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Numerical Study of Double Diffusive Mixed Convection in a Rectangular

Ventilated Cavity with Heat Generation and Mass Source
Article · January 2013
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International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research Issue 3 volume 6, Nov.-Dec. 2013
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijst/index.html ISSN 2249-9954
Numerical Study of Double Diffusive Mixed Convection

in a Rectangular Ventilated Cavity with Heat Generation
and Mass Source
M. Teamah 1, W. El-Maghlany 2, M. Anany 3, S. Khallaf 4
1,3,4
Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt
2
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt
___________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Laminar double-diffusive mixed convective flow in ventilated rectangular cavity in the
presence of heat and mass generating square solid placed at the center of the bottom wall was
numerically investigated. An external Newtonian fluid flow enters the cavity through an
opening at the top of the left vertical wall and exits from another opening at the bottom of the
right vertical wall, which is creating the forced convection flow conditions. Laminar regime
is considered under steady state condition. The governing equations including continuity,
momentum, energy and species transfer are transformed into non-dimensional form and the
resulting partial differential equations are solved by the finite volume technique. A
parametric study presenting the influence of Reynolds' number (Re), Richardson number
(Ri), heat generation (ϕ) and angle of inlet fluid (γ) effect on the fluid velocity, temperature,
concentration, as well as average Nusselt number and is done. This numerical study is
conducted for constant Prandtl number, Pr=0.7; aspect ratio, A=2, Lewis number, Le=2 and
Buoyancy ratio, N=0.5. Computations are carried out for Reynolds' number ranging
from 100 to 1000, Richardson number ranging from 0.1 to 10, angle of inlet fluid range of
0° ≤ γ ≤ 30°, and dimensionless heat generation coefficient range of 0.5 ≤ 𝑄 ≤ 2.5.
Key words: Double Diffusive; Mixed Convection; Ventilated Cavity, Numerical Study.
_____________________________________________________________________
Corresponding Author: W. El-Maghlany ([email protected])
NOMENCLATURE
A Aspect ratio, H/L.

C* Dimensionless vapour concentration.
c Vapour concentration.
ci Concentration of the fluid at inlet port of the cavity.
cs Concentration of the fluid at the three sides the mass source.
D Mass diffusivity, m2/s.
H Cavity height, m.
k Thermal conductivity, W/m K.
K Solid fluid thermal conductivity ratio, ks/kf.
kf Fluid thermal conductivity, W/m K.
ks Solid thermal conductivity, W/m K.
Page 242 R S. Publication (http://rspublication.com), [email protected].

L Cavity width, m.
N Buoyancy ratio.
Nu Average Nusselt number.
Nul Local Nusselt number.
p Pressure, N/m2.
P* Dimensionless pressure, P*= pL2/ρ∞ α2.
𝐐∙ The rate of heat generation, W/m3 C.
Ui Fluid Velocity at the inlet port, m/s.
Uo Fluid Velocity at the exit port, m/s.
T Local Temperature, C.
Ti Temperature at the inlet port of the cavity, C.
Ts Temperature at the three sides of the heat source, C.
ΔT Temperature difference,Ts–Ti , C.
u Velocity components in x-direct on, m/s.
U* Dimensionless velocity component in X-direction.
v Velocity components in Y-direction, m/s.
V* Dimensionless velocity component in Y-direction
W Heat Source width and height, m.
X,Y Dimensionless Coordinates.
x,y Dimensional Coordinates.
Greek symbols
𝛼 Thermal diffusivity, m2/s.
𝛽𝑇 Coefficient of thermal expansion, K-1.
𝛽𝑆 Coefficient of solutal expansion, m3/kg.
𝛾 Inlet angle, Degress.
𝜃 Dimensionless Temperature,(T–Ti)/(T–Ts)
𝜇 Dynamic viscosity, kg/m.s.
𝜈 Kinematic viscosity
𝜌 Local fluid density, kg/m3.
𝜌∞ Fluid ambient density, kg/m3.
𝜙 Dimensionless heat generation or absorption coefficient,(Q ̊ H2)/ρCp α)
ѱ Dimenionless stream function.
Dimensionless Groups
𝒈 𝜷𝑻 ∆(𝑻𝒔 −𝑻𝒊 )𝑯𝟑
GrT Grashof number , 𝝂𝟐
𝜶
Le Lewis number, 𝑫
𝜷 ∆(𝒄 −𝒄 )
N buoyancy ratio, 𝜷 𝑺∆(𝑻𝒔 −𝑻𝒊 )
𝑻 𝒔 𝒊
𝝂
Pr Prandtl number, 𝜶

