COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ⁃ simultaneously detects mycobacterium

tuberculosis complex
TUBERCULOSIS (MTBC) and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) in less
than 2 hours
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - used for TB diagnosis among
(acid-fast bacilli) • presumptive DR-TB
Mode of Transmission: • PLHI with signs and symptoms of TB
Direct: Airborne through droplet nuclei (coughing, • smear-negative patient with OR findings
sneezing, and spitting) suggestive of TB
Indirect: Continuous exposure to infected persons (a) patients with EPT
within the family
Incubation Period: 2-10 weeks 3. TB Skin Test (TST)
⁃ aka Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) Test or
NTP (National Tuberculosis Control Program) Mantoux Test
Vision: A Tuberculosis-Free Philippines ⁃ shall NOT be used as the sole basis for TB
Zero deaths, disease, and suffering due to diognosis
tuberculosis ⁃ detect exposure to TB
Legal Basis: RA 10767-Comprehensive TB ⁃ test used among children
Elimination Plan Act of 2016 ⁃ intradermal (inner aspect of forearm) »
⁃ Locolized Rx - 48-72 hrs
Cardinal Signs/Symptoms (lasting for 2 2 weeks) • (+) Mantoux Test will have 210mm induration
• Cough
• Unexplained fever 4. Chest X-Ray (CXR)
• Unexplained weight loss ⁃ complement bacteriologic testing in the diagnosis
• Night sweat of TB
Other Symptoms ⁃ low specificity
• Hemoptysis ⁃ does not differentiate DS-TB form DR-TB
• Easy fatigability / malaise ⁃ helpful in localizing the site of TB lesion
• Shortness of breath / DOB ⁃ may be useful in diagnosing TB patients that are
asymptomatic, and cannot submit sputum specimen
2 Classification of TB but are suspected to have TB
(Anatomical Site) iB ha Ings ⁃ Posteroanterior (PA) upright view
1. Pulmonary TB (PTB) - Lungs ⁃ Pregnant: Written consent + abdominal
2. Extraordinary TB (EPTB) - Organs other protective shield
than the lungs
DIRECT OBSERVED TREATMENT (DOTS) short
laboratory/DiagnosticExam course or short period
1. Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM)
-the primary diagnostic methad adopted by the NTP • Locally known as "TUKTOK GAMUTAN" is a
provides a definitive diagnosis of active TB method to ensure treatment adherence by providing
procedure is simple economical constant supervision to TB patients.
microscopy center could be put up even in remote • (DOTS) is believed to be the most effective
areas strategy for controlling TB.
⁃ serves as one of the boses for categorizing IB
coses according to standard case definition ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS TO ENSURE SUCCESS
⁃ used to montor progress of patients with TB IN ITS IMPLEMENTATION
while they are on onti-TB treatment and confirm cure • Availability of Quality Assured
at the end of treatment. Sputum Microscopy,
• Uninterrupted Supply of Anti-TB
Ziehl-Neelsen Microscopy Drugs
(Gram Staining) • Supervised Treatment
economical • Patient and Program Monitoring
• Political Will
Fluorescence Microscopy (FM)
-efficient in detecting acid-fast bacilli (AFB) 5 MAJOR DRUGS TX. FOR TB
H - Isoniazid
2. Xpert MTB/RIF R - Rifambin
⁃ as a rapid diggnostic assay test for I and drug Z - Pyrazinamide
resistence E - Ethambutol
S - Streptomycin
FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TREATMENT
Two or more Anti- TB drugs are combined in one • DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN
tablet, especially when medication is not observed. • ANTIBIOTICS
⁃ PENICILLIN
SINGLE DRUG TUFORMULATION ⁃ ERYTHROMYCIN (drug of choice thru IM)
Each drug is prepared individually
PREVENTION
PREVENTION AND CONTROL • VACCINATION
• BC vaccination of newborn infants provides ⁃ TDAP/DAP
• 50% Protection against any TB disease. • PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Health éducation ⁃ ISOLATION
• Environmental sanitation ⁃ DISTANCING
• Early diagnosis and treatment ⁃ HANDWASHING
• Respiratory isolation
PERTUSSIS
The roles of the t'B wurse manaser can can be
summed up into tee major fuactions: Whooping cough (caused by Bordetella pertussis
1. Managing services for the Individually dlagnosed bacteria) and haemophillus pertussis is a respiratory
or suspected of having TB from Inielation to infection primarily affecting babies under 6 months
completion of treatment and a change in the old and older children with fading immunity
diagnosis or death.
2. Scheduling Immedlately anether date I° patient SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
is unable to keep appointments to avold the patient • RUNNY NOSE
being labeled as dellnquent • SNEEZING
• MILD COUGH
DIPTHERIA (unique: presence of • LOW-GRADE FEVER
pseudomembrano membrane)
• highly contagious DIAGNOSE THRU:
• caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Nose or Throat Culture and Test
• mainly affects the nose and throat • Blood Test - pagtaas an wbc
• Chest X-ray - ma order to determine may
2 TYPES inflammation or fluid ha lunga
• respiratory diptheria (nose, lungs)
• cutaneous diptheria (wounds and blisters) PHASES
1. catharal phase - runny nose coughing fever 1 to
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 2 weeks non specific signs and symptms
• A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and 2. paroxysmal phase - whooping cough 1 to 2
tonsils months specific symptoms
• Swollen glands in the neck 3. convalescent phase - severe complication an
• Sore throat symptoms nagtitikawara na
• Fever
• Throat pain. TREATMENT
• Weakness or fatigue AZITHROMYCIN
• Breathing problems CLARITHROMYCIN
• Dysphagia ERYTHROMYCIN
• Slurred speech
• skin sores that will not heal and may be covered Whooping cough in infants under 6 months requires
with the grey tissue. hospital treatment including suctioning, oxygen, IV
fluids, and precautions to prevent infection spread to
If infection continues: other patients, staff, and visitors.
• Nerve;
• Kidney; complication: abdominal hernia kay sge tim pag
• Heart problems inubo. as nurses, instruct patient to use pillow for
support, hug the pillow while coughing.
Diagnostic Test/Procedure
Laboratory Test COVID - 19
• Throat Culture
• can also take a sample from an open sore or MOT: Droplets (greater than 5), Alrborne (less than
ulcer 5), Fomites (pwede maging reservoir)
• Known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). • Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to
• Caused by the virus Severe Acute Respiratory life-threatening.
Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• first is SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome 1. Bacterial Pneumonia
• seconds is MERS, ha saudi nag originate 2012 • The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
• recently an SARS- CoV-2 is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Can occur on its own or developed after you've
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS had a cold or the flu.
• Symptoms may appear 2 to 14 days after
exposure. 2. Viral Pneumonia
• Presymptomatic transmission • This is usually caused by respiratory viruses
• Asymptomatic transmission • Most viral pneumonias are not serious and last a
• Common symptoms can include: shorter time than bacterial pneumonia
• Fever • SARS-CoV-2 = adult
• Cough • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) = young
• Tiredness children

