3 Plate Tectonics
3 Plate Tectonics
3 Plate Tectonics
Module 3 of 5 Modules
Joebeth T. Papat
Email: [email protected]
Messenger: Joebeth Tobe Papat
CP #: 09457701962
Engineering Department
Module three of these course focuses on the internal structure of the earth and
its relation to plate tectonics and magnetization.
This module is good for 3 weeks; thus, activities herein are also expected to be
finished within that period. All learning activities herein are intended for all male and
female students regardless of religious affiliation and cultural background. Send your
outputs through email, or you may send it through courier.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. discuss the plate movements;
2. explain why there is a continental drift; and
3. differentiate the three types of plate boundary.
PRETEST
Before you finally proceed to the lesson, try to write the correct labels for the
figure below. Write your answers corresponding each item below the figure.
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LESSON 1: EARTHS STRUCTURE, PLATE TECTONICS AND MAGNETIZATION
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. label the main layers of the earth correctly;
2. compare the different plate boundaries; and
3. explain the role of the earth’s magnetic field in relation to plate tectonic
theory.
LET’S ENGAGE
Are you familiar with continental drift? What can you understand from this? How
is this related to tectonic plates?
These plates shift over time, largely driven by convection in the mantle, which
leads to rearrangement of the continents. Mapping of the seafloor and examining the
magnetization of rocks ultimately led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a legitimate
theory.
A. Earth’s Structure
The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Core, Mantle and Crust
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The Crust is the upper thermal boundary layer associated with mantle
convection.
Earth’s Crust is cold and brittle. It is a thin layer, 0.4% of Earth’s mass and 1%
of its volume.
Cool, solid crust and upper (rigid) mantle “float” and move over hotter, deformable
lower mantle.
Earthquakes and seismic waves inform us about the interior structure of a planet
(see figure 3.2).
The lithosphere consists of the crust and the upper part of the mantle. It is the
lithosphere that takes part in plate tectonics, where plates sink into the lower
asthenosphere (also part of the mantle).
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Figure 3.3 The Lithosphere
Source: http://www.geo.brown.edu/research/Milliken/GEOLO810_files
B. Plate tectonics
The Earth’s crust is composed of a number of plates, most of which do not follow
the shapes of the continents. It is divided into plates which are moved in various
directions. This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each
other. Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or
“tectonic” features.
These plates shift over time, largely driven by convection in the mantle, which
leads to rearrangement of the continents. Mapping of the seafloor and examining the
magnetization of rocks ultimately led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a legitimate
theory.
Figure 3.4 Plates shift over time which leads to rearrangement of the continents.
Source: http://www.geo.hunter.cnuy.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures
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World plate has major and minor plates as shown in the figure below.
Major plates – Pacific, African, Eurasian, North American, Antarctic, South American,
Australian
Minor plates – Nazca, Indian, Arabian, Philippine, Caribbean, Cocos, Scotia, Juan de
Fuca
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Lithosphere and asthenosphere show more detailed description of earth’s layered
structure according to mechanical behavior of rocks, which ranges from rigid to
deformable.
a. Lithosphere: it is a rigid layer shell that includes upper mantle and crust (here
is where plate tectonics work), and a cool layer.
b. Asthenosphere: this layer is below lithosphere, part of the mantle, weak and
deformable (ductile, deforms as plates move), partial melting of material
happens here and it is a hotter layer.
Having often survived cycles of merging and rifting of continents, cratons are
generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates.
They have a thick crust and deep lithospheric roots that extend as much as
several hundred km into the mantle.
The term craton is used to distinguish the stable portion of the continental crust
from regions that are more geologically active and unstable.
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Figure 3.8 Craton
Source: http://www.geo.hunter.cnuy.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures
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Plate movement
“Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convection
cells as shown in the figures below.
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Plate Boundaries
Sites of significant geologic activity includes earthquakes, volcanism, orogenesis.
1. Divergent Boundaries
This causes spreading of ridges as shown in the figure below. As plates move
apart, new material is erupted to fill the gap
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Figures below is a modern divergence: An East African Rift System.