𝝆𝑼𝒊 𝑯
Re Reynolds' number, 𝝁
𝑮𝒓
Ri Richardson number, 𝑹𝒆𝑻𝟐
INTRODUCTION
Double diffusive convection in ventilated cavities has been subject of an intensive

research due to its importance in various engineering and geophysical problems. There exist
two different types of convection in a vented cavity; namely internal buoyancy-induced
natural convection by the discrete heat and contaminant sources and external mechanical-
driven forced convection by the ventilation. The fluid flow and heat or contaminant transfer
characteristics inside the vented cavity are thus found by the interaction between the natural
convection and the forced one, which results in double diffusive mixed convection.
A three dimensional numerical investigation of steady laminar natural convection in

vented enclosures was carried out by E. Yu and Y. Joshi [1], combined natural convection in
the air and conduction in the heat source, the substrate, and the enclosure walls were solved
and solutions were obtained for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 104 to 106, different substrate
thermal conductivity ratios, and varied vent sizes. A. Rajp, M. Hasnaouib [2] studied
numerically the laminar mixed convection heat transfer in a ventilated rectangular cavity
submitted to uniform heat flux from the side studied numerically which covered the flow
regime of Ra < l06 and 5 < Re < 5×103. A systematic numerical study on a two-dimensional,
steady state and laminar natural convection in a rectangular enclosure with discrete heat
sources on walls presented by Qi-Hong Deng et al [3], in this study, a new combined
temperature scale was suggested to nondimensionalize the governing equations of natural
convection induced by multiple temperature differences. Qi-Hong et al [4] investigated the
characteristics of the airflow and heat/contaminant transport structures in the indoor air
environment by means of a convection transport visualization technique, laminar double
diffusive mixed convection in a two-dimensional displacement ventilated enclosure with
discrete heat and contaminant sources is numerically studied, attentions were given to
analyze the effects of the main factors; the strength of heat source indicated by the Grashof
number (Gr), the strength of contaminant source by the buoyancy ratio (N), the strength of
ventilation by the Reynolds' number (Re), and the ventilation mode, on the indoor air
environment. Steady mixed convection flow in a vented enclosure with an isothermal vertical
wall and filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium is investigated numerically by S.
Mahmud and I. Pop [5]. Combined free convection and forced convection from a flush-
mounted uniform heat source on the bottom of a horizontal rectangular enclosure with side
openings is studied numerically by Sumon et al. [6] , laminar results were obtained in the
range of Richardson number as 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 10 and a fixed Prandtl number of 0.71. Transverse
mixed convection was studied numerically in a vented enclosure with constant heat flux from
uniformly heated bottom wall by Sumon et al. [7] and empirical correlation was developed
for relations using Nusselt number, Reynolds' number and Richardson number, based on the
enclosure height. A numerical study has been performed by M. M. Rahman et al [8] on mixed
convection in a vented enclosure by finite element method; the parameters considered in this
study were Grashof number (Gr), Richardson number (Ri) and Reynolds' number (Re), also
the effect of changing the inlet port position. T.V. Radhakrishnan et al [9] reported the results
of an experimental and numerical investigation of mixed convection from a heat generating
element in a ventilated cavity, experiments were carried out for heaters of two different sizes,

