim, and all the hosts of Angels; but every time we pray He listens. It is
great love and mercy from Him to listen to us, considering our many sins. If God will look to our
sins He will never be pleased to listen to us or even look upon us, as in (Isaiah 1: 15). And we know
that none of us is without sin at any moment of life. That is why it is very befitting to start by asking
Him to have mercy upon us before we raise our faces and lift our voices in front of Him, especially
standing in front of His Holy altar.

2. Just after this beginning (“Have mercy upon us O God…”), the priest to announces all to pray
“Our Father who art in heaven…”. God made us His children and granted us to call Him “Father”.
Calling God our Father in the Old Testament did not exist, it has started from our Lord when He
said “When you pray say “Our Father Who art in Heaven…”. So through His mercy and by His
incarnation to redeem us and renew our nature which was corrupted, we can say Our Father. So the
order here is going spiritually perfect, that we firstly ask His mercy, then secondly we dare to call
Him “Our Father…”.

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3. After praying “Our Father…”, the priest starts the prayer of thanksgiving. Here it is following the
beautiful spiritual order which is: with His mercy upon us, we dared to call Him Father, so we feel
that we have to thank Him for this. Hence, the prayer of thanksgiving comes in place. We notice in
the prayer of thanksgiving that we thank our God “on every condition, for every condition and in
every condition”. Here, no matter what circumstances we are in, it is enough for us to feel that He
accepted me as a son or daughter, and I dare to call Him Father. This in itself is worth a lot of
thanks, no matter what condition we are in.

This is to give you just a little taste of the spirituality hidden behind the rituals, and why the church
fathers, guided by the Holy Spirit, put the sections of the prayers in that very order.

Explaining the parts of the incense raising mentioned above.

We can stop at each section explaining it ritually, and also deeply understanding it spiritually. I
think that the time of that course will not be sufficient for this, so here I will explain only ritually in
brief the sections of incense raising.

1. The priest enters the sanctuary, kneels before the altar and kisses it, and takes the cross from on
the altar. Standing outside in front of the royal door, he opens the curtain of the sanctuary from left
to right, with the cross in his hand and while praying “have mercy upon us O God…”. Then he
announces to all the Lord’s prayer, then prays the prayer of thanksgiving with its responses.

2. The deacons outside leading the congregation chant the “verses of cymbals”. During that the
priest enters the sanctuary with the right foot, the deacon brings the censor and the priest puts in it
five spoons of incense and raises the incense around the altar with the ritual order then stands at the
middle of the royal door and raises the incense in front of it in the ritual order, then waits in his
place until the deacons finish the verses of cymbals.

3. The priest starts the litanies. Always in vespers he prays only the litany of the departed (there is
an opinion to pray the litany of the sick in vespers of the great Lordly feasts). In the mornings of all
Saturdays, only the litany of the departed is prayed; as our Lord was in the tomb on the Saturday
morning. In the other days of the week, the priest prays two litanies. The first is fixed, which is the
litany of the sick. The second one varies; in all joyous days, Sundays and normal days without
fasting, the litany of oblation is prayed after the litany of the sick. In the days of the holy Great
Fasting (except for Saturdays and Sundays), the litany of the travellers is prayed. In all other fasting
days away from the great fasting and three days of Nineveh, if the oblations (the bread for the
offertory) are present in the church, we pray the litany of oblations after the litany of the sick; if not,
we pray the litany of the travellers instead.

4. After the litanies, the priest raises the incense with which we call “the full procession of incense”
around the altar and the whole church in its usual order. During that the deacons leading the
congregation pray together the “Zoxologies” for St Mary, archangel Michael, the apostles, St Mark
the apostle and any choice of heavenly hosts, martyrs and saints according to the individual church
order.

5. The priest standing in the middle of the “royal door”, announces to all reciting the beginning of
the Creed then the Creed. During this, he is holding the cross in his hand and the deacon prepares
for him three lit candles to hold them with the cross.

6. While the deacons are chanting the conclusion of the Creed in its tune, the priest with the cross
and three candles in his right hand, silently signs the cross towards the south, west and north. Then
standing towards the east, he starts praying “Have mercy upon us…” with its known tune while
lifting up both his hands. (In the incense raising of the two feasts of the cross and the Palm Sunday,
there should be a big wooden cross adorned with palms or roses and fitted with three candles. Here,

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the priest holds this cross while praying “God have mercy upon us…” instead of the altar cross with
the three candles.)

After the priest finishes this prayer, he stays in his place with the cross and candles in his right hand
until the deacons finish chanting “Lord have mercy” three times in its tune.

7. While the priest is in his place, after the deacons chant “Lord have mercy” three times, the priest
starts the litany of the gospel and he signs the congregation with the cross and the three candles
when saying “peace be with you all”. Then, he gives the cross and the candles to the deacon who is
ready with the censor and the box of incense, he takes the censor from the deacon, signs the box of
incense and puts one spoon of incense in the censor and starts praying the litany of the gospel.

vers. Some one sick, some one traveling, and any movement even to work for 10 min

8. At the end of the litany of the gospel, the priest turns around the altar while offering incense with
the deacon in front of him carrying the gospel and the cross until he reaches the royal door and
starts praying the usual introduction for reading the Holy Gospel while raising incense and then the
gospel is read. It is always the order that the highest rank present at the time in the church reads the
gospel. (The patriarch, or the bishop, or the priest if none of them is present).

9. At the end or reading the gospel, the response for the gospel is chanted by the deacons leading
the congregation. We should note here that there is a fixed response for the normal yearly days
while there are different responses for different feasts and occasions.

10. The priest is ready in the middle of the royal door, holding the censor in his right hand while the
deacons are chanting the response for the gospel. After it, the priest prays “the litanies after the
gospel”, which are called the small litanies (the litany for the peace of the church; the litany for the
patriarch; the litany for the place; the litany for the waters, the rains, the plants and the winds of the
heaven; and the litany for the congregation).

11. By the end of the litanies, the priest announces to all the Lord’s prayer while he enters the
sanctuary, prays the two first absolutions for “the Son”, then he takes the cross from on the altar,
goes outside at the royal door facing east (preferable to be kneeling) he prays the third absolution,
then the deacon chants the concluding hymn and the priest says the blessing and sends the people in
peace.

B. Hymnology
The order of the Hymns in the Holy Church

The hymnody (the hymns) in the Holy Church are a very deep and profound matter; you can never
fully understand its depth. It covers the whole Coptic year with all its different occasions, services,
celebrations and rituals. The Coptic Church is really a unique church in her hymnology, and you
can easily feel the Holy Spirit guiding the church in distributing the hymns around the year with the
different tunes which really match the occasion and really stir the feeling of the human soul.

In general, the hymns of the Church are grouped according to:

1. The tune of the hymn and
2. The system or group of the hymn.

The structure of the Hymnology of the Church

1. The hymns of the Holy Masses and occasions and other Church services submit to one of these
main tunes:

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a) Normal year days

b) Joyful tunes
c) Sad tunes

2. The sections of the Holy Mass which the priest prays from the beginning of the prayer of
reconciliation till the end submit to 3 main tunes, which depend on the Liturgy itself:
a) Liturgy of St. Basil
b) Liturgy of St. Gregory
c) Liturgy of St. Cyril

3. All the parts of the praises and the 2 hymns of the first 2 sections of the Mass of the Believers
(which follow the creed), which are entitled ASPASMOS fall under these two systems or
groups of hymnology.
a) “Watos”
b) “Adam’

(ASPASMOS means ‘peace by exchanging a kiss’ in Coptic. The “Aspasmos” hymns are the
‘rejoice Oh Mary’ and ‘Oh Lord of hosts’. The hymn ‘rejoice Oh Mary’ is under the heading of
“Aspasmos” because God reconciled us to Himself and united us to be one in Him, so we have to
reconcile with each other. The second hymn ‘Oh Lord of hosts, look down on your vine’ is also
called “Aspasmos” because it is a prayer of reconciliation to us, as He is looking upon us after we
had been in enmity because of sin before our Lord Jesus Christ saved us. Without having peace we
cannot start the “Anaphora” (which is a Greek word meaning the offertory). This is the beginning of
the real consecration of the Sacrament in order that we may have Him inside us. (We cannot
partake of His Body and Blood without Love towards one another and His love to us).

The word “Adam” refers to the first word in the first verse in Coptic for the “Theotokia” of
Monday. Monday is the middle day of the three days where we use the tunes “Adam” (Sunday,
Monday and Tuesday). So it was taken to apply on the tunes used in the praises of those days. This
has been taken with the understanding that the “Theotokia” is the main or core section of the daily
praises.

The word “Watos” is also the first word in the first verse in Coptic for the Thursday “theotokia”,
which is again the middle day of the days for the tunes “Watos” in praises (Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday and Saturday).

There is a deep spiritual understanding here concerning the two words ‘Watos’ and ‘Adam’. The
first verse in the Thursday “Theotokia” starting with the word “Watos” indicated the first symbol
for the incarnation of Our Lord Jesus Christ to save us, which is the bush seen by Moses which was
full of fire but never burning, as a symbol to St Mary who had the divinity inside her womb without
burning her. While the first verse of the Monday “Theotokia” starting with the word “Adam”, refers
to the pleasure of God to save Adam, returning him to his rank by salvation through God’s
incarnation.

4. Explanation for the order of Tasbeha

a) The sections of ‘Tasbeha’ or of ‘praises’ (like the 4 “hoases” and the introductions) have
only 1 tune the whole year. Only the 4th “hoas” changes slightly during the month of
“Koiak”.

b) The “Theotokia” of midnight praises falls under the two sections ‘Adam’ and ‘Watos’ and
each of them in its system has a fixed tune the whole year, with only a slight change during
the month of “Koiak”.
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(The “Epsalies” of all the days also fall under the two systems ‘Adam Epsalies’ and ‘Watos”
“Epsalies”. Note: that the tunes of both the “Adam” and “Watos Epsalies” change from the normal
tune to a different tune in the joyous days and also in the month of “Koiak”.)

The other sections of the praises (the congregation of the saints, the doxologies, the “lobsh” of the
“Theotokia”, the conclusion of the “Theotokia”, the responses of the gospels during the mass, and
psalm 150 at the end of the mass during Holy Communion) have 6 different tunes as follows:
i. Yearly
ii. Joyous
iii. Month of “Koiak”
iv. The Holy Great Fasting (Monday to Friday)
v. The Holy Great Fasting (Saturday to Sunday)
vi. Palm Sunday and the feasts of the cross.