• Early symptoms of COVID-19 may include 3. Fungal Pneumonia

anosmia (no sense of smell) or ageusia(no • Most common in people with chronic health
sense of taste). problems or weakened immune systems
• Other symptoms may include: • Acquired also by people who are exposed to
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. large doses of certain fungi from contaminated soil
• Muscle aches or bird droppings.
• Chills • It's not spread from person to person.
• Sore throat
• Runny nose 4. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
• Vomiting • This refers to pneumonia that's acquired outside
• Diarrhea hospital or other healthcare institutions.
• Rash • This is the most common type of pneumonia
• Headache
• Chest pain 5. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
• Pink eye (conjunctivitis) • Refers to pneumonia acquired during a hospital
• Nausea stay.
• This type of bacterial pneumonia can be more
DIAGNOSTIC TEST serious than other types
• Molecular test e.g. PCR test (nakakadetect hin
smallest proteins) 6. Aspiration Pneumonia
• ANTIGEN TEST (may false positive kay large • Occurs when an individual inhales bacteria into
proteins la it kaya ma detect) the lungs from food, drink, vomit or saliva
hallmark sign : anosmia and aguesia • It's more likely to occur if you have a swallowing
problem or excess use of alcohol or drugs
PREVENTION
• COVID-19 vaccines 7. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Maintaining physical distancing • Is a lung infection that develops in a person who is
• Wearing of face masks on a ventilator.
• Washing hands
• Improved ventilation SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Proper cough etiquette • Coughing
• Fever
PNEUMONIA • Sweating or chills
pathoneumonic sign: rusty sputum or prune • Shortness of breath
orange na sputumand owede mah produce dry • Chest pain
cough (waray plema amo na prescribe hin • Feeling of tiredness or fatigue
expectorant it doctor) and productve cough (may • Loss of appetite
plema)and this is considered deadly because it • Nausea or vomiting
targets our alveoli. • Headaches

• Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition affecting DIAGNOSTIC TEST

air sacs in one or both lungs. • LISTENING TO YOUR LUNGS AS YOU
• Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may cause pneumonia. BREATHE
• SPUTUM TEST 4. A(H5N1) or "Bird Flu" (1996-1997) - common ha
• CHEST X-RAY water birds like goose, geese, ducks
• BLOOD TEST
Influenza B
• Are not classified into subtypes but can be broken
TREATMENT down into lineages.
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the 1. B / Yamagata Lineage - started ha japan
pneumonla, your age and overall health. Treatment 2. B / Victoria Lineage - china
options aims at curing the infection and preventing
complications. Influenza C
• Is detected less frequently and usually causes mild
TREATMENT OPTIONS INCLUDES: infections, thus does not present public health
• ANTIBIOTIC importance.
• MEDICINE TO REDUCE
• PAIN/FEVER Influenza D
• SOMETIMES, EXTRA FLUIDS OR OXYGEN • Primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect
or cause iliness in people.
PREVENTION
• REDUCING EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
POLLUTION Symptoms of influenza usually begin around 2 days
• ADEQUATE NUTRITION after being infected by someone who has the virus.
• IMMUNIZATION • Sudden onset of fever
• AVOIDING SMOKING NEAR CHILDREN • Cough (usually dry)
• IMPROVING HOUSE CONDITIONS • Headache
• Muscle and joint pain
INFLUENZA • Severe malaise (feeling unwell)
• Sore throat
KEY FACTS • Runny nose
• There are around a billion cases of seasonal
influenza annually. including 3-5 million cases of DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
severe illness. 10 - 20 minutes:
• It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTS)
annually. • Rapid molecular assays
• Ninety-nine percent of deaths in children under 5 Several hours:
years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory • Reverse transcription polymerase chain
tract infections are in developing countries. reaction (RT-PCR)
• Symptoms begin 1-4 days after infection and • Viral culture
usually last around a week. • Immunofluorescence assays.