located centrally in a parallelepiped that has an air inlet and an outlet port. A.K. Dhiman et al
[10] investigated the effects of cross-buoyancy and of Prandtl number on the flow and heat
transfer characteristics of an isothermal square cylinder confined in a channel. The numerical
results have been presented for the range of conditions as: 1 ≤ Re ≤ 30, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤100 (the
maximum value of Peclet number being 3000) and 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 1 for a fixed blockage ratio of
0.125. Heat transfer by natural convection in a square enclosure with ventilation ports and
discrete heat sources with constant heat flux has been studied by E. Bilgen, A. Balkaya [11].
The study has been carried out by solving numerically mass, momentum and energy
equations with the Boussinesq approximation. A numerical investigation was conducted to
analyse the unsteady double diffusive mixed convection in two-dimensional ventilated room
due to heat and contaminant sources by B. Beya , T. Lili [12]. E. Bilgen, A. Muftuoglu [13]
investigated heat transfer by natural convection in an open cavity in which a uniform heat
flux is applied to the inside active wall facing the opening with slots. A. Raji et al [14]
studied the mixed convection heat transfer in a ventilated cavity by solving the mixed
convection equations with the Boussinesq approximation at which the results was presented
in terms of streamlines, isotherms and heat transfer for different combinations of the
governing parameters namely, the Reynolds' number (10 ≤ Re ≤ 5000), the Rayleigh number
(104 ≤ Ra ≤ 106) and the relative height of the openings. A numerical study of conjugated
heat transfer in a ventilated cavity was carried out by J. Xaman et al [15] in order to analyze
temperature distribution effectiveness inside it, and to determine a good ventilation
configuration, in this study the space was represented by a ventilated cavity under turbulent
flow regime. Direct and inverse mixed convection problems in a slot-ventilated enclosure
subjected to an unknown heat flux on one side presented by Fu-Yun et al [16]. In the study
done by R. Ezzouhri et al [17], the mixed convection airflow encountered in a three
dimensions isothermal cavity ventilated with supply and exhaust slots under stable thermal
stratification, was considered. Transient natural convection inside an inner thin walled
container caused by external mixed convection in a square cavity was investigated by N.
Moraga et al [18] by analyzing it numerically. A numerical study has been carried out by
Sumon et al [19] for laminar double-diffusive mixed convection in a two-dimensional vented
square cavity with discrete heat and contaminant sources applied on the bottom wall. A
numerical investigation of mixed convection flows through a copper–water nanofluid in a
square cavity with inlet and outlet ports has been executed by Mina et al [20], the study has
been carried out for the Reynolds' number in the range 50 ≤ Re ≤1000, with Richardson
numbers 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 10 and for solid volume fraction from 0 to 0.05. P. Paranthoën et al [21]
studied the flow within a confined ventilated space resulting from a buoyant turbulent 2D
plume originating at the bottom of the enclosure with initial source volume flux, Q0 and
buoyancy flux, B0. A numerical analysis is performed by Y.L. Tsay et al. [22] to study the
characteristics of heat transfer from a block heat source module at different angles in two-
dimensional cabinets. A study which is concerned with the mixed convection in a rectangular
lid-driven cavity under the combined buoyancy effects of thermal and mass diffusion was
demonstrated by Teamah and El-Maghlany[23]. A numerical investigation was conducted to
analyze the steady flow and thermal fields as well as heat transfer characteristics in a vented
square cavity with a built-in heat conducting horizontal solid circular obstruction by M. M.
Rahman et al [24]. M.M. Billah et al [25] executed a numerical study to analyze the effects of
Reynolds' and Prandtl number on mixed convective flow and heat transfer characteristics
inside a ventilated cavity in presence of a heat-generating solid circular obstacle placed at the
centre. The characteristics of transition from laminar to chaotic mixed convection in a two-
dimensional multiple ventilated cavity was analyzed in a numerical study conducted by Ming
Zhao et al [26]. Finally, a computational fluid dynamics study was conducted by A. Alsanea

et al [27] to simulate turbulent flow and heat-transfer inside mechanically ventilated rooms,
using mixing air-distribution system, under forced convection conditions.
Considering an operation room in a hospital as an application of the present work,