5. In some occasions like the month of “Koiak”, or the joyous Saturday, or the Great Holy Fasting
Midnight praises; or the Midnight praises of the preparation day and the great Lordly feasts, we
add sections to the Midnight praises, and sometimes they have different tunes, but they never
change the basic order of the Midnight praises main sections.

The verses of cymbals

i) They are prayed during incense raising (evening or early morning) after the Prayer of
Thanksgiving. Also some other verses of cymbals are prayed in some services like weddings and
funerals. They are chanted in 3 different tunes:
a) The normal year tune
b) The joyous tune which applies to the special verses for the Lordly Feasts, or the joyous
occasion we are in, then turns to the normal yearly tune for the rest of the verses.
c) Only for the three great Lordly Feasts (The birth of Christ, the baptism of Christ and the
resurrection) there is an additional section taken from the beginning of the early morning
“Zoxologies” prayed in its special joyous tune, then the verses of the feast are prayed, then
the necessary verses of the saints of the church in their normal yearly tune. Then we
conclude with the verses of the hymn “ep-ouro” (O king of peace…) in the same yearly
tune. (This is known in the church terminology by “the seven tunes”).

ii) During the Holy Great Fasting and the three days of Ninevah’s fasting, we pray vespers only on
Saturdays and likewise on the evening of the feast of the cross which falls during the fast, and on
the evening of the feast of annunciation (if it comes during the fast). According to this the verses of
cymbals are prayed only in the evenings of the above mentioned days and in the early morning
incense raising of the Saturdays, Sundays, the feast of the cross and the feast of annunciation if it
falls during the fasting. For the rest of the days of the holy great fasting and the three days of
Ninevah’s fasting we do not pray verses of cymbals in the early morning incense raising, but its is
replaced by chanting the word “kirie-eleyson” = "Lord have mercy in a special long tune.

iii) In the “Adam” and “Watos” days, the verses of cymbals are the same except for the introduction
being different by 2 verses in the “Watos” and 3 or 5 verses for the ‘Adam’. The difference is in
words only while keeping the same tune.

6. The two Feasts of the Cross are not considered Lordly feasts, but they are treated like the
Lordly feasts; this means that the Mass and the praises are prayed in the Joyous tunes (so are
the procession, the responses to the Gospels and Psalm 150 during the Holy Communion). The
sections of the Midnight Praises with changeable tunes follow the 6th tune (for Palm Sunday
and the Feasts of the Cross, see above #4).
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7. a) The general services (Baptism, Unction of the sick, funerals, blessing new homes etc)
submit to the tune of that time of the year.

b)The engagements and weddings are always prayed according to the joyous tune no matter
what time of year we are in (but they should not be performed during the fasting days)

8. Passion Week, which is from the 9th hour of Palm Sunday till the verses of the psalm during
Holy communion of the Joyous Saturday, has its own tunes that differ or repeat according to
the hour and the day of the Passion week. There are readings of a psalm and gospel and then
after it psalm 22 is chanted in a special tune that is used only on joyous Saturday.

9. The glorifications that are prayed during the feasts of saints, and in different occasions, fall
under the original tune of the hymn or the way of the glorification according to its occasion and
some verses at its end are prayed in the tune of Palm Sunday. Note that the tunes of
glorification for the saints are constant throughout the year regardless of the time of year.

The structure of “Tasbeha”

“Tasbeha” prepares the Church and the believers to receive Christ the king who is coming in the
Holy Mass. The “Tasbeha” is like the Old Testament which leads to the New Testament (the Holy
Mass). The Old Testament tells us about Christ whom we knew. The “Tasbeha” tells us about
Christ whom we will receive. That is why “Tasbeha” is always prayed outside the altar, and the
curtain is closed. “Tasbeha” is very rich in Theology, Rituals, tradition and Spirituality.

“Tasbeha” praises are divided into 3 main praises of “Tasbehas”.

1. The vespers praises – prayed before the evening incense raising

2. The midnight praises, to be prayed before the “Tasbeha” of the early incense raising

3. The praises of the early morning (which precede the early morning incense raising).

‘Epsalmodeia’ comes from the ‘Epsal’ – which means ‘praises which are chanted’ and ‘odeia’ –
which means ‘the book from which we get the praises’.

Hoas – this is a Coptic word which means Praise.

The Epsalia is a group of verses chanted in tune and always ordered in an alphabetical order
according to the Coptic alphabet.

Zoxologia – is a Greek word composed of two sections; Zoxa which means Glory and Logia which
means blessing. So as a whole it means a glorification for a blessing.

Theotokia – this is a Greek word. Theotokos is the mother of God, so the Theotokia is that which is
about the mother of God.

Lobsh – this is a Coptic word which means explanation. It always follows the Theotokia to
highlight the meanings.

Difnar – Its original word is ‘antephenar’. This is a Greek word which means history explained in a
way which glorifies the Saint or the occasion.

1. The Evening Praises before Evening Incense Raising

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1. It starts with the prayers of the 9th, 11th and 12th hours from the ‘Agpia’ (which is the share of
vespers in praying the whole seven hours of the ‘Agpia’ in completion of the full service of the
one day, as explained in section 3).

2. After the ‘Agbia’ prayers, we pray the Hymn of ‘ni ethnos teerou’ which means ‘ all you
nations’.

3. The fourth ‘Hoas’. The end of ‘ni ethnos teerou’ leads you to the hymn of the fourth ‘Hoas’.

4. The ‘Epsali(s)’. On Saturday and Sunday we have two ‘Epsalies’ (one for St Mary and the
original ‘Epsali’ for our Lord Jesus Christ). From Monday to Friday, we have only one main
‘Epsali’ for our Lord Jesus Christ.

5. The ‘Theotokia’.

6. The ‘Lobsh’ of the day.

7. The conclusion of the day’s ‘Theotokia’.

Note: In some occasions, like the Saturday of the Great Fasting, the 1st four Saturdays after the
Great Feast of the Resurrection, and all the feasts of St. Mary (the memorial feasts on the 21st of the
month and the memorial days of the 29th of ‘Baramhat’ for the Annunciation), there is a
commentary that is read between the ‘Lobsh’ and the conclusion of the day’s service.

2. Midnight Praises
It should be prayed after Midnight (3am) but it is prayed after Vespers here in Australia.

The structure of the midnight praises

1. It starts with praying the 3 services of Midnight prayers in the ‘Agpia’ :

2. The beginning of the Midnight Praises, which is composed of 2 sections, one permanent: ‘Ten
thino’ (arise children of light) and ‘tennav’ (we look at the resurrection of our Lord).
‘Tennav’ is prayed in all the 50 days after the resurrection, and then only on Sundays until the
fourth Sunday of ‘Hatour’ (Because we then start ‘Koiak’).

3. 1st ‘Hoas’: the praise of Moses the prophet and his sister Miriam the prophetess after they
crossed the Red Sea

4. 2nd ‘Hoas’ which is psalm 136 chanted in verses.

5. 3rd ‘Hoas’ – here we get all the creation to share with us in praising the Lord. The last two
verses and the words ‘hoas erof ari ho chasf’ have a long tune which can be prayed (takes
about 10 minutes). The tune that ends the 3rd ‘Hoas’ leads into the ‘Epsali’ of the 3 young
men.

6. ‘Epsali’ of the 3 young men

7. The praise of the 3 young men, also called the introduction to the congregation of the saints.

8. The congregation of the Holy Saints. Note the order of the congregation of the holy Saints
according to our church rites is:
™ St. Mary
™ The Heavenly Hosts

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™ The Patriarchs; Abraham, Isaac and Jacob

™ The Great prophets
™ John the Baptist with the 144, 000 virgins of the Revelation
™ The Apostles
™ The Martyrs
™ The Confessors
™ The Saints of wilderness and cross bearers
™ The Ecumenical council fathers (like Sts. Athanasius, Dioscoros, Cyril)
™ The Kings and Queens involved in Church life (like Sts. Constantine and Helena)
™ Concluding general verse
™ The patriarch and the bishop of the diocese.

This is the order we always use whenever we glorify the Saints (in ‘Tasbeha’, in the Holy Mass, in
‘Zoxologies’, in Glorifications, for the order of placing icons on the ‘Iconostatsis’) We say ‘ari-
epresvevin’ (intercede on our behalf) for St. Mary, the Heavenly Hosts and for St. John the Baptist
(because he was called the angel coming before the Lord) and the 144, 000 virgins because they
were seen in Revelation which is related to Heaven. Therefore we say ‘ari presvevin’ for anyone
who is heavenly or called in heaven like an angel. We say ‘toabh em epchoise’ (pray to the Lord on
our behalf) for any saint who completed his struggle on earth and his soul is in paradise.

The Midnight Praises then continue as following:

9. The ‘Zoxologies’ (in the same order as for the congregation of Saints). The ‘Zoxology’
highlights the actions of the saint in a few verses. Its tune is the same as that of the last 2
verses of the Congregation of the Saints. If the doxologies are prayed in the 3 ‘Adam days’
then 3 verses are added to the end of the ‘watos’ ‘theotokia’.

10. The fourth ‘Hoas’ follows the ‘Zoxology’. Its tune is constant throughout the year except
for a slight variation during the month of ‘Koiak’, and there is an addition to the third
section (starting with “eph-eranaph”) in the midnight praise during the month of ‘Koiak’.

11. The ‘Epsali’ or ‘Epsalis’ (which is the praise of the day). On Saturday and Sunday, there is
always an ‘Epsali’ for St. Mary and for our Lord Jesus Christ. On the other days of the
week, there is only an ‘Epsali’ for our Lord Jesus Christ. If a Lordly feast falls on a day
from Monday to Friday, the ‘Epsali’ of the feast replaces the ‘Epsali’ of the day. If the
occasion for the Lord is on a Saturday or a Sunday, the ‘Epsali’ of the occasion replaces the
‘Epsali’ for St. Mary, but we still pray the ‘Epsali’ for the Lord. There is one occasion
where 3 ‘Epsalies’ are prayed: during the Apostles fasting we pray the ‘Epsali’ for St Mary,
then the Apostles then the ‘Epsali’ for the Lord. Note: There is a book which contains the
‘Epsalis’ for the saints, which can be prayed optionally, and if the feast of that saint falls on
a Saturday or Sunday then we will be having three ‘Epsalies’.

12. The ‘Theotokia’ of the day (which is about St. Mary the mother of God).

13. The ‘Lobsh’ is a contemplation or some additional meaning for the verses of the ‘Theotokia’
to end it. It is always followed by the reading of the ‘Difnar’ or the commentary, then the
conclusion of the ‘Theotokia’. In the praises of Saturday and Sunday, the ‘Lobsh’ takes a
different name but it is the same thing.