• Commonly known as "The Flu". TREATMENT

• Caused by Influenza Viruses (A, B, C, D). Most people will recover from influenza on their own.
• From the family of Orthomyxoviridae. People with severe symptoms or other medical
• Transmitted through tiny droplets when an conditions should seek medical care.
infected person coughs or sneezes and fomites. People with mild symptoms should.
TYPES • stay home to avoid infecting other people
• rest
Influenza A • drink plenty of fluids
• Are further classified into subtypes according to • treat other symptoms such as fever
the combinations of the proteins on the surface of • seek medical care if symptoms get worse.
the virus. People at high risk or with severe symptoms should
• Currently circulating in humans are be treated with antiviral medications as soon as
subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. possible.
1. A(H1N1) or "Spanish Flu" (1918-1920) -
deadliest flu caused by birds ha feces TREATMENT
2. A(H1N1)pdm09 or "Swine Flu" (2009-2010) - There are four FDA-approved influenza antiviral
tikang ha baboy drugs recommended by CDC for use against
3. A(H3N2) or "Hong Kong Flu" (1968) - most recently circulating influenza viruses.
severe influenza tikang ha mixture of pigs and • Rapivab (peramivir)
humans • Relenza (zanamivir)
• Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate, available as • Administering the Vaccine
generic) • Dosage: 1.5 ml
• Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) • Minimum Age: 12 months
• 2 Doses with a 2-Week Interval (para ma
PREVENTION maximize an immunization)

Vaccination AMOEBIASIS
inactivated - im
recombinant- im ⁃ pathogneumonic sign: bloody mucoid stool and
life attenuated- intranasal tenesmus (sget popo pero feeling niya di laghap
Annual vaccination is recommended for hiya nakag poop)
• Pregnant women ⁃ once u get infected, for lifetime na ini
• Children aged 6 months to 5 years madedeadtivate la an parasite ha sulod.
• People over age 65 • an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a
• People with chronic medical conditions microscopic (tiny) parasite
• Health workers • caused by: Entamoeba histolytica
Other ways to prevent influenza:
• wash and dry your hands regularly cover your SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
mouth and nose. • NAUSEA
• dispose of tissues correctly • DIARRHEA
• stay home when feeling unwell • WEIGHT LOSS
• avoid close contact with sick people • STOMACH TENDERNESS
• avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. • OCCASIONAL FEVER

CHOLERA FOR SEVERE AMOEBIASIS

⁃ pathogneumonic sign of cholera: rice watery • STOMACH PAIN
stools • BLOODY STOOLS
• FEVER
⁃ caused by: Vibrio cholerae amoebic dysentery - severe form of amoebiasis
• is an acute diagrhoeal infection caused by
ingestion of food or water contaminated with the DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURE
bacterium Vibrio cholerae FECAL EXAMINATION
• originated in India's Ganges Delta
• source is usually the feces of an infected person. TREATMENT
• HYDRATION (electrolytes)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS • METRONIDAZOLE (500 mg) (oral 6 to 8 hrs for 7
• Diarrhea/rice-water stools to 14 days)
• Intense thirst. • TINIDAZOLE (2g)
• Lower amounts of urine
• Muscle cramps. Prevention Strategies
• Restlessness or irritability. Hand Hygiene
• Vomiting. • Proper Handwashing Techniques
• Weakness. • The importance of soap and water
• Duration of handwashing
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURE • When to wash hands
• Stool culture Food Handling
• rapid dipstick test • Proper Food Handling Techniques
• Safe food storage
TREATMENT • Cooking temperatures
• Fluid replacement • Avoiding cross-contamination
• (Oresol) • Importance of clean utensils and surfaces
• IVF Community Measures
• Antimicrobials (doxycycline (adult, bata, pregnant • Encouraging clean water sources
woman), azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin) • Improving sanitation facilities
• Community health education
Prevention Strategies
• Handwashing TYPHOID FEVER
• Proper Sanitation ⁃ pathogneumoc sign: ladder-like fever, rose
• Boiling and Chlorination of Water spots
• Cholera Vaccination (IMPORTANT) ⁃ AKA Enteric Fever
⁃ is an acute illness associated with fever caused • Rash
by the Salmonella Typhi • Intense pain behind your eyes
• Nausea or vomiting
How do people get typhoid fever? • Muscle, bone, and joint pain
-it is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria in -Symptoms start to appear 4-10 days after mosquito
contaminated food or water. bite, can last 3-7 days.
na spread hiya if an infected person touches food
with their hands or anything na ginkaptan nira SEVERE DENGUE (DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Stomach/abdominal pain
• Frequent vomiting
1. Prodromal: headache, fever, anorexia,lethargy, • Throwing up blood or blood in your stool
diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain • Nose bleed or bleeding gums
2. Fastigial: Ladder-Like Curve of temperature, rose • Extreme tiredness, restlessness or irritability
spots on trunk, spleenomegaly
3. Defervescence: fever gradually subsides, onset DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURES
of complications such as hemorrhage, peritonitis • Dengue NS1 antigen test
4 Convalescence or recovery stage • IgM antibody test
• IgG antibody test
LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST • Complete blood count (CBC) test ( rbc in men:
- TYPHIDOT TEST - blood test if may presence of 4.7 to 6.2 million; in women 4.2 - 5.4) ( wbc 4500 -
IgM (infected with typhoid fever)and IgG (infected 11000) (platelets: 115000) if low pwede ka ma fall
with or past history with the disease) ha risk yieee ehe