some parameters will be kept constant during the study according to the surrounding
conditions. This operation room in most cases in insulated to keep the temperature constant
as much as possible. As mentioned above, the fluid existing in the cavity is air with a Prandtl
number of 0.7. Also, the change in Grashof number can be neglected because of the constant
temperature within the cavity and supposing the ambient temperature is 20C, a value of 105
will be taken in this study. Finally, a constant rate of vaporization from the humans existing
in this operation room as a mass source will be considered in this study, so that the value of
Lewis number will be constant also.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The schematic of the system under consideration is shown in Fig.1 The fluid enters
the cavity with velocity, Ui and inlet angle, . Ti is the fluid temperature at the inlet port of the
cavity, Ts is uniformly imposed along the three sides of the heat and mass source which is
located at the centre of the bottom wall. The top and bottom surfaces are assumed to be
adiabatic and impermeable. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible, Newtonian and
viscous. The boussinesq approximation equation (1) with opposite and compositional
buoyancy forces is used for the body force terms in the momentum equations.
∂T ∂c
𝑢=𝑣= = =0
∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 , 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑠
∂T ∂c
𝑢=𝑣= = =0
∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
Fig.1: Schematic diagram for the problem with boundary conditions
𝜌 = 𝜌∞ 1 − 𝛽𝑇 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 – 𝛽𝑆 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑖 (1)
The governing equations for the problem under consideration are based on the balance
laws of mass, linear momentum, thermal energy and concentration in two dimensional steady

state conditions. Applying the assumptions mentioned above, the continuity, momentum,
energy and concentration can be written as follows:
 For fluid:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0 (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇 + 𝜕𝑦 2 (3)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜇 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝑔𝜌∞ 𝛽𝑇 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 + 𝛽𝑆 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑖 (4)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 =k + 𝜕𝑦 2 (5)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑐 𝜕𝑐 𝜕2𝑐 𝜕2𝑐
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 = 𝐷 + 𝜕𝑦 2 (6)
𝜕𝑥 2
 For solid (Heat and mass source):

𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
ks + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝑄 ∙ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 = 0 (7)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2𝑐 𝜕2𝑐
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝑁 ∙ = 0 (8)
The boundary conditions as shown in Fig.1 are as follows:
Entrance Region:
 At 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝐻: 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 , 𝑢 = U𝑖 cos 𝛾 , 𝑣 = −U𝑖 sin 𝛾
Outlet Region:
 At 𝑥 = 𝐿 & 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 𝑐 ∶ 𝑢 = 𝑈𝑜 , 𝑣 = 0
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶
 At 𝑦 = 0: = =0 , 𝑣=𝑢=0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶
 At 𝑦 = 𝐻: = =0 , 𝑣=𝑢=0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Heat and Mass Source:
 At 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑊 & 𝑦 = 𝑊: 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 , 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑠
Introducing the following dimensionless groups:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑢 𝑣 𝑝 𝑇−𝑇 𝑐−𝑐 𝑖
𝑋 = 𝐻 , 𝑌 = 𝐻 , 𝑈 ∗ = 𝑈 , 𝑉 ∗ = 𝑈 , 𝑃∗ = 𝜌 2 , 𝜃 = 𝑇 −𝑇𝑖 , 𝐶 ∗ = 𝑐 (9)
𝑖 𝑖 ∞ 𝑈𝑖 𝑠 𝑖 𝑠 −𝑐 𝑖
Introducing the above dimensionless group to the governing equations, a set of

dimensionless governing equations is obtained as follows:

 For fluid:
𝜕𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑉 ∗
+ =0 (10)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌
𝜕𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑃 ∗ 1 𝜕2𝑈∗ 𝜕2𝑈∗
𝑈∗ + 𝑉∗ =− + 𝑅𝑒 + (11)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌 2
𝜕𝑉 ∗ 𝜕𝑉 ∗ 𝜕𝑃 ∗ 1 𝜕2𝑉∗ 𝜕2𝑉∗
𝑈∗ + 𝑉∗ =− + 𝑅𝑒 + + 𝑅𝑖 𝜃 + 𝑁 𝐶 ∗ (12)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌
2 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 1 𝜕 𝜃
𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑋 + 𝑉 ∗ 𝜕𝑌 = 𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑒 + 𝜕 𝜃2 (13)
𝜕𝑋2 𝜕𝑌
2 2
𝜕 𝐶∗ ∗ 𝜕 𝐶∗ 𝜕 𝐶∗
𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑋 + 𝑉 ∗ 𝜕𝜕𝑌𝐶 = 𝐿𝑒 𝑃𝑟
1
2 + (14)
𝑅𝑒 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌2
 For solid (Heat and mass source):
𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
𝜙𝜃+𝐾 + 𝜕𝑌 2 = 0 (15)
𝜕𝑋 2
𝜕2 𝐶∗ 𝜕2 𝐶∗
𝜕𝑋 2
+ 𝜕𝑌 2
+ 𝐶∙ 𝐶∗ = 0 (16)
Thus the dimensionless boundary conditions are:
Entrance Region:
 At 𝑋 = 0 & 𝑏/𝐻 ≤ 𝑌 ≤ 1: 𝜃 = 0 , 𝑈 ∗ = cos 𝛾 , 𝑉 ∗ = − sin 𝛾
Outlet Region:
𝑈𝑜
 At 𝑋 = 𝐿/𝐻 & 0 < 𝑌 ≤ 𝑐/𝐻 ∶ 𝑈 ∗ = , 𝑉∗ = 0
𝑈𝑖
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝐶 ∗
 At 𝑌 = 0: = = 0 , 𝑉 ∗ = 𝑈∗ = 0
𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝐶 ∗
 At 𝑌 = 1: = = 0 , 𝑉 ∗ = 𝑈∗ = 0
𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌
Heat and Mass Source:

 At a/H ≤ X ≤ a + W /H & Y = W/H: θ = 1
Nusselt Number Calculation

By equating the heat transfer by convection to the heat transfer by conduction at top,
left and right hot walls of the heat source, we get:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
ℎ ∆𝑇 = −𝑘 , ℎ ∆𝑇 = −𝑘 , ℎ ∆𝑇 = −𝑘 (17)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝑎+𝑊 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=𝑊

Introducing the dimensionless variables defined in Eq. 9, gives:
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝑁𝑢𝑙 = − , 𝑁𝑢𝑙 = − , 𝑁𝑢𝑙 = − (18)
𝜕𝑋 𝑋=𝑎/𝐻 𝜕𝑋 𝑋=(𝑎+𝑊)/𝐻 𝜕𝑌 𝑌=𝑊/𝐻
The average Nusselt number is obtained by integrating the above local Nusselt
number over the three sides of the heat source:
1 𝜕𝜃 1 𝜕𝜃
𝑁𝑢 = − 𝐴 𝑑𝑌, 𝑁𝑢 = − 𝐴 𝑑𝑌,
1 𝜕𝑋 𝑋=𝑎/𝐻 2 𝜕𝑋 𝑋=(𝑎+𝑊)/𝐻
1 𝜕𝜃
𝑁𝑢 = − 𝐴 𝑑𝑋 (19)
3 𝜕𝑌 𝑌=𝑊/𝐻
Where; 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴3 = 𝑊/𝐻
SOLUTION PROCEDURE
The governing equations are solved using the finite volume technique developed by
Patankar [30]. This technique is based on the descretization of the dimensionless governing
equations using the central difference in space, then the algebraic equations resulted from the
descretization are solved together. Firstly, the deviations obtained for domain (27×52) and
(35×70) was less than 0.25%. The iteration method used in this program is a line-by-line,
which is a combination of the direct method and the resulting Tri Diagonal Matrix Algorithm
(TDMA). The convergence of the iteration is determined by procedure the change in the
average Nusselt as well as other dependent variables through five hundred iterations to be
less than 0.01% from its initial value. Fig.2 shows the convergence and stability of the
solution.
PROGRAM VALIDATION AND COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS

WORK
The accuracy of the numerical technique employed for the solution of the problem
considered in the present study is validated by performing simulation for; Double-diffusive
mixed convective flow in rectangular enclosure with insulated moving lid which was reported
by Teamah and El-Maghlany [23]. This rectangular enclosure examined has an aspect ratio
A=2. The temperature Th and Tc are imposed along the vertical walls. The top and bottom
surfaces are assumed to be adiabatic and impermeable. The left wall is the source for both
heat and mass and the upper surface is moving left. Fig.3 shows the streamlines, isothermals
and isoconcentrations contours for Ri=1, Pr=0.7, N=1 and Le=50 (a) for present work and (b)
for Teamah and Elmaghlany [23]. Also, Fig.4 Shows the comparison for the average Nusselt
number with Teamah and El-Maghlany [23]. It is clear that the two figures show a good
agreement between the present code and their results.