14. The ‘Difnar’

15. The conclusion of ‘Theotokia’

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16. The Beginning of the Creed and the Creed

17. The petitions with ‘Lord, have mercy’

18. Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of Hosts …

19. The Lord’s prayer

20. If the midnight praises are prayed in their proper timing and it joins the mass, then after the
Lord’s prayer, the priest prays the absolution of priests, then they start praying the first hour
of the ‘Agpia’ (the morning prayer). Then they continue with the early morning
‘Zoxologies’, start the early morning incense raising which leads to the holy mass.

Note: If we are praying midnight praises for Sunday, the second ‘Hoas’ will be straight after the 1st
‘Hoas’. If we’re praying midnight praises for any other day, we take the sections 7,8,9 of the
Sunday ‘Theotoki’ in between. These sections start with a reading from the Gospel of St. Luke:
‘Lord, now you are letting your servant depart in peace…’, then continues up to the end of the ninth
section of the Sunday
’Theotoki’. Then they pray the 2nd ‘Hoas’.

3. The Early morning praise

1. Morning prayer from ‘Agbia’

2. Early morning doxologies – these have a permanent tune over the whole year, and it starts
with a nice section which tells about our relationship with God, then some verses for the
Saints. The only change in the tune is during the three great Lordly feasts (The Birth of
Christ, the Baptism of Christ and the Resurrection). These ‘Zoxologies’ are prayed in their
certain tune as explained before.

The Conclusion. This is always the conclusion of ‘Adam Theotoki’, which starts with ‘nek nai ou
Panouti’ (Your mercies oh God).

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
SECTION FIVE
The Church Building between the Old and New Testaments:
The church, the house of God is the place where God meets with His people. This is a Biblical
statement by God Himself when He indicated to Moses the prophet “build Me a holy place to dwell
in the midst of my people” (Exodus 25: 8).

Looking to the construction of the churches in the New Testament compared to that of the
tabernacle given by God to Moses in the Old Testament; you find them very similar. The house of
God built by Solomon the king is exactly the tabernacle that Moses constructed, but in a real
building of stones. As God is He Himself the same yesterday, today and tomorrow, you find our
churches have almost the same shape and interior design as the tabernacle in the Old Testament but
in a way to match the life of the New Testament. The changes here have taken place in the light of
salvation with which our Lord Jesus Christ shone upon us. (See diagram)

The tabernacle was kept in the middle of Israel in the Old Testament (because God instructed them

that He wanted to be in the midst of the people). Only the high priest could enter the Holy of
Holies, and that was only once a year in the day called “the day of atonement/the day of the great
redemption” (Leviticus 16).

Why do we build the Church of the New Testament facing

the East?
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1. It was prophesied about our Lord Christ that He is the sun of righteousness and that healing
is in His wings (Malachi 4:2). This is repeated in Luke 1:76-80 (‘to give light to those who
are in darkness’).

2. Our Lord Jesus Christ saved us through his blood, and opened paradise to us, and the
paradise was towards the east if the whole Earth.

3. The Lord in His incarnation for our salvation, came to us in the middle east, and it was
prophesied about St. Mary His mother that she is adored in the east. The Lord entered and
came out of it (the east), and the door is shut and sealed as always (Ezekiel 44:12) “Then He
brought me back to the outer gate of the sanctuary which faces toward the east, but it was
shut. And the Lord said to me, “This gate shall be shut; it shall not be opened, and no man
shall enter by it, because the Lord God of Israel has entered by it; therefore it shall be shut”.

4. When the Lord ascended to heaven, he ascended towards the East, and He will come back to
us from the east, and this could be understood by relating the verses Matthew 24:27, Acts
1:11 and Zechariah 14:4 together. It was also said that His coming will be like lightning
which appears from the east. Matthew 24: 27 “For
as the lightning comes from the east and flashes to the west, so also will the coming of the Son of
Man be.” Acts 1: 10-11 “And while they
looked steadfastly toward heaven as He went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel,
who also said, “Men of Galilee, why do you stand gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus, who was
taken up from you into heaven, will so come in like manner as you saw Him go into heaven.”
Zechariah 14: 4 “And in that day, His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which faces Jerusalem
on the east.”

5. The appearance of the sun from the east is the announcing of a start of a new day in our life.
We have had our birth and a new day for our life in Christ, and every time we enter Church
hoping to look to Him being our sun, our east and our new life, hoping to grow up with Him
until we are fully with Him in paradise.

6. Our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified on the cross on Golgotha looking to the west. His
crucifixion is the centre of Christianity and our salvation. Our preaching is centred around
preaching the Lord and Him crucified [1 Corinthians 1:23 : “but we preach the Lord
crucified, to the Jews a stumbling block and to the Greeks foolilshness”, (1 Corinthians 2:2)
: “For I determined not to know anything among you except Jesus Christ, and Him
crucified”, (Galations 3:1) : “O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you that you should
not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed among you as
crucified”]. To strengthen our struggle for salvation, we look to the East to see Him
crucified.

7. The star that led the three wise-men (the kings of the east) to witness the birth of Our Lord
Jesus Christ appeared to them in the east and led them to where the Lord was born in Judea,
in the Middle East. This was to announce that the church of the New Testament will
embrace both the people of the Old Testament (the Jews) and the rest of the entire, world
who were called the gentiles, represented here by the three wise-men of the East. This is to
indicated that the Lord came to save the whole world as He Himself said “And other sheep I
have which are not of this fold; them also I must bring, and they will hear My voice; and
there will be one flock and on shepherd” (John 10: 16).

8. The Holy Bible mentions in many sections that the glory of the Lord God comes from the
East as in the following verse “and behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way
of the east.” (Ezekiel 43: 2)

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9. During the capture of Israel to Babylon, and Daniel the prophet was among those captured,
he insisted not to worship the idols. He was strong in his faith that he chose to worship his
God not secretly but openly. It says in the Bible that he used to open the windows of his
room and stand praying towards the east. (Daniel 6: 1-10)

10. All the Holy Fathers of the Early Church prayed towards the east. For example, St Arsenius,
the teacher of the kings’ children, when he came to the desert of Egypt and became a monk,
he used to stand at sunset and continue praying, his prayer increasing in depth to the extent
that he did not feel time except when the sun came up and hit his eyes. This indicates that he
as well as all the holy fathers inherited from generation to generation, since the apostolic
era, to pray towards the east.

Here we mention that it is historically recorded that both the building of churches and the
prayers of all Christians all around the world was towards the east, before the division of the
church in the year 451.

B. Why should we stand while praying inside the Church?

A simple study throughout the Holy Bible will reveal many verses that indicate the necessity of
standing during prayer. Here, we will mention some of them.

1 Kings 17:1 Elijah told Ahab he was standing before the Lord of Hosts.

Isaiah 6:14 When he went up and saw the throne of God, he saw all the hosts standing
before the Lord

Ezekiel 2:1-2 The same thing is reported

Luke 18:12 The Pharisee and the tax collector are both reported as having stood before
God to pray

Mark 11:25 The Lord says whenever you stand for prayer, you pray like so (the Lord’s
prayer)

C. The Use Of Incense In The Church

Spiritual meanings and Biblical proofs behind using incense in the Church
1. Biblical References

a) In the very first church established by Moses the prophet according to the order and
detailed directions of God Himself, Moses was clearly instructed to use incense in the
worship : “You shall make an altar to burn incense on; you shall make it of acacia wood”
(Exodus 30: 1-7)

b) The Lord ordered Aaron the high priest through Moses that offering incense is a
compulsory commandment to be done eternally over the generations : “Aaron shall burn
on it sweet incense every morning; when he tends the lamps, he shall burn incense on it.
And when Aaron lights the lamps at twilight, he shall burn incense on it, a perpetual
incense before the Lord throughout your generations” (Exodus 30: 7-8)

c) The Protestants say that incense was used in the Old Testament to cover the offensive
smell from the burnt sacrifices, but if you read Exodus 27, (which explains the altar of the
burnt offering), Exodus 29, (which explains how to offer the burnt sacrifice), and Exodus
30, which describes the altar of the incense inside the sanctuary, you will find that

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incense is raised at a different time to that of the sacrifices. This refutes their claims that
incense was used to cover the smell of burnt sacrifices.

d) When the people of Israel upset the Lord God by their rebellious acts and God brought a
plague against them which caused massive death, Moses instructed Aaron to rush with a
censor full of incense, and where Aaron reached and raised incense the plague stopped.
This indicates the importance and power of incense raising during prayer (Numbers
16:41-50).

e) To realise how important the offering of incense was, in Numbers 8, when the sons of
Aaron offered the incense incorrectly, they were consumed by fire. And in Leviticus 16,
when Korah, Dathan and Abiram forced themselves to offer incense while they were not
allowed to, God punished them - the earth opened and swallowed them with their
families.

f) To answer the claim of the other churches that incense was used in the Old Testament
only, let them look to the book of Malachi in which the Lord Himself indicates that
incense shall be offered all the time, under the sun, in glorification of His Holy Name:
“for from the rising of the sun, even to its going down, my name shall be great among the
Gentiles; in every place incense shall be offered to My name, and a pure offering; for My
name shall be great among the nations” (Malachi 1: 11).

g) We all hope to go to heaven, and in heaven, St. John the beloved saw incense being
offered by the twenty-four priests before the throne of the almighty God. He mentioned
that all the prayers of the people on earth is raised before God by the censors in the hands
of the twenty-four priests. The raising of incense is mentioned more than once in the
book of revelation and the church arranged in the rituals of the overnight watch of the
holy great Saturday, that every time the incense rasing is mentioned the priest stands and
takes the censor and raises incense.

At the time when the priest goes around the church raising incense, if you look up, you will
see a cloud of incense. This reminds us of the spiritual meanings behind the usage of incense
in the church during prayer.

h) The clouds have been used in the Bible to express spiritual understandings that relate to
our beliefs and salvation. Some examples for this are:

™ in the Old Testament the Lord expressed His happiness with His people by appearing
in a heavy cloud as in Exodus 24:15-16 : “Then Moses went up into the mountain, and a
cloud covered the mountain. Now the glory of the Lord rested on Mount Sinai, and the cloud
covered it six days. And on the seventh day He called to Moses out of the midst of the cloud.”
Leviticus 16:2,13 “And the Lord said to Moses: “Tell Aaron your brother not to come at just
any time into the Holy Place inside the veil, before the mercy seat which is on the ark, lest he
die; for I will appear in the cloud above the mercy seat.”
1 Kings 8:10,12 (when the ark was brought into the temple) “And it came to pass, when the
priests came out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the Lord, so that the
priests could not continue ministering because of the cloud: for the glory of the Lord filled
the house of the Lord”

™ it was written in Isaiah 19: 1 that the Lord will be riding on a cloud and coming to
Egypt.