TREATMENT TREATMENT
- CHLORAMPHENICOL (first antibiotic used for tx of If you think you have dengue:
typhoid fever) There's no specific treatment for dengue
• See a healthcare provider if you develop a fever
Prevention Strategies or have symptoms of dengue. Tell him or her about
• Hand hygiene and handwashing your travel.
• Proper sanitation • Rest as much as possible.
• Sanitary disposal of feces • Take acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol)
• Avoidance of feces, fomites, and flies to control fever and relieve pain. Do not take aspirin
• Safe handling of food and fluids (acts as anti platelet ) (stops blood clotting)or
Ibuprofen!(nipis the blood)
• Typhoid Vaccine • Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. Drink water
• 0,5 ml per IM single dose. or drinks with added electrolytes.
• Suitable for individuals aged 2 years and above.
• Community Education PREVENTION
• Cover and clean water containers on a regular
VECTOR BORNE DISEASES basis.
DENGUE or chikungunya • Keep your house clean and tidy
⁃ causitive agent: dengue virus or chikunggunya • Wear protective clothing like long sleeves and
virus pants inside and outside
⁃ an natransmit or nagdadara: aegis egypti, • Invest in a mosquito net
nakagat hira day time and low la it ira pag fly • Consider putting up screens
⁃ routine extraction of blood: hemorrhagic fever, • Purchase insecticides that's effective against
target han pathogens kay decreased platelete levels mosquitoes and is safe to use inside your home
kay higher risk for bleeding amo always gin • Dispose of waste properly
checheck • Drain and clean your roof gutters to avoid water
build up
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely • Apply mosquito repellent all over your body
spread in tropical and subtropical regions. The
disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which DENGUE FEVER
breed in a peri-domestic environment. G1 - FLUE LIKE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Dengue can occur more than once in a person's G2 - INCREASED RAHES, PETECHIAE,
lifetime ECHIMOSIS
G3 - NA START MAGING ABNORMAL AN VITAL
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SIGNS, HYPOTACHYTACHY EARLY SIGN FOR
• High fever (104°/40°C) INTERNAL BLEEDING
G4 - PRESENCE OF HEMORRAHGIC SCHOCK • Primaquine - p. ovale and vivax and promotes
relapses
MALARIA • Quinine and Quinidine - severe and
complicated malaria cases thru iv or oral
• Malaria, is a potentially life-threatening disease
caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa PREVENTION
transmitted by an infective female Anopheles • Eliminate anopheles mosquito vectors
mosquito vector. (female mosquito kay amon • Limit dusk to dawn outdoor exposure
nakuha hin blood ha tawo kay they need protein kay • Use insect repellent (diethyloluamide, picaridin, or
hira man na carry han baby) (bites ha gabi and high oil of lemon eucalyptus) and nets
flyer) • Advise travelers

Kinds of Malaria FILARIASIS

Plasmodium falciparum (most common ha ph
• infect RBCs of all ages • Parasitic nematodes / roundworms
P. vivax • Filarioidea superfamily
• lasts for 2-3 months • causitive agent: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia
• infects only immature RBCs malayi and brugia bemori ?
P. ovale • vector: aedes pocillus
• Often resolves without treatment • The larval form of the parasite transmits the
P. malariae disease to humans by the bite of a mosquito.
• remain asymptomatic • target is lymphatics asya may enlargement kay
P. knowlesi target and lymph nodes. endemic ini ha caraga
• should be treated as aggressively region

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• High fevers 1. Fever and headache
• Chills 2. Inflammation
• Headache 3. Lymphedema
• Nausea and vomiting 4. Hydrocele
• Difficulty breathing 5. Edema
• Dark or bloody urine
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin) DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURES
• Extreme tiredness and fatigue • Microscopic testing
Providers may view the blood sample under a
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROCEDURES microscope
• Blood Smear (most common a.k.a thin and thick • Antibody testing
smear) Providers may measure the blood sample for
• Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RPTs) (mayda na results antibodies
after 15 to 20 mins) (if positive infected na with • nocturnal blood testing kay active hira ha gabi
malaria species) (used ha may limited kuan
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ( highly TREATMENT
sensitive and accurate helpful for early diagnosis • Medication: You may take anti-parasitic
and to detect mga asymptomatic kay nagamit dna) medicines such as ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine
• Serology Tests or albendazole
• Antigen Detection Tests • Surgery: You may have surgery to remove dead
• Quantitative Buffy Coat (OBC) (hahaluan hin worms from your bloodstream
anticoagulant, plasma makada ha igbaw tas ha • Elephantiasis management: The healthcare
middle an buffy coat) provider may also recommend strategies to manage
swelling, such as elevation or compression
TREATMENT garments.
• Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies
(ACTs) artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate- PREVENTION
mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine • Avoiding mosquito bites
• Chloroquine - p. vibax, ovale, malaria • Sleep under a mosquito net
• Mefloquine - used for chemoprophylaxis • Use insect repellent on exposed skin, especially
• Atovaquone-Proguanil - sold under malarone at night
effective for p. falcifarum, ovale, vivax • Wear long pants and long sleeves
• Doxycycline - both tx and prevention effective for
p. falcifarum used in areas resistant to other drugs POLIOMYELITIS
• Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life- VACCINATION
threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. family
of picornaviridae Inactivated polio vaccine
• paralytic disease • Salk vaccine
• developed by Jonas Salk
type 2 and 3 eradicated na • Killed virus
type 1- most likely that causes paralysis • IM
MOT: droplets, aerosols, fecal domination of hands, • humoral
water • Less-expensive
INC PER: 2 to 7 days pag paralytics and non
paralytic 7 to 21 days Oral polio vaccine