Nu 4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

No. of iterations
Fig.2: Convergence and stability of the solution at Ri=10, 𝝓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 and γ=10
(a)
(b)
Fig.3: Isoconcentrations, streamlines and isotherms Ri=1, Pr=0.7, N=1 and Le=50
(a) Teamah and El-Maghlany[23] (b) Present Work

Present Work
Teamah and Elmaghlany
Nu 5
0.01 0.1 1 10
Ri
Fig.4: Effect of Richardson number on average Nusselt number for Pr=0.7, N=1
and Le=1 (a) Teamah and El-Maghlany [23] (b) Present Work
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effect of Richardson number as well as the fluid inlet angle on double diffusive
mixed convection in a ventilated rectangular cavity with aspect ratio A=2, are investigated.
The main governing parameter in mixed convection is Richardson number which represents
the effect of natural convection compared to forced convection. Typically, the natural
convection is negligible compared to the forced convection which exists with a small effect at
Ri  0.1 and the influence of forced convection is very small and almost neglected compared
to the natural convection at Ri 10 although it was found that the effect of both natural and
forced convection must be considered when 0.1 Ri 10 . During this study, the Grashof
number is kept constant at 105, Prandtl number at 0.71, Lewis number at 2 and Buoyncy ratio
at 0.5. Reynolds' number is varied from 100 to 1000 by changing the velocity of the inlet
fluid to reach the required Reynolds' number. This study covers ranges of Richardson number
from 0.1 to 10. Also, the fluid inlet angle is varied from 0 to 30.

Effect of Richardson number
The effect of Richardson number on the streamline, isotherm and isoconcentration

contours is demonstrated in Fig.5. The Richardson number ranges from 0.1 to 10 while the
heat generation coefficient,  is kept constant at 1.5 and the fluid enters to the cavity with
=10. Fig.5. Shows that at low values of Richardson number, such as 0.1, the forced
convection due to the driven force dominates the flow structure and flow is forced from the
inlet to the exit far from the heat source zone due to the high velocity with maximum
strength, ψ = 0.04. Although, at Ri = 0.1, the natural convection regime has a slight effect
which almost can be neglected, represented by a counter clockwise vortex at the upper left
corner of the cavity with a maximum strength, ψ= 0.045. Also, at Ri = 0.1563 and Ri = 0.278,
it appears clearly that the flow has the same attitude but with different velocity strength. As
the Richardson number increases to Ri = 1, the inertia and buoyancy forces balance each
other, which then results in a mixed convection. A counter clockwise vortex formed with a
maximum strength, ψ = 0.03 at the bottom right side of the cavity representing the effect of
natural convection which begins to have a bigger influence at higher values of Richardson
number. In the other hand, when the Richardson number further increases to Ri = 10, the
buoyancy force becomes the dominant mechanism to drive the convection of the fluid, and
the flow is in the regime of natural convection which is represented by the counter clockwise
vortex almost covering the whole cavity. Moreover, at low values of Richardson number at
which the forced convection is highly dominated, the isotherm contours are concentrated near
the left side of the heat source because due to high velocity of the flow, the flow is directed
from the inlet to the exit preventing the heat transfer between the left side of the heat source
of the flow field. Otherwise, due to the counter clockwise vortex formed at the bottom right
corner of the cavity presenting the natural convection domain at high values of Richardson
number, the isotherm contours begins to act differently by having a high concentration near
the right wall of the cavity representing the natural convection between the right wall of the
cavity (cold side) and the heat source (hot side). Finally, it is clear that the Richardson
number has the same effect of the isoconcentration contours but with different strength due to
the value of Lewis number (Le=2) which can be defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to
mass diffusivity.
Fig. 6 demonstrates the effect of Richardson number on average Nusselt number; it