™ in Hebrews 12, St Paul describes the holy saints and martyrs by the expression of
“Cloud of witnesses” : “Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of

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witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us
run with endurance the race that is set before us”
(Hebrews 12: 1).

™ Matthew 17: 1-8 during the transfiguration of Our Lord, a luminous cloud covered
them and God the Father witnessed for His Son through the
cloud etc…

Spiritual benefits of using incense

1. It is a symbol of sacrifice, because the incense burns over the hot coals and offers a
beautiful smell. We raise incense in the church to remember that our beloved Lord Jesus
Christ offered Himself a pure sacrifice on the cross. His good Father smelled His sacrifice
on the cross as an aromatic incense and was pleased to forgive our disobedience :
Ephesians 5: 2 “And walk in love, as Christ also has loved us and given Himself for us, an
offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweet smelling aroma.”

2. At the birth of our Lord, incarnating for our salvation, the wise men from the east offered
Him gifts, one of them was frankincense. This was to make it clear that our Lord is coming
to offer Himself a sacrifice like the incense burnt on the coals to please His Father on our
behalf.

3. From the understandings above, St Paul taught the believers that they should present
themselves as a beautiful aroma smelled by others to witness for our Lord 2
Corinthians 2: 14 “Now thanks be to God who always leads us in triumph in Christ, and through
us diffuses the fragrance of His knowledge in every place”. Each time we see incense raised in
the church and smell its aroma, we remember that this is the way we should present
ourselves, as true Christians, before others.

4. Knowing the great sacrifice our Lord offered for our salvation, all the apostles, and after
them the holy fathers of the church, offered themselves as a burnt sacrifice in serving the
sheep of Christ. When we are in the church seeing and smelling the incense, we remember
that we should always be ready to serve Christ in any way to the extent of sacrificing and
offering ourselves as burnt offerings.

5. As when the incense put on the coals is fully consumed by the fire to give the smell, so all
the martyrs and the monastic fathers offered their whole lives as a pure offering for the
Lord and the whole church smelled the aroma of their virtues
and sacrifice.

™ All these 5 spiritual meanings are highlighted in the following verses :

Heb 12:1-3

“Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay
aside every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us run with endurance
the race that is set before us,
looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who for the joy that was set before
Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the
throne of God.
For consider Him who endured such hostility from sinners against Himself, lest you become
weary and discouraged in your souls”.

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Applicable spiritual benefits for our lives from the use of incense in the church.
As we mentioned, the cloud is one of the symbols of the Lord’s appearance among us. Also, we
remember the Lord is among us when we see the incense (He was in the midst of the people in the
tabernacle on the Old Testament through the incense). We as believers should know that as the
incense is raised, we should raise our eyes and minds up and remember the heavenly throne and the
24 priests with the incense, and the angels and the incense, and raise our thoughts and
understanding towards heaven (because we are humans, the physical action affects our souls). As
the incense is used to purify and adorn us with its nice smell, we should remember that this should
be used throughout our lives as a means to prepare our souls for Christ our Saviour, referring to
Songs of Solomon 3:6 “who is this coming out of the wilderness, like pillars of smoke, perfumed
with myrrh and frankincense, with all the merchant fragrant powders?”.

Understanding the Rituals involved in the Church Building

The Church Building
The building of the church in the New Testament is based on the tabernacle, and later the temple
built by king Solomon, in the Old Testament. Its shape and interior are almost the same, but in a
way to match the life of the New Testament.

Since the old times, it has been the practice to build the church either like an ark (a big ship), or in
the shape of a circle, or in the shape of a cross.

™ The circle basically symbolises God, who has no beginning and no end. Very few churches
have been built in the shape of a circle. There is one in Old Cairo, another in Alexandria,
and one in America. I think that is all, or may be just one or two more.

™ The cross is our life. The Lord granted us salvation through His crucifixion. Again the
churches built in the shape of the cross are not many. One of them is our church in Canberra.
If you look down from a plane you will see that it is exactly in the shape of a cross, with a
big dome in the middle and four vaults coming out of it.

™ The majority of churches are built in the shape of a big ship. This originated from
understanding Noah’s ark. During the flood, only the people inside the ark were saved, and
they formed the new life/world after the flood.

Likewise, the church is the ship in which we are safe from all the troubles of the sea. In the Holy
Bible, the world is usually symbolised by the sea, with its tumultuous, unpredictable waves and
troubles.

This is the main understanding behind building the church in the shape of a ship. There are many
other meanings concerning the ranks of the church and people who work in the ship but the time is
not enough to cover them.

At the end of the church are the minarets. There can be one or two, carrying the cross. They
resemble the raft of a ship. They are built very high carrying the cross, so that the believers on their
way to the house of God are attracted to look up to the cross and heaven. Hence, they know they are
coming to a place that is part of heaven, and that in the church we live to attain or achieve heavenly
life until we are worthy to be taken up to heaven.

The old churches were divided into what we call choruses or sections. The sanctuary, then the first
section which is the deacons’ area, then the second chorus or section which is the (laymen) area,
and finally a separate area in the back of the church called the third chorus or the third section or the
“chorus of the repentant”. The church in the early days was very strong. She really lifted her

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children up to heavenly life, and made it clear that the church is the house of God to which befits
holiness, nothing unholy should be in.

This is why the third chorus was used for those who committed a sin and according to their
confession father were punished by being prohibited from having Holy Communion. They were
only allowed to come and attend the service in the third section, in tears and doing “Metanias”
(kneeling down), seeking repentance from their sins, until they finished a period of time allocated
and then they were allowed to join the second or the middle chorus of the church with the believers.

Also, in our church there is a rank of “Epi diacon” or “Subdeacon”. One of his roles in the early
church was to announce and make sure that the people who were not going to receive Holy
Communion, leave the church after the Creed is prayed (which comes after the Bible readings and
the sermon) and to close the church doors before the beginning of what we call “The anaphora” or
“the mass of the believers”. All those who attended the last section of the mass had to share the
Body and the Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ. No one was allowed to stay in the church while not
partaking of the Body of the Lord at the end of the Mass. We lost a lot from our old church recently.

The Dome
In the original design of a Coptic church building, there are two domes. A larger dome in the middle
of the church and another on top of the altar. The dome in the middle of the church can be
translucent/transparent, letting light shine through, in order to give the impression of heaven, as the
church is heaven on earth; or it can be made of ceramic etc… The dome contains icons from inside.
It either contains :
The icon of the Lord Jesus with His arms outstretched, looking down
at His people (representing the Lord who is the real shepherd of His
people caring for them), or

Different icons in a circle around the dome (as in pictures below). In

some old churches they put the icons of the 12 apostles.
Alternatively, there are the icons of the 4 evangelists; archangel Michael, the announcer of the
resurrection; archangel Gabriel, the announcer of the birth of the Lord; the Chalice and the Holy
Bread; and 4 crosses surrounding them. The way these pictures are set is as follows: one half of the
circle has two crosses on both ends of the two evangelists + archangel Michael + the Chalice; and
the other contains the other two evangelists + archangel Gabriel + the Holy Bread.

Explaining the icons of the middle dome of the church and their
symbolic meaning:
The four Evangelists are those who told us about our Lord Jesus Christ and His salvation. We notice
that under each of the evangelists is drawn one of the four incorporeal creatures (of the rank of the
Cherubim) who were seen by St John the Beloved in his revelation carrying the throne of God.

– under the picture of St Matthew the evangelist is drawn one of the four incorporeal creatures with
the face of a man with six wings and full of eyes. This is because St Matthew wrote his gospel
showing our Lord as the man who incarnated for our salvation.

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- under St Mark the evangelist is drawn the lion with six wings and full of eyes. This symbolises his
gospel which was written to the Romans, showing our Lord Jesus Christ as the strong king. Also, St
Mark starts his Gospel with the verse saying “The voice of one crying in the wilderness”.

- Under St Luke is the ox with six wings and full of eyes, as St Luke was the one who talked the
most about sacrifices and offerings and related the Old Testament to the New Testament. He
showed the priesthood work of the Lord being the high priests for us all.

under St John is the eagle with six wings and full of eyes. St John’s gospel is the most theological
of the gospels. He was taken up to heaven and saw the revelation. He was in his letter and in his
Gospel straight to the point in proving the divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ. He wrote his Gospel
after he came back from Patmos (where he was on exile), and after seeing the revelation. He came
back to find the church was confused about the divinity of our Lord, so he wrote to prove the
divinity of our Lord, and started by saying: “In the beginning was the word, and the word was God
and the word was with God”. Then he started to talk about the divinity. St John in his Gospel
mentioned some miracles not mentioned in the other of the three Gospels to highlight the divinity of
the Lord.

The four Incorporeal Creatures also are the carriers of the throne of God who as if pleading on
behalf of all mankind about humans, about wild animals, about field’s animals, about birds, about
all creation.

Archangel Gabriel is the one who announced the birth of the Lord and the birth of John the Baptist.
He is the angel of the annunciation. Archangel Michael was the one who announced the resurrection
of the Lord. And these are the two most important events: the birth of the Lord for our salvation,
and His resurrection accomplishing or fulfilling or finishing our salvation.

The Bread and the Chalice or the Orbana and the chalice are drawn because the sacrament of the
Eucharist (or Holy Communion) is the most important of the sacraments. Our Lord died for our
sake and gave us His Body and Bood in the form of bread and wine. This was prophesied about in
the Old Testament, the book of Genesis, when Melchizedek met with Abraham and received from
Abraham 10%, and gave him bread and wine as a symbol for communion.

Finally the four crosses surrounding the icons. The Cross is our life in the church. The Cross is our
salvation, the Cross is everything for us in our church. As you might see the Cross is always in the
beginning, the end, and the middle of the prayers. It is always in the priest’s hand.

Hence to sum up why specifically those icons are chosen to be in the middle dome of the church : it
is as if the Lord is saying to us “I came down from heaven for your salvation, and my birth was
announced by archangel Gabriel. My life and sayings were detailed to you by my evangelist
apostles. I was crucified and I rose from the dead to complete your salvation, and my resurrection
was announced to you by archangel Michael. Finally, I leave for you my Holy Body and Blood, so
that you may abide in Me and I in you, and so that you may have life within you. All these blessings
you now have were through My Blood which was shed on the cross.