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Sabin vaccine

• Sore throat • developed by Albert Sabin live;attenuated
• Fever • Oral
• Tiredness • humoral; cell-mediated
• Nausea • expensive
• Headache
• Stomach pain MUMPS
• target is parotid glands
MORE SERIOUS: • is a viral illness caused by a paramyxovirus
• Meningitis • known for puffy cheeks and tender, swollen jaw
• Paralysis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
How is polio diagnosed? • Fever
1. Assessment • Headache
2.Symptoms • Muscle aches
⁃ acute asymmetric flaccid paralysis (neurologic • Tiredness
condition characterized by rducd muscle tone) • Loss of appetite
⁃ "floppy baby" SERIOUS: hearing loss and infertility
3. Lab Values
⁃ throat culture DIAGNOSTIC TEST/ PROCEDURE
⁃ stool culture A test of a sample from the mouth.
⁃ blood A blood test that may show an immune system
⁃ CSF (spinal tap) reaction to the virus.
• A test of a sample of urine, but this is less common.
How is it treated?
1. no specific medications TREATMENT
2. paralytic polio = physical therapy. SUPPORTIVE CARE
3. breathing muscles are weakened or paralyzed = Steps you can take to aid recovery and lessen
need mechanical ventilation (a machine that helps symptoms include:
you breathe) Improve symptoms by: •Rest.
• Drinking fluids (such as water, juice and broth). Pain relievers
• Using heat packs to help muscle aches. • A cold or warm cloth for swollen salivary glands.
• Taking pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil°, • Drinking plenty of fluids.
Motrin®).
• Doing physical therapy and any exercise PREVENTION
recommended by your healthcare provider. • MUMPS VACCINE (MMR VACCINE)
• Getting plenty of rest.

Prevention HEPATITIS B
1. Vaccination (childhood) Two types of polio • serious liver infx
vaccines; • cause: HBV
• Inactivated polio vaccine developed by jonas salk • pale colored stool kay not enough bile
• Oral polio vaccine (live-attenuated) - developed
by albert sabin Acute Hepa B
1. Practice good hand hygiene • less than 6 mos.
2. Wash hands often with soap and water. • fast onset & fast recovery
3. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not enough.
chronic Hepa B
• more than 6 mos. LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
• newborns/children Tzanck Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) Test
Cause
• Perinatal transmission TREATMENT:
• exposure to infected blood and body fluids Supportive care, anti-viral drugs
• sexual transmission
• needlestick injury PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
Immunization (Varivax) for 2 doses at 12 to 18
Sx months
• Abd. Pain
• dark urine MEASLES
• fever CAUSATIVE AGENT: Morbili virus
• joint pain MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Airborne
• anorexia SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• nausea and vomiting Acute onset of fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis,
• weakness and fatigue bronchitis, excessive lacrimation, Koplik’s spots,
• jaundice maculo papular rashes.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
DX 8 to 20 days, average of 10 days.
Hepa B Panel (all is done thru phlebotomy) TREATMENT:
• HBSAg (used to detect currnt infection) supportive care , antibiotic if with complications like
• HBsAb (used to check if may antibody an lawas pneumonia.
para han certain na sakit)
• НВсАЬ (used to detect kun nagka hepa kana LABORATORY/ DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION:
before) Tissue culture of naso-pharyngeal secretions and
• HBeAb (used to detect kun gaano ka severe an serological testing.
na cause han virus ha imo liver)
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
TX administer measles vaccine (MMR vaccine) at the
• antiviral agent age of 9 and 12 months.
• entecavir
• tenofovir o lamivudine GERMAN MEASLES
• adefovir telbivudine
• interferon IJ CAUSATIVE AGENT: TOGAVIRIDAE VIRUS
• liver transplant MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Droplet and direct
Prevention contact with nasopharyngeal secretions of infected
• Нера B vax person
• practice safe sex SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• avoid reusing and sharing needle Fever, headache, malaise, maculopapular rash,
• wash hands thoroughly with soap and water p enlarged post auricular occipital and posterior
contact c blood, body fluids, & contaminated surface cervical lymphadenopathy, sore throat, rhinitis,
conjuctivitis, bronchitis, forchheimer's spot .
CHICKEN POX INCUBATION PERIOD:
CAUSATIVE AGENT: 10 to 21 days
Varicella Zoster Virus
LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Serological testing
Direct and indirect contact with droplets from
respiratory passages or vesicle fluid. TREATMENT:
Supportive care but for exposed pregnant woman in
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: 1" trimester or 2nd trimester, serum immune globulin
Body malaise, fever, itchy vesicular-pustular lesions is administered to protect the fetus.
first appearing on the chest and trunk spreading to
extremities. PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
Rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine) at the age of 9 and
INCUBATION PERIOD: 12 months.
14 to 16 days, range 2 to 3 weeks
HERPES ZOSTER • Praziquantel

CAUSATIVE AGENT: PREVENTION

Varicella Zoster Virus
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: BEST WAY
Direct and Indirect contact specifically through • Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater
droplet infection and airborne spread. • Drink safe water
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: • Water used for bathing should be brought to a
.Burning, tingling or itching sensation, sensitivity to rolling boil for 1 minute
light • Vigorous towel drying
headache & fever and fatigue. • hand washing
INCUBATION PERIOD:
7 to 21 days, range 1 to 3 weeks LEPTOSPIROSIS

LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC TEST: • a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential,

Tzanck Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction especially after a heavy rainfall, caused by a
(PCR) Test bacterium called Leptospira.