shows that at low values of Richardson number, 0.6 Ri 3, the natural convection effect
opposes the effect of the forced convection. It seems that because of the decrease of fluid
velocity due to the decrease of Reynolds' number and as a result the increase of Richardson
number, the streamlines begin to form an obstacle eliminating the heat transfer between the
left wall of the cavity (cold side) and left wall of the heat source (hot side) causing the
decrease of the average Nusselt number. As the natural convection regime begins to have a
clear effect at high values of Richardson number, 3 Ri 10, it appears that the average
Nusselt number has a different attitude. Obviously, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show that the average
Nusselt number increase with the increase of Richardson number due the counter clockwise
vortex formed at the bottom right side of the cavity and causing higher heat transfer rate
between the right wall of the cavity (cold side) and the right wall of the heat source (hot side).

Ri=0.1 Ri=0.1563 Ri=0.278 Ri=1.11 Ri=10

Isoconcentrations
Isotherms
Streamlines
y
Fig.5: Effect of Richardson number on streamlines, isotherms and
isoconcentrations at =1.5 and γ=10̊
Although, it is observed that there is an increase in the average Nusselt number with the
increase of Richardson number from 0.1 to 0.5. Fig. 5 shows that when there is a decrease in
the fluid velocity due to the increase of Richardson number, the streamlines begins to flow
near the heat source which causes an increase in the average Nusselt number. This attitude
begins to disappear at Ri=0.625. Moreover, it is clearly observed that at low values of
Richardson number, the distance between the isotherms are very concentrated and in another
way it can be said that the distance between the isotherms is very small. Referring to the
relation between the value of the average Nusselt number and the distance between the

isotherms represented by Eq. 20 high values of average Nusselt number are obtained at low
values of Richardson number. It is can be said that high values of average Nusselt number are
obtained as the isotherms are dissipating all over the domain. Otherwise, as Richardson
number increases representing the domination of the natural convection regime, the Nusselt
number has a different technique as it increases with the increase of Richardson number but
this rise in the Nusselt number doesn't exceed the values of Nusselt number when the forced
convection regime is dominated in the flow field, in this case the heat transfer rate has its
higher values.
1.6
1.2
Nu
0.8
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ri
Fig.6: Effect of Richardson number on streamlines, isotherms and
isoconcentrations at =1.5 and γ=10̊
Effect of inlet angle
Studying the effect of the fluid inlet angle to the cavity will be investigated. The
computations will be carried out keeping constant values of Richardson number; Ri=1.11 and
Heat generation coefficient =1.5. The results will be represented for a range of inlet angle of
0 ≤ γ ≤ 30. Fig.8 shows that the streamlines have a high concentration near the heat source
domain when the flow is directed from the inlet to the heat source which is clear at (γ=20).
So, obviously, the concentration of the streamlines increases with the increase of the inlet
angle. Also, this coherence near the heat source causes the increase of the heat transfer rate
between the flow field and the heat source domain. At γ=0, the streamlines are not directed
to the heat source so that the isotherm contours are far from the heat source and are

concentrated near the right wall of the cavity. At this case the heat transfer rate is very small
and almost neglected between the fluid flow and the heat source. This low heat transfer rate
appears in the value of average Nusselt number which is minimum at γ=0.To emphasize the
effect of changing the inlet angle of the fluid to the cavity, Fig.7 plots the effect of the inlet
angle on the average Nusselt number. It is observed that the average Nusselt number
increases as the inlet angle increases from γ=0 to γ=20 at which it has a maximum value
due to the high heat transfer rate between the left side of the cavity (cold side) and the heat
source (hot side) . Although, the Nusselt number begins to decrease at γ=20, it seems that
the heat source is acting as an obstacle between Right wall of the cavity (cold side) and the
heat source (hot side) eliminating the heat transfer between them and affecting the value of
the average nusslet number which begins to have lower values. Furthermore, Fig.7 illustrates
the effect of the inlet angle on the isotherm and the isoconcentration contours. It is shown that
as the inlet angle increases from 0 to 20, the concentration of the isotherms and the
isoconcentrations becomes more coherent near the heat source located at the center of the
bottom wall of the cavity, as the streamlines are directed to the heat source causing a high
transfer rate between the cold side and hot side which becomes maximum at 20, this high
transfer rate is represented by the increase of the average Nusselt number which becomes
maximum at γ=20as observed in Fig.8. Also, it is observed that the isotherms begin to have
lower concentration near the heat source at γ<20 as the fluid is directed far from the heat
source and results in a decrease in the heat transfer rate. Finally, it is clear that the inlet angle
has the same effect on the isoconcentration contours but with different strength.
1.2
0.8
Nu
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 10 20 30
Inlet angle
Fig.7: Effect of inlet angle on the average Nusselt number at Ri=1.11 and =1.5