Some details about our rituals, the church interior, and the order of the mass through
questions and answers.
Is there any order for the place of the wine and the Bread (which become the Body and Blood of our
Lord)?

The blood is always on the right side of the bread. Our Lord’s blood gashed to us from His pierced
right side. So when I, as a believer am standing towards the east, the chalice will be on the right.

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Also in the Holy Mass, it is very important for the deacon to know that the one carrying the little
bottle of the wine, should be on the right hand side of the priest.

Does it matter which dome has the icons, the one in the middle of the church or the one above
the altar.
Yes, the dome in the middle is the one that can have icons. The dome on the top of the altar should
give the impression or impact of heaven when you look to it, as we say in the prayer of the “Agpia”
of the third hour “Whenever we stand in Your Holy sanctuary, we are considered as those standing
in heaven”. The holy sanctuary is heaven. This is because it contains the Holy Throne of God,
where God Himself is present during the sacrament of the Eucharist with His holy angels filling the
altar. Many fathers have seen angels and saints in the altar, and some of them have seen the Holy
Spirit coming down on the bread and wine at the moment of conversion to the Body and Blood of
the Lord. Also, if you notice at the end of the mass, Abouna says loudly “O angel of this sacrifice,
lifting up our praise to the Lord, ask Him to forgive us our sins” and he sprinkles the water. We call
this in our rituals letting or giving permission to the angel of the sacrifice to go back to heaven.
Hence, the dome above the altar should only give the impression of heaven and should not have
icons on it.

The Iconostasis (the icon holder at the front of the church) divides the church into the church in
heaven and the church on earth. From the Iconostasis towards the west, it is the church on earth; and
from the iconostasis to the east, it is the church in heaven. The iconostasis itself, carrying the icons
of the Lord and the victorious saints, presents what we call “the victorious church”. Hence, when
we, the struggling church on earth, look up to the saints who finished their struggle and see how
luminous they are in heaven, we are encouraged in our struggle.

Furthermore, the correct order of the church does not allow any icons in the altar except the icon of
our Lord Jesus Christ sitting on His throne, on the eastern wall of the altar. This icon is called the
“Pantocrator”, which means “the almighty God, in whose hands are all things, and who is
controlling everything”. Some churches will have in the altar on the ground a lot of icons for St
Mary, Pope Kyrillos, Archangel Michael, etc…this is incorrect.

On the other hand, the dome in the middle of the church can have different types of paintings that
ritually suit the middle dome of the church.

The church is a real model of the Tabernacle, which the Lord ordered Moses to build in a
certain detail.
God asked Moses to do a dome in the Holy of Holies to be symbol of heaven, and in it was the ark
of covalent signifying the presence of God and the two Cherubim covering it. And if you remember
the last thing from the Lord to the holy apostles, on the Mount of Olives, when He ascended to
heaven: He was with them on the mountain and suddenly after talking to them, they saw Him
ascending up to heaven. Before disappearing He said to them I am going to prepare a place for you
that I come to take you, that where I am you will be. After this, the Lord was taken up, and a cloud
received them from their site. They kept looking up for sometime, so their eyes were up to heaven
where the Lord went and will come back to take them. Then two angels came to them and said
“Men of Galilee, why do you stand gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus, who was taken up from
you into heaven, will so come in like manner as you saw Him go into heaven” (Acts 1: 11)

Questions about icons on the ‘Iconostasis’

The icon of the Last Supper
This icon is always in the top part of the Iconostas. There is a
very important note here. The icons of the last supper in
which you see the 12 apostles, and a lot of plates and food are

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incorrect as this does not depict the last supper but the Jewish Passover. Our Lord completed the
Law on our behalf (e.g. was circumcised, sacrifices were offered for Him at 40 days etc…), so He
had the Jewish Passover, but afterwards, He removed everything from the table and put the bread
and wine. In the Jewish Passover the Lord said one of the disciples will betray Him. Everyone
asked “is it I?” and Peter pointed to John the beloved to ask the Lord and He said “It is He whom I
shall give a piece of bread when I have dipped it” (Jn 13: 26). This was still the Jews Passover. The
Lord dipped and gave Judas and the Bible says that at that moment a devil entered him or the devil
possessed him. By the end of the Jews Passover, the Lord said the Judas “what you are going to do,
do quickly”. So Judas left. The “Dedascalia” of the holy apostles describes the event. As the Lord
was starting to give St Peter His Body and Blood, Judas started to leave. Hence, in the true icon
should be the eleven apostles and Judas leaving, and you notice that Judas looks smaller in size, and
a bit dark carrying his bag of silver. So this is the true icon of the last super, how it should be in the
church. Some put the 11 without Judas at all, we don’t mind this. But to have the 12 that is wrong,
to have the 12 with many plates is wrong as well.

The Crucifix
Always on top of the last supper will be the crucifix. And if there
is a space higher, we should put the resurrection. Here
because of the space, we cleverly drew on the cross
everything : the main stages of the crucifix, the whipping and
carrying of the cross; in the bottom is the Lord being brought down
from the cross for burial; and at the top is the Lord rising from the
dead and two angles who were at the tomb (when the apostles came
after the resurrection), who said “He is not here He has risen”. In the
middle is always the cross with St Mary on the right (because in psalm 45 it says “The queen sat at
the right hand O king”), and St John the beloved on the left (he was the only disciple who went to
the crucifixion, and the Lord said to him “This is your mother, this is your son.”)

Question about the skull which is sometimes put under the cross
It is possible to have the skull under the cross, as one of the Holy Father in the church said that the
place in Golgotha where the Lord was crucified is the place where Adam skull was lying (this is not
definite) to signify the Blood of the Lord wiping the sin of Adam. This should be taken as a
contemplation, not as a fact, because if we say the Blood of the Lord will be specified or contained
in a little area to wipe away the sin of Adam, it means you are limiting the eternal infinite Blood of
the Lord. And it might be also taken as a heresy that unless we attend or we are under the Cross we
are not saved, but the Blood of the Lord was shed on the cross for salvation for all mankind, from
Adam and Eve to the last person before the second coming of the Lord. One drop of the Blood of
our Lord is enough to save the whole world. So it might be a sort of meditation, contemplation,
spiritual thinking, but should not be taken literally.

Why do we put the snake under the cross?

The snake (or serpent) is what he devil used to deceive Adam and Eve and we say that on the cross
the Lord crushed the devil, and since the sin. The promise of salvation was given by God, since the
time she sinned and was given the punishment. God said that the Son of the woman (He said of the
woman only, as our Lord was conceived from the Holy Spirit, without a man) crush the head of the
serpent. The Lord on the cross crushed the devil. The snake drawn under the cross is a symbol of
this.

There are some icons of the cross which contain all the details of the crucifixion and betrayal e.g.
the rooster, nails, the silver, the dice (to signify the lots cast on the Lord’s clothes). These should be
used at home and not in church or on the iconostasis.

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Icons of the 12 apostles

These are placed in the top part of the iconostasis, 6 icons on each side
of the icon of the last supper. The order of three of them is fixed.

St John the Beloved is always next to the Lord on His left. He was
leaning on the bosom of the Lord in the last supper. He leaned from the
left side of the Lord where His heart is.

St Peter is next to the Lord, from the right. He was always with the
Lord in some private events and he was always the first to
respond/answer/act. Also from the events of the last supper when the
Lord spoke about His betrayal, he couldn’t ask the Lord, but motioned to
St John the beloved to ask the Lord. He was sitting on the right side of
the Lord opposite St John the beloved.

St Matthias is always put on the right side to symbolise the fact that he was chosen by the guidance
of the Holy Spirit to replace Judas Iscariot after the ascension of the Lord. Likewise, when we do
the sign of the cross, we move our hand from forehead to abdomen then from left to right. This
signifies that through the salvation on the cross and the work of the Holy Spirit in us we were
moved from the left, which is the weak and sinful side, to the right, which is the side of power and
righteousness. This is why anything done by the Holy Spirit is put on the right.

The icons of the rest of the disciples can be put in any order, or in the order of their names in the
Holy Bible.

What about St Paul and St Mark?

In some churches they put St mark in the bottom right side. Some churches put St Mark the apostle
in the top on one side, and St Paul on the other side. This will confuse the people as it will make a
total of 7 + 7 equal 14. So we prefer to leave the top for the 12, because their number was pointed to
in the old testament: e.g. 12 tribes, 12 wells of water when they were travelling in the wilderness
(and 70 palm trees representing the 70 apostles). So we have to keep the number. But for sure St
Paul is a great apostle and he did a lot and even said “I have laboured more than all of them” which
is true.

Some questions about processions

All the processions of the church, either the procession during in incense raising (e.g. for a saint), or
procession during mass for any occasion (e.g. resurrection), go from left to right. The only
exceptions are:

1. One procession the priest makes during raising of incense. This goes from right to left as in the
book of acts it was said that the church was growing and increasing in numbers, kept and supported
by the right hand of the Lord.

2. A procession done only once a year, during the first hour of the Holy Great Thursday (during
passion week). This is not a procession of worship but is a procession to condemn or reject the evil
deed that Judas Iscariot did when he betrayed his master our Lord Jesus Christ.

Questions about the features of the icon of St Mary on the Iconostasis

Location: always on the right side of the main or royal door of the altar,
or the sanctuary.

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She is carrying the Lord, and she is clearly on His right side, which should not be drawn in a vague,
inexact way.

The icon of St marry or any other icon, have their specific features of what they should contain
which are derived from theological and Biblical understandings. This
is detailed in the study of iconology, which we will not get into in this
course. But the main feature is that St Mary is on the right side of the
Lord as the Bible says “at Your right hand stands the queen” (Psalm 45).

Questions about the icon of St John the Baptist on the

Iconostasis
This icon is on the left of the main altar door. The main features
which it should have are:

The Lord is fully immersed in the water. This should be very clear and
not drawn in a vague way.

The fish drawn around the Lord point to the fact that the Lord chose His
disciples who were fishermen and said to them “follow Me and I will
make you fishers of men”.

There should be exactly 4 fish, not more or less. Four fish to signify that
the gospel will be preached to the 4 corners of the earth before the
Lord’s second coming. The Lord came to us from heaven to our world. As we said previously, the
world is symbolised by the sea. He came to fish us from the sea of the world.

Some people put a snake under the Lord’s feet, we don’t mind, but we prefer to put the snake under
the cross, not in the baptism. The snake can be put in the icon of baptism as baptism is a symbol of
(burial) and death with the Lord. And inside the baptism, the Lord crushed the devil for each one of
us, and removes from us the punishment of death. Also in baptism, we are in newness of life, as St
Paul explained clearly to the Romans in Chapter 6 from verse 2 to verse 10.