2. Convergent Boundaries
There are three styles of
convergent plate boundaries
– Continent-continent
collision
– Continent-oceanic crust
collision
– Ocean-ocean collision
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Continent-Continent Collision: Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Figure 3. 18 Himalayas
Source: http://www.geo.hunter.cnuy.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures
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During subduction,
• Oceanic lithosphere subducts
underneath the continental
lithosphere
• Oceanic lithosphere heats
and dehydrates as it subsides
• The melt rises resulting in
volcanism
E.g. The Andes
The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the
ocean floor called a trench. Trench systems occur for both continent-ocean and ocean-
ocean boundaries.
The world’s deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. E.g. The Mariana
Trench is 11 km deep!
Island arcs form, continents Collide, and crust recycles at convergent plate
boundaries.
The formation of an island arc along a trench as two oceanic plates converge. The
volcanic islands form as masses of magma reach the seafloor. The Japanese islands
were formed in this way.
Figure 3.21 Formation of an island arc along a trench as two oceanic plates converge
Source: http://www.geo.hunter.cnuy.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures
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Motion of the plates:
✓ Rates: average 5 cm/year
✓ Mid-Atlantic Ridge = 2.5 – 3.0 cm/yr.
✓ East-Pacific Rise = 8.0 – 13.0 cm/yr.
3. Transform Boundaries: Where plates slide past each other. For example, is the san
Andreas transform fault.
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The view of the earth plate is shown in the following figure.
Volcanoes are formed by: Subduction, Rifting and Hotspots (see figure 3.25
below).
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Figure 3.26 Pacific Ring of Fire
Source: http://www.geo.hunter.cnuy.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures
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The origin of the plumes for hot spots is still a debate, but a potential theory is:
- heat is transferred across a boundary (outer core-lower mantle)
- plumes may be linked to the return of crust to the core-mantle boundary
- it is the accumulation of subducted material that gives rise to plumes & hot
spots
C. Magnetization
The Earth’s magnetic field protects us from the harmful radiation of the solar
wind. The solar wind consists of energetic particles radiated by the Sun, and protection
from such radiation has surely played an important role in the evolution of life as we
know it.
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The ‘dynamo theory’ postulates that a rotating, convecting, and electrically
conducting fluid can sustain such a magnetic field. In the case of Earth this can be
linked to the outer core (see figure 3.30).
Figure 3.30 Cartoon of magnetic field (left) and computer model of Earth’s field (right)
Source: http://www.geo.brown.edu/research/Milliken/GEOLO810_files
The Earth essentially acts as a giant magnet with magnetic field lines connecting
the two magnetic poles. These poles reverse over time and can be recorded in rocks,
which is one way the theory of plate tectonics was finally established.
Figure 3.31 Poles reverse over time and can be recorded in rocks
Source: http://www.geo.brown.edu/research/Milliken/GEOLO810_files
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Rubric:
Percentage Points Criteria
40% 2 4 8 Response is clear and directly answer
each part of the question
40% 2 4 8 Ideas are organized and relates answers
to concepts discussed
20% 1 2 4 Minimal errors in grammar and spelling
Total= 100% 5 10 20
POST ASSESSMENT
Alternate- response test. Read and understand the statements carefully. Determine
whether each statement is true or false. Write R if it is true, otherwise W, on the space
provided at the right side of this paper.
Items Ans.
1. The Earth’s magnetic field protects us from the harmful radiation of the
solar wind
2. The magnetic poles reverse over time and can be recorded in rocks.
3. The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes.
4. Plates are made of crust and upper mantle
5. Volcanoes are formed only by subduction and hotspots.
6. Subduction zone is formed when subducting plate is bent downward to
form a very deep depression in the ocean floor.
7. The Earth’s crust is made of continental Crust and not oceanic crust.
8. There are three types of plate boundary. This are divergent, continental
and transform.
9. Lithosphere is a rigid layer shell that includes core and crust where plate
tectonics work.
10. The plates shifting over time leads to rearrangement of the continents.
11. The asthenosphere is located below lithosphere.
12. Oceanic crust is denser hat continental crust.
13. Mountains can be formed at convergent plate boundaries.
14. The lithosphere is the earth’s rigid surface layer.
15. The lithosphere is the earth’s hot malleable layer located beneath the
asthenosphere.
REFERENCES
Dhakal, S. (2016). Fundamentals of geology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication
Tectonic landforms.
http://www.geo.hunter.cnuy.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures/TEctonoc%250
Landforms.pdf
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