Inlet angle = 0 Inlet angle = 10 Inlet angle = 20 Inlet angle = 30
Isoconcentrations
Isotherms
Streamlines
y
Fig.8: Effect of inlet angle on the streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentrations at
Ri=1.11 and =1.5

CONCLUSIONS
 The Richardson number is the main parameter affecting the flow distribution in the
cavity.
 At 0.6 ≤ Ri <3, where the forced convection regime is dominated, the average Nusselt
number decreases with the increase of Richardson number.
 At high values of Richardson number, 3 Ri <10, the average Nusselt number
increases with the increase of Richardson number due to the great influence of the
natural convection regime but the average Nusselt number doesn't exceed its value
when the forced convection regime is dominated in the flow flow field.
 The average Nusselt number has its higher value at γ=20̊ and decreases at γ>20
because at this case the flow is directed far from the heat source which decreases the
heat transfer rate.
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Numerical Study of Double Diffusive Mixed Convection in a Rectangular

Article · January 2013

Mohamed A. Teamah Wael M. El-Maghlany

Mohammed Anany Sarah Khallaf

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Numerical Study of Double Diffusive Mixed Convection

Corresponding Author: W. El-Maghlany ([email protected])

A Aspect ratio, H/L.

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ѱ Dimenionless stream function.

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Double diffusive convection in ventilated cavities has been subject of an intensive

A three dimensional numerical investigation of steady laminar natural convection in

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Considering an operation room in a hospital as an application of the present work,

Fig.1: Schematic diagram for the problem with boundary conditions

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 For solid (Heat and mass source):

The boundary conditions as shown in Fig.1 are as follows:

 At 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝐻: 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 , 𝑢 = U𝑖 cos 𝛾 , 𝑣 = −U𝑖 sin 𝛾

Heat and Mass Source:

Introducing the following dimensionless groups:

Introducing the above dimensionless group to the governing equations, a set of

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 For solid (Heat and mass source):

Thus the dimensionless boundary conditions are:

 At 𝑋 = 0 & 𝑏/𝐻 ≤ 𝑌 ≤ 1: 𝜃 = 0 , 𝑈 ∗ = cos 𝛾 , 𝑉 ∗ = − sin 𝛾

Heat and Mass Source:

Nusselt Number Calculation

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Introducing the dimensionless variables defined in Eq. 9, gives:

PROGRAM VALIDATION AND COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Fig.2: Convergence and stability of the solution at Ri=10, 𝝓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 and γ=10

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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Effect of Richardson number

The effect of Richardson number on the streamline, isotherm and isoconcentration

Fig. 6 demonstrates the effect of Richardson number on average Nusselt number; it

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Ri=0.1 Ri=0.1563 Ri=0.278 Ri=1.11 Ri=10

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Effect of inlet angle

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Inlet angle = 0 Inlet angle = 10 Inlet angle = 20 Inlet angle = 30

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[1] E. Yu and Y. Joshi, "A numerical study of three-dimensional laminar natural

Page 257 R S. Publication (http://rspublication.com), [email protected].

Page 258 R S. Publication (http://rspublication.com), [email protected].

[24] M. M. Billah, M. M. Rahman and M.A. Uddin, "Mixed Convection inside a

Page 259 R S. Publication (http://rspublication.com), [email protected].

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