There is no specific number of angels that needs to be drawn in this icon.

The dove symbolising the Holy Spirit should be drawn with a bit of light coming down from
heaven, to symbolise the moment when God the Father said “This is my beloved Son in whom I am
well pleased, listen to Him”. The feast of Epiphany which means “divine appearance” is the only
occasion in the life of the Lord on earth where the whole Holy Trinity became manifest at one time.

Questions about the icons of archangels Michael and Gabriel

Always next to St Mary, will be the Angles in order. Many people put Archangel Gabriel as he
announced to her the birth of our Lord. But in the origin it should be archangel Michael then
Gabriel, because archangel Michael is the chief of the heavenly and the one who announced the
resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is considered a greater event than the annunciation of
His birth. And in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament when Archangel Gabriel was sent to
Daniel to explain the prophesy but was prevented by the devil (referred to as the prince of Persia)
until Michael came and helped him (Then he [archangel Gabriel] said “Do not fear, Daniel, for from
the first day that you set your heart to understand, and to humble yourself before your God, your
words were heard; and I have come because of your words. But the prince of the kingdom of Persia
withstood me twenty-one days; and behold, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me”.
(Daniel 10: 12-14)

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In the church here because of limited space, we put the icon of archangel Michael next to St Mary
and archangel Gabriel on the other side, in order to be able to put the icons of the church patron
saints (St Bakhomios and St shenouda) one on each side in a symmetrical way (but if space is
available it should be the icon of St Mary, then archangel Michael followed by archangel Gabriel,
on the same side).

Another icon that is always put on the iconostasis is that of St Mark the apostle which is usually put
on the left side after the archangels. (Again if we have a space, the proper order would be archangel
Michael, archangel Gabriel , St mark the apostle and then the patron saints. No other saint icons
should be put on the iconostasis).

Question about altars which have wooden doors.

The wooden doors have been put on the altars only in the early church because of persecution at the
time, as there were frequent attacks on the monasteries and churches by the Barbarians, pagans or
Muslims. Hence, when it was felt an attack was coming, the door was quickly shut to allow the
priest to quickly eat the Body and the Blood of the Lord to protect them from the non-believers.
Hence, the door was not for the priests or deacons to protect themselves, they were always ready for
martyrdom, but in order that the holy sacrament, the Body and the Blood of the Lord may be
protected. Nowadays, since attacks on churches are relatively rare, there is no longer a need for the
wooden doors to the altar, and only a curtain should be there. The curtain has a meaning – in the
Old Testament instead of the iconostasis and curtain, was a very strong wall from top to bottom,
with only a tiny door in the middle of the wall. No-one entered through it except the high-priest
only once a year in the day of “redemption” or atonement (see Leviticus 16). He could only enter
with the blood of a sacrifice for the whole congregation. He had a rope tied to his waist because if
anything happened to him inside, no one was allowed (and no-one dared) to enter, and he had to be
pulled out by the rope. All this was to show that there was enmity between God and the people (sin
is enmity to God), there was a wall between heaven and earth.

However, when our Lord was on the cross, this veil and separation between heaven and earth was
destroyed. This is why we have the curtain, so that when we open it we show that the people now
have access to the heavenlies, to the holy of holies; as St Paul explained in (Ephesians 2: 16-18)
“And He came and preached peace to you who were far off and to those who were near, for through
Him we both have access by one Spirit to the Father”.

The altar door at El-Sourian Monastery

There is a very high wooden door for the altar of the church of St Yeh-ness (John) Kama in El-
Sorian monatery. Is called the door of the prophecies. And this door has 6 stages, telling about the
stages since the church started till before the coming of the Lord in a prophetic way. But this is not
the usual door in any altar.

The design drawn on the curtain

The Cross can be drawn. However a more preferred design is one where the following is drawn.
The holy “Corbana” (holy bread used for the mass): on it is a big cross in the middle, in the very
true old Coptic design, symbolising our Lord Jesus Christ Himself. Around the Lord are 12 crosses
symbolising the 12 disciples who carried the cross, following the example of their teacher our Lord
Jesus Christ (as He said “he who wants to be my disciple, let him carry His cross and follow Me”).
Also there are circles symbolising the nails and the piercing of His side. 3 holes on the right = the
crown of thorns + the piercing of His right side + right hand nail. And on the left will be the left
hand nail and the nail for the feet (one nail in two feet together).

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Written in a circle around the ‘corbana’, in Coptic, is “ Agios O Theos, Agios Yes-sheros, Agios
Athanatos”, which means Holy God, Holy Almighty, Holy Immortal who never dies. (This design
is also that of the stamp which is stamped in the middle of the ‘Corban’ we use in the mass.)

Then there are grapes and wheat drawn to show our offering which the Lord humbly accepts from
our hands and sanctifies into His Holy Body and Blood.
Hence, to summarise, the curtain tells about our Lord Jesus Christ Son of God, who came to save us
to be crucified for our sake to give us His Body and Blood. Hence, the believer walking into the
church sees this curtain which tell him/her about what is behind it in the sanctuary.

This design was made on a one to one scale and was sent to St Demiana Nunnery who made it.
After they made it (in 1996), metropolitan Bishoy was very impressed by it that he took it to the
Pope who likewise liked it very much and placed it at the front of the exhibition for the 100 year
anniversary for the theological college.

The curtain should be only one, not split into two. It should be opened from left to right to show that
through the sanctuary of the Lord we were moved from the left to the right side.

The Altar
The altar should be made of very costly marble, no matter the expense, as it carries the Body and
Blood of our Lord. On it, is engraved the cross, the ‘corbana’ and the wheat, and the chalice and the
grapes.

The entire altar symbolises the throne or the tomb of our Lord. It can either be a cubic or
rectangular like a tomb.

Even though the altar looks very beautiful, it should not be left uncovered, but should be covered at
all times with a red cover, as it symbolises the cross on which our God sacrificed Himself and shed
His Blood for my salvation. Also, it should be covered in red because it is replacing the copper altar
of the Old Testament, on which animal sacrifices were offered on behalf of the people for their sins.
The church is always about humility, the beauty of the queen is from the inside (Psalm 45).

There is a second cover on top of the altar coming down to about 40cm from all sides. This is red all
year except on the feast of resurrection and the holy 50 days, when it is white(as these are the most
joyous days celebrating the fulfilment of our salvation in the resurrection).

On the altar as you all know we have the ark in which the chalice is placed, and while the ark is not
in use, it always should be covered with small square veil. The arc is consecrated with the holy
Myron oil and should not be touched without a veil by anyone except the priest.

The arc itself should have fixed icons, and then optional icons. The fixed icons are 1. the icon of the
Lord Jesus Christ with the chalice and bread (and preferably 2 or more of his disciples as a symbol
for the rest of the disciples who attended the last supper). 2. the icon of St Mary on the right. The
chalice can have 4 or 6 faces. On the other faces should be the icons of archangel Michael, St Mark
and the patron saints, as these are the main characters for this church.

The ark is a symbol of the ark of covenant in which was placed the vessel of Mana and the ten
commandments.

Covering the altar when not in service

The altar should always be covered if not being used. This is taken from the Tabernacle in the Old
Testament “Then you shall bring the ark of the testimony in there (Holy of Holies), behind the veil.
The veil shall be a divider for you between the holy place and the Most Holy. You shall put the

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mercy seat upon the ark of the Testimony in the Most Holy. And you set a cover on the ark of the
Testimony in the Most Holy” (Exodus 26: 33-34). The altar should only be exposed during the
service, and also during the service you notice that either Abouna (the priest) or the deacons are
standing around the altar, you can hardly see any thing. And even when Abouna is giving the Holy
Body, a deacon stands in front of the chalice carrying the Blood with a candle.

The meaning of the two candles on the altar

The two candles on the altar are a symbol to the 2 angels who appeared in the tomb of the Lord
after his resurrection. Hence, they should only be two.

The Holy Plate

If the altar is not consecrated, we can put a holy plate on it (which is consecrated with the Myron
oil) to be able to pray the mass on it. After the mass, it is removed. However, if an altar is
consecrated it does not need a holy plate.

We do not concentrate a wooden altar, because it may be broken. As it is consecrated, it should be

permanent. The very first consecrated altar we know about, was
described in Genesis 28 when Jacob was fleeing Esau his
brother, and spent the night at (what was later called)
Bethel. He saw in a dream a ladder from earth to heaven and saw
the Lord standing above it, and he when he awoke he said
“How awesome is this place! This is none other than the
house of God, and this is the gate of heaven” (Gen 28: 17).
“He took a stone that he had put at his head, set it up as a
pillar, and poured oil on top of it”. This is why we
consecrate the altar by pouring oil and it should be from a
stone or marble, or something that does not erode, decay or breaking.

Explanation for the icon of our Lord, ‘The Pantokrator’, covering the eastern wall of the
sanctuary (The fathers called this eastern wall in the sanctuary “the bosom of the Father”)

This icon incarnates what St John the Beloved has seen in heaven in the revelation. It is rare of its
kind, as it has almost everything St John talked about in his revelation.

You see the Lord on His throne, under Him the earth and the different planets, because it says in the
psalms “The earth is your foot stool.” And He is always dressed in red, because it was said about
Him that he was like the one all in red from the blood He shed for us.

Around His throne is the rainbow as St John saw it in the revelation and also because since He
destroyed the world in Noah’s time, He promised not to destroy it again and made the rainbow as a
sign to remind Him not to destroy the world again.

Around the Lord are the sun and the moon, and they don’t look shiny at all, because the Lord is the
sun of righteousness in front of whom they look dim. The Lord will be our Light in the heavenly
Jerusalem, there will be no need for the sun or the moon, or any other light.

The Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolising that the Lord
is the beginning and end, he has no beginning and no end.

The 4 incorporeal creatures, each one has 6 wings and is full of eyes.

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The 24 priests, if you count they are 12 an 12 around the throne, carrying in their hands censors (but
not like the sensors we use with chains, the original word describes censors which are held in the
hand)

The 7 Archangels, Michael in the middle and Gabriel always with the olive branch in his hand, then
the next will be Raphael, Sureal, Sadakeal, Saratheael and Ananeal.

In the bottom there are 7 oil lamps which symbolise the seven 7 spirits of God which he saw and the
7 sacraments of the church.

The icon is surrounded with clouds that are gradually getting lighter, giving the impression of
heaven.