TREATMENT: PHASES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

Antiviral agents ( Acyclovir, Famciclovir, • leptospiremic (acute) phase
Valacyclovir ). For pain ( Acetaminophen & • the immune (delayed) phase.
Ibuprofen )
SYMPTOMS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL: • high fever
Immunization (Shingrix) for 2 doses --2-6 months • red eyes
after 1st dose • abdominal pain
• headache and muscle ache
SCHISTOSOMIASIS • chills
• rash
-Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic • nausea, vomitting, and diarrhea
disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms)
of the genus Schistosoma. Diagnostic Test
• Blood or urine tests
2 TYPES • Imaging.
1. INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS - affects the
liver and the bowel Treatment
2. UROGENITAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS - affects • Antibiotics
the urinary and genitalia • Mechanical Ventilation
• Plasmapheres
SYMPTOMS
Prevention
INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS • Taking preventative medication.
• Abdominal pain • Avolding animals that could have leptospirosis.
• Diarrhea • Wearing protective clothing and shoes If you work
• Blood in the stool with or around animals.
• Liver enlargement • Wearing protective shoes and clothing If you
have to be in contact with water or soll that might be
UROGENITAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS contaminated with bacteria.
• Hardening of the bladder • Avolding water sports and swimming in lakes and
• Obstruction rivers after floods.
• Bladder cancer • Drinking only treated water.
• Hematuria • Wearing gloves If you have to touch dead
animals.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST • Covering open cuts or wounds with waterproof
• Stool and urine specimens dressing.
• biopsy of tissues
• blood tests (circumoval precipitin test) RABIES