There is always a light (an oil lamp) in front of the Lord which should be lit 24 hours a day. This is
for the following reasons:
1. Because He is the light of the world
2. It is in the east, symbolising the star that appeared in the east to lead the wise-men to the
Lord.
3. It symbolises the grace of the Holy Spirit, the oil that is enlightening our lives

Hence, when one looks at this icon, one feels as though in heaven with John the evangelist, with the
entire heaven in front of him. These are the features of the icon which is placed on the eastern wall
of the church (the “bosom of the Father”, and it should be the only icon in the altar. The only other
alternative is the icon of the Lord Jesus Christ sitting on His throne.

Why is the Cross drawn around the Lord in the icon of the Pantokrator?

In psalm 96 (the first psalm prayed in the ninth hour) there is a verse (which is unfortunately
omitted in the English translation but is there in the original languages and in the Arabic translation)
that says “say among the nations the Lord has reigned on a piece of wood” symbolising the Lord
saving us and defeating Satan and sin on the wood of the cross. The Lord was also seen by St John
the beloved in his revelation as a slaughtered lamb.

What is the meaning of the ostrich egg placed at the door of the altar?

It is put there for 2 main reasons:

1. From tradition, it is said that when Pontis Pilot reported the resurrection of the Lord to
Caeser, he couldn’t understand it. So Mary Magdalene took an egg and went to Caeser and
said “how does the new bird come out of its egg? If it has life it breaks out of the egg. Can
you imagine that the little bird God created can have life to come out of the egg, and the
Lord Himself God can’t come out of the tomb”. And he understood it.

2. But the ostrich egg was chosen because the ostrich covers its egg with sand and unceasingly
looks at it with great concentration in order to protect it. This is to remind the believers to
concentrate on the east, on the altar, and not to look around.

3. Also that God has his eye on us the whole year.

Why do we have candles in front of the icons of saints?

As the candle is consumed to give light to us, so have the saints given their lives up for our Lord
Jesus Christ and became an example and a light to us.

Some spiritual meanings hidden in the design of the Coptic Cross

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Each limb of the cross has 3 ends. This is to symbolise the Holy
Trinity in one. Also, with the four limbs of the cross, we will have
12 ends to symbolise the 12 disciples. Around the cross is written
“Eesos Pikhristos, Eyos Theos” = Jesus Christ Son of God. The 4
limbs of the cross show that the Lord’s salvation has spread to the
4 corners of the earth (also the rays of light coming out of the
cross symbolise the spread of the light of the gospel to the whole
world).

Explanation for the large metal cross which is on a stand, with

a little flag, inside the altar
We should have this cross always ready, to be used in processions. The flag is red all the year,
except in the holy 50 days of the resurrection, when it is white, and during passion week when it is
black (same with the altar cover which is red the whole year except during the holy 50’s when it is
white and passion week when it is purple).

This cross is always at the front of any procession done in the church (e.g. resurrection, for saints,
funerals etc…). The church is highlighting that the cross if our lives as St Paul said in 1 Corinthian
1:18 “For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being
saved it is the power of God”. I am saying this because in all Protestant churches and lately in some
Catholic churches the cross has disappeared from the church life, which is unfortunately very sad.

Explanation of the symbols related to the eagle

The eagle is symbol to St John and his gospel. St John was the most theological of the apostles, and
he wrote his gospel after seeing the revelation in the island of Patmos, because he found some
people were confused about the divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ. He talked about the divinity of the
Lord, about high theological matters that are above understanding. This is why the eagle was
chosen to symbolise his gospel, because the eagle flies up higher than any other bird. Also St John
was taken high up to heaven while still in the body but in a spiritual way, and saw heavenly matters
that cannot be uttered.

Also as the eagle has very sharp eye-sight being able to see from very high distances, so did St John
the beloved have a very sharp spiritual eye. He was able to feel the presence of the Lord when He
stood on the shore at the Sea of Tiberias while they were trying to catch some fish, and He said to St
Peter “It is the Lord”. St John was the first of all the disciples to feel the presence of the Lord in this
case.

Another meaning behind the eagle is that it symbolises how God cares for us, because the eagle is
one of the birds that greatly cares for its children. It protects its children under its wings, and when
they start growing up, it carries them on it wings high up and leaves them in the air that they can
practise flying. It follows them with its eyes very closely, so that as soon as it feels they are not
coping, it carries them again with its wings. Likewise the Lord does with us when He nourishes us
spiritually in a gradual way. He also said to the people of Israel when He brought them out of
Egypt: “The Lord your God who goes before you, He will fight for you, according to all He did for
you in Egypt before your eyes, and in the wilderness where you saw how the Lord your God
carried you, as a man carries his son, in all the way you went until you came to this place”
(Deutronomy 1: 33)

Baptism
The correct design for the baptism room: The baptism room should be always in the northern
western side of the whole church and it has 2 doors, one door opening to outside and another door
opening to the inside of the church. Hence, the new believer enters through the outside door to the

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baptism room, is baptised, and then enters the church through the other door. The lost sheep, enter
through the baptism room and become of the sheep of Christ. In the prayers over the person to be
baptised we pray saying “make him/her a sheep in Your flock for Your eternal kingdom”. As the
Lord said in John 3, “unless the person is born again, he cannot enter the kingdom of God”.
Nicodemus asked him “how can a person re-inter his mother’s womb and be born again?”, but
Christ meant the womb of the church, the mother of the believers.

We use special towels for baptism, which are kept in the church. This is because these towels are
filled with the holy water and the holy Myron oil. A deacon washes them by hand in a certain basin
and the water is poured either in running water in the sea or under a tree where no body sets his foot
on it. The water of the baptismal font should not be drained in the usual sewage. Traditionally, it
should be underground (so in this church the baptismal font drains into a large barrel underground
with holes in it, that the water may be absorbed gradually. In the prayer prayed on this holy water
we say at the end “let this water go back to the bottom of the earth”

The water that is consecrated in one day, can be used in baptising any number of people in the same
day, or on for a few days (not more than 3-5 days), if there is a necessity or need
for this.

After consecrating the water, the first person to be baptised should be a male. If this is not the case
and there is a female to be baptised first after consecrating the water, the priest should drop a cross
(plastic, or any material not affected by water) in the water after consecrating it before baptising a
female.

Also baptism should be in a closed room and not in an open area. This is because the baptism basin
itself, is considered to be an altar consecrated with prayers and the Holy Oil (Myron), and even the
prayer of consecrating the water, is almost very much similar to the holy mass in its structure, but in
different wording to match the baptism. So it is befitting to have the baptism basin in a closed room
to protect it, as you protect the altar inside the sanctuary with special orders.

The baptism basin is usually built in a round shape, as through the baptism the person receives the
new nature, that entitles him to be united with our Lord Jesus Christ, our eternal God; and always
the circle symbolises the eternity of God, as a circle has no beginning and no end.

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RITUAL THEOLOGY I
SECTION SIX
Sunday – The Day of The Lord
The day of the Lord is the day of Resurrection, Sunday replaced Saturday as the day of the Lord.
Since the beginning of the Church, when it was in the hands of the Apostles, we have celebrated the
Sunday. In Acts 20:7, St. Paul said they broke the bread on the first day (which is a Sunday). The
Lord also arose early on Sunday morning, and He appeared 5 times on that Sunday. He also
appeared on the following Sunday when He showed Himself to Thomas. The Lord appeared 10
times altogether, 7 of those appearances were on a Sunday 5 on the first Sunday, once on the next
Sunday and once on a different Sunday to the 500).

In the book of Didache (the teachings of the Holy Apostles), they said “you believers ought to get
together on the day of the Lord and break the bread offering, the Eucharist”. There is a letter from
St. Barnabas (not in the Bible) that says we ought (as we learnt from the Lord) to keep the 8th day
and celebrate the Eucharist on that day. Many of the Apostolic Fathers (like St. Eustinus – Justin
the martyr), St Clement of Alexandria, Origen the scholar, the apostolic constitution, (that the main
celebration for the church life is Sunday but they did not forbid celebrating the Eucharist on
Saturday if needed) inform us of the early Church’s practice of gathering on Sundays. The start of
the Church was on a Sunday (the day of Pentecost). St. Severus wrote that “as we received from all
the generations of the Holy Fathers, to celebrate the Eucharist on the first day of the week”.

The reason why the church replaced Saturday with Sunday in the New Testament
We know from the Old Testament that the Lord created the whole universe (heavens and earth) in
six days and God rested on the seventh day, blessed and sanctified the seventh day, which is ‘the
Sabbath’ (Genesis 2: 1-3).

Of-course God did not feel tired and needed rest after the creation; as God is always working
according to what the Lord said “My Father is always working and I also am always working”
(John 5: 17). God created Adam and Eve, and all their means of comfort and rest. Indeed, their
most important form of ‘rest’ was from sin; they felt no desire. They lived in peace with the
animals as the king and queen, and they lived in full peace with God. In fact, Adam and Eve have
been enjoying being present with God daily. This was “the rest” of the Lord, He rested when He
saw Adam living in the paradise, in full comfort and enjoying the love of God and His daily
presence with Adam, and also covered by the grace of God which made Him free from the passions
of sin, added to Adam’s full authority on all creation that made him living in peace with all the
animals. When Adam sinned, the rest of the Lord was broken, because Adam whom He had created
was destined for Hades. God was waiting for his rest to be renewed by salvation from sin for
humanity, by overcoming the effect of the sin, but this would only happen by the death and
resurrection of the Lord. That is why God performed miracles on the Saturday, to explain that the
rest on Saturday came through the mercy of God, by saving Adam and His descendants from the
effect of sin. That’s why He used to heal people on Saturday and always before healing the person
He tells him/her “your sins are forgiven”. He told them “the Sabbath was made for man, not man
for the Sabbath” (Mark 2:27). He performed many miracles on Saturday (Matthew 12 and Luke 6 –
the man with the withered hand), Mark 2 & 3 and Luke 13 (the woman with the bent back), Luke 14
(healing another man), he healed the man at the Bethesda pool in John 5, He opened the eyes of a
blind man in John 9 on Saturday, and He cast out a demon from a man on a Saturday (Mark 1).

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The true rest is a spiritual rest. Originally, Saturday was a full day of worship, and also physical
rest from work (described in Leviticus and Numbers). So the Lord not only meant physical rest on
that day, but also to make us consecrated and worshipping the Lord on that day. As explained
above, the Lord’s real rest was seeing Adam living in the paradise in full peace, both physically and
spiritually. When, however, Adam sinned, this rest was broken, and there was a strict rule
instructing people not to work, not to be busy with the world and to at least try to do something
spiritual on that day, in preparation for the day of full rest which comes with the salvation by the
Resurrection of Christ our Lord. That’s why Sunday became the real day of rest, because through
His Body and Blood given to us by His Resurrection, we’ll be admitted to heaven, which is the true
eternal rest without disturbance.