TREATMENT DESORIPTION OF THE DISEASE

• safe and effective medication • Zoonotic Disease
• Causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the • Injuries with dead tissue
brain and spinal cord
• 2 forms: Furious Rabies and Paralytic Rabies SYMPTOMS
• Although fatal once clinical signs appear, rabies Tetanu
is entirely avoidable • Jaw cramping.
• 99% are acquired from the bite of an infected dog. • Sudden, involuntary muscle spasms - often in the
stomach.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: • Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.
• must travel through the brain before it can cause • Trouble swallowing.
symptoms • Seizures (jerking or staring)
• according to WHO the IP of rabies typically 2-3 • Headache.
months but may vary from I week to I year • Fever and sweating.
• the incubation period may be based • Changes in blood pressure and heart rate.
on: LOCATION OF THE EXPOSURE 
SITE TYPE OF RABIES VIRUS ANY EXISTING • risus sardonicus or sardonic smile
IMMUNITY • opisthotonos
• Ist symptoms: flu, including weakness or
discomfort, fever or headache, and discomfort. TREATMENT:
(progresses) • Medicines to control spasms
• Thorough cleaning of the wound
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OR PROCEDURES; • A course of tetanus antitoxin injections
• Tests are performed on samples of saliva, serum, • Use of a ventilator (breathing machine) if you have
spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the trouble breathing on your own
nape of the neck. • Antibiotics
• RT-PCR (like covid, ebola including rabies) • Other medicines to control pain and other
symptoms such as fast heartbeat
TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE
• No effective treatment Can tetanus be prevented?
• if you think you've been exposed to rabies, you • IMMUNIZATION such as DPT SHOT OR
must get a series of shots to prevent the infection VACCINE
from taking hold.
• Post Exposure prophylaxis (PEP) rabies vaccine LEPROSY
given on the day of the rabies exposure, and then a
dose of vaccine given again on days 3, 7, and 14. LEPROSY (KETONG) DESCRIPTION
• caused by mycobacterium leprae
PREVENTION: • Leprosy or Hansen's Disease
• Dogs are one of the major sources of rabies cases • chronic infectious and communicable disease
in humas. • affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes
• animal vaccination • not hereditary
• educating those at risk • doesn't cross placenta
• enhancing access of those bitten to appropriate • manifestations by 15 years old; diagnose at 20
medical care.
Signs and symptoms:
TETANUS • Early/Indeterminate - hypopigmented /
hyperpigmented anesthetic macules/plaques
• Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by a • Tuberculoid - solitary hypopigmented hypesthetic
bacterium called Clostridium tetani. Spores of macule, neurotic pain, contractures of hand and foot,
tetanus bacteria are everywhere in the environment. ulcers, eye involvement i.e. keratitis
The spores develop into bacteria when they enter • Lepromatous - multiple lesions, Loss of lateral
the body. portion of eyebrows (madarosis), corrugated skin
(leonine facies), septal collapse (saddle nose)
Common ways tetanus gets into your body
• Wounds contaminated with dirt, feces (poop), or LEPROSY (KETONG) DIAGNOSTIC
saliva (spit) ⁃ Skin smear test
• Puncture wounds (wounds caused by an object, ⁃ Skin lesion biopsy
like a nail or needle, breaking the skin) ⁃ Lepromin test
• Burns
• Crush injuries (injury to a body part due to TREATMENT
pressure from another object or being squeezed. Treatment depends on what type of leprosy you
• between two heavy objects) have.
Antibiotics are used to treat the infection: • Sore throat & difficulty swallowing
• If you experience numbness or a loss of feeling in
certain parts of the body or in patches on the skin. 4. Injection Anthrax
• Take antibiotics until your doctor says you • Most recent
complete the treatment. • Swelling, redness & severe pain at the injection
• If the affected skin patches become red and site
painful, nerves become painful or swollen. • Similar to cutaneous anthrax but poses more
serious complications
MEDICATION
• Dapsone- used to treat leprosy and to help DIAGNOSIS
control dermatitis herpetiformis, a skin problem. Only ways to confirm Anthrax diagnosis are:
• Rifampicin- no toxic effects have been reported ⁃ Measure antibodies or toxins in blood
in the case of monthly administration. ⁃ Test directly for Bacillus anthracis in a sample
• Clofazimine- medication that treats leprosy, that through:
can cause nerve damage and disfiguring sores on 1. Skin Testing (Biopsy)
your skin 2. Blood Tests
3. Chest X-ray Or CT scan
PREVENTION 4. Stool Testing
The best way to prevent the spread of leprosy: 5. Spinal Tap (Lumbar puncture)
• Early diagnosis or treatment
• Contacts, immediate and annual examination TREATMENTS
Antibiotics
ANTHRAX • Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
• Bacillus anthracis • Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
• Occurs naturally and remain dormant • Levoflaxin
• Primarily affects animals Antitoxins
• NOT contagious • Raxibacumab
4 Types: • Oblitoxaximab
• Cutaneous Anthrax ⁃ Anthrax immunoglobulin may also be used to
• Inhalation Anthrax neutralize the toxins
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax
• Injection Anthrax - Surgical removal of the tissue infected
More serious cases may require agressive treatment:
Age of Onset • Continuous fluid dainage
1. Cutaneous Anthrax: 1-7 days • Mechanical ventilation
2. Inhalation Anthrax: 1 week-2 months Fatality Rate:
3. Gastrointestinal: 1-7 days 1. Cutaneous - 20%/100%
• NOT hereditary 2. Inhalation - 100%/55%
• Primarily acquired through environmental 3. Gastrointestinal - 50%/60%
exposure
PREVENTION
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS 1. Vaccinations
1. Cutaneous Anthrax 2. Proper Handling of Animal
• Most common & least dangerous 3. Products & Environment
• Eschar sorrounded by swelling 4. Avoiding Consumption of Contaminated Meat
• Forms Scabs
SCABIES
2. Inhalation Anthrax • itchy skin rash
• Deadliest • caused by: sarcoptes scabiei hominis
• Respiratory distress (shortness of breath,sore • spread through skin-to-skin OR person-to-person
throat) contact
• Flu-like symptoms (Fever, cough) • usually in families, child care groups, school
• Severe respiratory distress, shock, & meningitis classes, nursing homes, prisons and communities