If you consider the mass of the believers, you’ll remember “for every time you eat of this bread, and
drink of this cup you preach my death, confess my resurrection and remember me till I come.”.
This means that this Body and Blood which are given to you through His death and resurrection
will lead you to abide in Him until he comes to take you to be with Him eternally. Immediately
after the response of the congregation, the priest prays to call the Holy Spirit to come upon the
bread and wine to convert them to the Body and Blood of our Lord. That’s why the Sunday of the
resurrection, on which the Lord perfected His victory over the devil, the sin and death, and granted
us His Body and Blood to grant us unity with Him until we are glorified with Him, becomes the
main day of service and worship.

The Holy Church, led by the Holy Spirit recognises that the day of the Lord became the main day of
worship, but the Church also did not cancel what was revealed before, that is the importance of
Saturday, as Christ said “I did not come to destroy the law, but to complete it.” So the church
reminds the believers to keep Saturday as a joyful day by not fasting in it and not allowing
prostrations in it and in the Holy Great Fasting it treats the rituals of Saturday like those of Sunday,
whereas the other days are treated differently. The Church relates this to the understanding that
Sunday is the beginning of the creation of the heavenly powers, and Saturday is the day after the
completion of the creation. By means of our Lord’s Resurrection, Sunday is a commemoration of
His returning us to our original rank, and an acknowledgement that through Him we now know the
way back to heaven that we might regain that which we lost through sin. Also, by celebrating the
Holy Mass on Sundays, we feel we are in heaven joining in with Heavenly creation in praise, the
same Heavenly powers which were created on the first day of Creation, that is, Sunday.

Also with the count of days, Saturday being the seventh, Sunday will be the eighth day and always
number 8 is symbol to life after death, meaning eternal life, which was only opened to us through
the resurrection of our Lord, after He was crucified and died on our behalf.

Biblical and Historical proofs for making Sunday the day of the Lord
1. Genesis 1 said that “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, and God said
let there be light, and it was”. This was the first day. The fathers agreed that this was the
day the angels were created, and the beginning of all of the further creation. Therefore
Sunday was the creation of the Heavenly powers and Hosts. In the mass, we are as if in
heaven, and we are sharing the praises with the heavenly powers. In the 3rd hour prayer, we
pray: “whenever we stand in your Holy temple, we are considered as those who abide in
heaven”. The relationship is that the creation of the Heavenly powers was on a Sunday, in
the mass we are partly experiencing heaven on earth as, through the Mass we take His Body
and Blood and unite to Him until we reach Him in Heaven. So it is befitting to consider the
mass of Sunday as the main mass in the whole week being the day of the Lord.

2. St. Severus stated that the Lord was born on a Sunday, and the Lord, the Sun of
righteousness who shone upon those who were sitting in darkness and the shadow of death,

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so by His birth on Sunday, He shone upon us for salvation from the darkness of sin, as the
sun shines and scatters darkness away.

3. He was circumcised on the 8th day, which is the next Sunday. And circumcision in the Old
Testament, meant that this person is of the people of God and it was symbol to baptism in
the New Testament which grants the person the new birth in our Lord Jesus Christ.

4. He entered Jerusalem on a Sunday as a King (He reigns over our hearts as we experience
Him in holy communion).

5. He arose on the Sunday and He confirmed His resurrection by letting Thomas touch His
body on the following Sunday.

6. He sent the Holy Spirit on a Sunday, and the Church started that day with 3000 being
baptised. (1000 is always the number of Heaven, and the 3 is the Holy Trinity) so the
Church takes us to Heaven under the faith of the Holy Trinity.

7. St. Severus added that the general resurrection of the second coming will be on Sunday.

8. Acts 20:7, 1 Corinthians 16:2,Chapter 14 of the Didache, and Chapters 10, 31 and 38 of the
Didascalia all mention that Sunday is a Holy day. The Apostolic Constitution has a section
by Clement that mentions this also, and chapter 36 says Bishops should be ordained on a
Sunday as it is the day of the Lord. Canon 21 in the council of Elvira (convened in
306A.D.) and another council in Illiberis, Spain also mentions Sunday as a Holy Day.
Constantine issued a royal decree in 321 A.D. that Sunday should be a Holy day and that no
one should work but attend worship in the Church. King Theodosius the Small, reaffirmed
it in 425 A.D., and again the two kings in their own countries, Leon and Antinimius,
reaffirmed it in their royal decrees of 469 A.D. Many other fathers also spoke about Sunday
as a Holy day (St. Athanasius, St. Theophorus and St. Augustine).

Spiritual understanding of Sunday being the day of the Lord?

It is not intended to be a physical rest, as much as giving ourselves time to feel the day of our Lord,
and we have to be with the Lord on that day by attending the Holy Mass, and sharing as much as
possible in the Body and Blood of Christ, and using the rest of the day in as spiritual way as
possible.

The church never recommends that her members work for money on Sunday. Some of the Holy
Fathers even taught that neglecting sanctifying the day of the Lord leads to perishing: “cursed is he
who does not sanctify the day of the Lord”. The Church tries as hard as possible to get them to do
spiritual work on Sunday. The holy fathers advised that after the holy mass we should keep the rest
of the day for spiritual work, for reading the Holy Bible and spiritual books. The great blessing is
to read the Bible to somebody who needs it and to nourish them spiritually. St Macarius the Great
after the service would rush the brothers in the monastery to flee. They would say “we are already
in the wilderness, where should we flee to?” and he would say “quickly go to your own cells for the
worship of the Lord”. St Arsenius used to do the same thing, and so did many other fathers.

Sunday and fasting

Since the church started after the feast of the Pentecost, she has forbidden her children from fasting
on Sundays (by abstaining from food after the holy mass) because it is a joyful day of the Lord.
(The mass starts with “Hallelulia, this is the day of the Lord”). St. Athanasius the Apostolic 296AD
said we learned from our Holy Fathers the Apostles that we should not fast by abstaining from food
on Sunday. Also, in the council of Gangra (325-382 AD) it was said that anyone who fasts on
Sunday would be excommunicated. This was confirmed in the local council of Sargossa (380AD).

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That’s why, when the day of the preparation before the 2 great Lordly feasts, the birth of Christ and
Epiphany falls on a Monday, we don’t fast by abstaining from food on the Sunday, as the usual for
the day of preparation before the great Lordly feast (el-Baramon). Neither do we fast on Saturday as
well, as the Lord’s Day in the Old Testament. Hence replace them both with the Friday, and in this
case, the preparation becomes 3 days. With the same understanding, if the feast comes on Sunday,
the preparation will be 2 days. Many fathers also spoke about not fasting on Sunday, like St.
Dioscoros, Tertullian, St. Athanasius, Pope Theophilus the 23rd Patriarch of Alexandria,
St. Augustine etc.

Sunday and kneeling down in prayer

We kneel down on Saturday and Sunday for reverence before the Holy altar, not for repentance. So
we don’t do the metanias (means prostrations) of fasting, as on normal days, at the start of the
“Agpia” prayer, just as we do not do them for the 50 days of celebration following the Resurrection.
Many fathers wrote about this, such as Pope Peter the seal of martyrs; St. Basil the great in 230 AD;
the first council of Nicea 325 AD, Canon 19, and the canon of Ibn El-Sebaa, one of the church
scholars who collected the cannons of the church in His book “The precious pearl in the sciences of
the Church”.

The commemoration of the deceased on Sundays

There is nothing wrong with mentioning the names of the departed on the Sunday, but we never use
the sad tune for the commemoration of the saints.

The relationship between the Sundays of the year and the Holy Resurrection
Here we divide the Sundays of the year into 3 groups.

1. The 8 Sundays of the 50 joyful days between the Resurrection and the Pentecost. On
those 8 Sundays, we mention the Resurrection, we celebrate a procession for the
Resurrection (even the Sunday between Ascension and Pentecost). As we also do during
the weekdays. We never fast or do ‘metanias’, we say’je aftonf’ (you have Risen), and
we do pray the same hymns in all those 50 days.

2. The Sundays from Pentecost to fourth Sunday of ‘Hatour’, we continue treating the
Sunday responses like the Sunday of the 50 days after the resurrection. For the first
Sunday of the Coptic month ‘Koiak’, as it falls during the fasting preceding the Birth of
Christ (the Advent), we stop saying “je ak-tonk” (You have risen) in the responses and
start saying “je ak-I”, meaning ‘You have come’, and this continues until the feast of the
resurrection and repeats as explained.

3. The 6 Sundays of the Holy Great Fasting. The hymns are changed, we don’t use
“alleluia vai pe” (this is the day the Lord has made) because we are fasting with the Lord
in order to receive that day. So we pray “alleluja je ef mevi” (means “Alleluia, the
thought of man”. And we pray ‘ti shori’ instead of ‘tai shori’. “The golden censor”
replaces “the censor of pure gold”). We also pray the other hymns that are relevant to the
great fasting.

The readings of various occasions that come on Sundays

1. If a Lordly feast comes on a Sunday, we read its readings instead of the original readings of
that Sunday.

2. The two feasts of the cross are treated like the Lordly feasts. If it falls on a Sunday, the reading
of the feast of the cross replaces the reading originally set for that Sunday.

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3. If in a Coptic month come 5 Sundays, always the 5th Sunday has a special reading. But if the
memorial feast of annunciation (the 29th of the Coptic month) falls on the 5th Sunday of the
month, here the reading of the feast of the annunciation will replace the reading of the 5th
Sunday.

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References:
1. The Holy Bible

2. The Canons and writings of the holy apostles (Didachia,

Dedascalia)

3. The writings of the early apostolic fathers (first century and first half of second century).
Found in the volumes of ‘Ante-Nicene Fathers’

4. The decisions and resolutions of the three ecumenical councils

recognised by our church (Nicea 325 A.D., Constantinople 381, Ephesus 431). Found in the
volumes of ‘Post-Nicene Fathers’

5. An old manuscript named ‘The order of the church of God’

6. The precious pearls in explaining the rituals of the church’ (an old Arabic reference in
more than 1000 pages)

7. ‘The precious pearl in the sciences of the church’ (another old

Arabic reference)

8. ‘Manaret el-Akdaas’ (in explaining the rituals of the church and

the Holy Mass).

9. ‘The church, the house of God’. Father Tadros Yakoub Malaty.

10. ‘Mesbah el-zolma’ in explaining the rituals.

11. ‘The valuable treasure’ in the church orders.

‘The desire of souls in the order of rituals’

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