3. Gastrointestinal Anthrax SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

• Rare • severe itch
• Nausea & vomiting • itchy lines (linear burrows) and bumps (papules)
• Abdominal pain on fingers, wrists, arms, legs and belt area
• Diarrhea • enflamed bumps on male genitalia and female
• Fever & headache breasts
• larger rash in infants and small children CAUSATIVE AGENT: Treponema Pallidum
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual Contact
DIAGNOSIS INCUBATION PERIOD: 10-90 Days
• visual examination from head to toe
• dermatoscopy SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• micropsy of skin scrapings PRIMARY
treatment • Chancre that appears within 3 weeks at area of
• topical creams o permethrin cream o sulfur cream contact
• oral medications SECONDARY
• Ivermectin • Condylomata
• not to be taken by pregnant woman or children • Sore Throat
less than 15 kg • Mucus Patches of the Mouth
• Maculopapular Rash
PREVENTION TERTIARY
• avoid skin to skin contact with infested person • Gumma formation
• treat all members of the household • Cardiovascular & Nervous System involvement
• wash and dry beddings and clothing
• seal Items that cannot be washed LABORATORY/DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
• clean, vaccuum, sweep rooms after infested • Darkfield illumination Test
person has been treated • Veneral Disease Research Laboratory Test
• Fluorescent Treponemal AntibodyTest
GONORRHEA (clap, drip, tulo)
TREATMENT
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Neisseria gonorrhocea • Penicillin
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual Contact • Tetracycline
INCUBATION PERIOD: 2-7 days • Erythromycin
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Practice Monogamy
• THICK PURULENT • Sex Education
• URETHRAL DISCHARGE
• FREQUENT URINATION (POLYURIA) AMONG TRICHOMONIASIS
FEMALES
• BURNING URINATION (DYSURIA) AMONG CAUSATIVE AGENT: Trichomonas Vaginalis
MALES FEMALES MODE OF TRANSMISSION: sexual, pregnancy
INCUBATION PERIOD: 4 - 7 days
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION:
• CULTURE OF SPECIMEN IN THE CERVIX FOR SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FEMALES FEMALES
• GRAM STAIN FOR MALES • genital itching painful urination frothy, yellow-gray-
green. discharge
TREATMENT • foul-smelly vaginal discharge
• PENICILLIN
• CEFTRIAXONE MALES
• DOXYCYCLINE • pain when peeing or during ejaculation
• needing to pee more frequent than usual
NURSING CARE • thin, white discharge from t penis
• SYMPTOMATIC • soreness, swelling and rednes around the head of
the penis foreskin
PREVENTION
• " CREDE'S PROPHYLAXIS (SILVER NITRATE DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
TETRACYCLINE culture and sensitivity tests
• AVOID CONTACT WITH SECRETIONS TREATMENT
• PRACTICE MONOGAMOUS SEXUAL CONTACT Metronidazole
PREVENTION
SYPHILIS • bstinence
• e faithful (monogamy)
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (sTi) that • orrect use of condoms (contraception)
can cause serious heaith problems without
treatment. CHLAMYDIA
• is a common sexually transmitted infection.
• caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. • Muscle aches and joint pain
• not difficult to treat • Rash
• sexual intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, sharing • Sore throat and painful mouth sores
sex toys, manual stimulation of genitals or anus. • Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
• Diarrhea
SYMPTOMS • Weight loss
• White, yellow or gray discharge • Cough
• pyuria • Night sweats
• Increased need to pee
• dysuria Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)
• Bleeding in between periods • In this stage of infection, HIV is still present in the
• Painful periods. body and in white blood cells. However, many
• dyspareunia people may not have any symptoms or infections
during this time.
• Itching of the vagina.
• Dull pain in the lower part of your abdomen. Symptomatic HIV infection
• Pain, discomfort, bleeding or a mucus-like As the virus continues to multiply and destroy your
discharge from your buttocks immune cells the cells in your body that help fight off
• Sorethroat germ
• Conjunctivitis • Fever
• Fatigue
LABORATORY • Swollen lymph nodes often one of the first signs
nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of HIV infection
• Diarrhea
TREATMENT • Weight loss
Doxycycline • Oral yeast infection (thrush)
Azithromycin • Shingles (herpes zoster)
• Pneumonia
PREVENTION
• Use condoms SYMPTOMS
• Use dental dams Progression to AIDS
• Don't share sex toys When AIDS occurs, your immune system has been
• Have sex with only one partner, who only has sex severely damaged.
with you • Persistent white spots or unusual
• Abstain from sex until your infection has cleared • Sweats
up. • Chills
• Contact all sexual partners. • Recurring fever
• Get tested for other STIs (HIV/AIDS, syphilis, • Chronic diarrhea
herpes, gonorrhea). • Swollen lymph glands
• Weakness
AIDS • lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
• Persistent, unexplained fatigue
•Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Weight loss
is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition • Skin rashes or bumps
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It Causes
can also be spread by: - HIV is caused by a virus. (human T-cell
• By having sex. lymphotropic
• By sharing needles. virus-type
• From blood transfusions. lymphadenopathy-associated virus)
• During pregnancy or delivery or through Risk factors
breastfeeding • Having unprotected sex
• Have an STI
SYMPTOMS • Use of illicit injection drugs
Primary infection (Acute HIV)
Some people infected by HIV develop a flu-like Complications
illness within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the HIV infection weakens your immune system, making
body, may last for a few weeks. you much more likely to develop many infections
• Fever and certain types of cancers.
• Headache Infections common to HIV/AIDS
• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). DIAGNOSTIC TEST
• Candidiasis (thrush) • Visual Examination
• Tuberculosis (TB). • Microscopic Examination
• Cytomegalovirus. • Culture Test
• Cryptococcal meningitis PREVENTION
• Toxoplasmosis • Practice good hygiene
• Avoid irritating substances
PREVENTION • Healthy lifestyle
There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no • Probiotics
cure for HIV/AIDS. But you can protect yourself and
others from infection. TREATMENT
• Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). • Typically antifungal medication are prescribed
• Use treatment as prevention (TasP). which can be administered orally, topically or
• Use post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) if you've intravenously (IV).
been exposed to HIV. Common antifungal agents include:
• Use a new condom every time you have sex • Fluconazole
• Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV. • Clotrimazole o Nystatin .Miconazo
• Use a clean needle.
• If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
• Consider male circumcision.

CANDIDIASIS
• Is an opportunistic infection caused by a type of
fungi called "Candida."
• "Candida Albicans"
• It can affect the oral cavity, vagina, penis, or other
parts of the body.

Thrush / Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

• an infection caused by the spread of candida
yeast to the mowth and throat
• most common fungal infection of the mouth
Signs and Symptoms:
• White or yellow patches on your tongue, lips,
gums, roof of your mouth, and inner cheeks
• Redness or soreness in your mouth and throat
• Cracking at the corners of your mouth
• Pain when swallowing

Vaginal Candidiasis
• This happens when too much yeast grows in the
vagina.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Extreme itchiness in the vagina
• Redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva
• Pain and burning when you pee
• Discomfort during sex A thick, white "cottage
cheese" discharge from the
• A thick, white' vagina

Invasive Candidiasis
• Serious and life-threatening infection
• Happens when candida enters your bloodstream
and travels to your heart, brain, blood, eyes, and
bones.
Signs and Symptoms:
• Fever
• Chills