Industry 4.

0:
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand to
using machines.

 Industry 1.0 was the first Industrial Revolution and occurred in the
late 1700s as companies began to use water-powered or steam-
powered machines in manufacturing.
 Industry 2.0 started at the beginning of the 20th century and was
brought about by the introduction of electricity and assembly lines.
 Industry 3.0 occurred in the latter part of the 20 th century and was
tied to the use of computers in the manufacturing process.

Industrial internet of things:

 The industrial internet of things (IIoT) is the use of smart sensors and
actuators to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes.
 It is Also known as the industrial internet or Industry 4.0.

IIoT working:
IIoT is a network of intelligent devices connected to form systems that monitor,
collect, exchange and analyse data.
Each industrial IoT ecosystem consists of:

 connected devices that can sense, communicate and store information

about themselves.
 public and/or private data communications infrastructure.
  analytics and applications that generate business information from raw
data.
 storage for the data that is generated by the IIoT devices.and people.

Industries using IIoT:

There are countless industries that make use of IIoT

 The automotive industry which uses IIoT devices in the

manufacturing process. The automotive industry extensively uses
industrial robots, and IIoT can help proactively maintain these
systems and spot potential problems before they can disrupt
production.
 The agriculture industry makes extensive use of IIoT devices.
Industrial sensors collect data about soil nutrients, moisture and
more, enabling farmers to produce an optimal crop.
 The oil and gas industry also uses industrial IoT devices. Some oil
companies maintain a fleet of autonomous aircraft that can use
visual and thermal imaging to detect potential problems in
pipelines.

Benefits of IIoT

 enable predictive maintenance.

 the necessary maintenance can be performed before a failure occurs. This
can be especially beneficial on a production line
 more efficient field service.
 Asset tracking is another IIoT perk. Suppliers, manufacturers and
customers can use asset management systems to track the location, status
and condition of products throughout the supply chain.
 IIoT also allows for enhanced customer satisfaction.
  IIoT also improves facility management.

Disadvantages:

 Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information.
 They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively
without it.

Difference between IoT and IIoT:

IIOT IOT
It focuses on industrial applications It focuses on general applications
such as manufacturing, power plants, ranging from wearables to robots &
oil & gas, etc. machines.
It uses critical equipment & devices
connected over a network which will
cause a life-threatening or other
emergency situations on failure Its implementation starts with small
therefore uses more sensitive and scale level so there is no need to
precise sensors. worry about life-threatening
situations.
It deals with large scale networks. It deals with small scale networks.
It can be programmed remotely i.e.,
offers remote on-site programming. It offers easy off-site programming.
It handles data ranging from medium
to high. It handles very high volume of data.
It requires robust security to protect
the data. It requires identity and privacy.
 It needs stringent requirements. It needs moderate requirements.
It having very long life cycle. It having short product life cycle.
It has high- reliability. It is less reliable.

Embedded system and IoT:

Internet of Things is the concept of connecting devices via the internet to

exchange data. It is the most trending technology in this modern world as we
can control the embedded devices from any location using the Internet of things.
In sum, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a process in which objects are equipped
with sensors, actuators, and processors that involve hardware board design and
development, software systems, web APIs, and protocols, which together create
a connected environment of embedded systems.
The connected environment allows technologies to connect multiple devices,
platforms, and networks. Thus, it creates a web of communication that changes
the way we interact digitally with the world. These connected embedded
 systems can change our demeanour with our environment, communities, and
homes. Hence, when it comes to designing embedded IoT systems, We need to
design it for specific functions, keeping in account factors like low power
consumption, secured architecture, reliable processor, etc. However, designing
an embedded IoT hardware system is challenging. There are several challenges
designers face in designing a hardware system for embedded IoT devices which
include:
 Lack of necessary flexibility for running applications over embedded
systems. For instance, the issues while ensuring smooth integration of new
services, difficulty in adapting to new environments, frequent changes in
hardware and software facilities, packaging and integration of small size chip
with low weight and lesser power consumption, carrying out energy awareness
operations, etc.
 The security crisis in embedded system design.
 High power dissipation of embedded system design
 Problems of testing the design
 Also, Inadequate functional safety of safety-critical embedded systems
 Finally, Increased cost and time-to-market

IIoT Networks:

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are low power, battery-operated and capable of
connecting to the Internet via a communications network.
Depending on the environment and usage requirements, each technology has
strengths and weaknesses concerning cost, range, scalability and network-
specific connectivity. Range performance divides the technologies into those
that operate in Local Area Networks (LANs) and Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWANs). Wi-Fi, Bluetooth/BLE, Zigbee, Z-Wave and Thread are
classed as LANs operating with ranges under 100m. LPWANs, cellular
and Wi-Fi
HaLow™ have coverage up to 10km and beyond. LANs typically handle
constant high bandwidth rates, while LPWANs deliver small blocks of data at
low bandwidth rates, additionally dealing with geographical location issues and
network congestion.
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a subset of IoT, allowing sensors or
industrial robots to connect to the Internet and dedicated analytics platforms to
process and display data. Suitable networks for this application are licensed
LPWANs such as NB-IoT & LTE-M and unlicensed ones such as LoRa, Itron
Networked Solutions, Sigfox & MIOTY.
LoRa
LoRa uses Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) techniques making it resistant to
channel noise interference with high immunity to multipath and fading. It has
good sensitivity, doppler shift resistance for non-static devices and network
scalability by the reduction of data speed to gain range. Network congestion can
be eased by increasing the number of gateways. LoRaWANs can be
professionally monitored or may be free-of-charge as in the case of community
networks such as The Things Network (TTN).
Itron
Itron Networked Solutions (previously Silver Spring Networks) technology
consists of an IPv6-based wireless mesh network that primarily sends energy
consumption data from smart meters to utility companies. Deployed networks
are now handling third-party devices to provide additional safety information to
protect infrastructure and customers.
Sigfox
Sigfox is a global chargeable ultra narrowband network using star topology with
wide coverage and network uptime guaranteed. Base stations are proprietary
using an open transmission protocol with a cellular style approach. Adoption
has so far been in the electricity grid and water/wastewater monitoring sectors.
MIOTY
MIOTY is an emerging LPWAN standard purpose-built for complex industrial
and commercial IoT sensor networks. The protocol is designed for extreme
robustness against interference with excellent mobility, extensive coverage and
vast scalability for IIoT deployments. At the core of the protocol is Fraunhofer’s
patented Telegram Splitting, specifically designed to eliminate interference and
allows for deep penetration in underground applications which could be a
problem for other LPWAN solutions. MIOTY data packets can travel up to
15km in rural areas, minimizing the number of base stations needed for full
coverage in industrial complexes, campuses or oilfields. Battery life is
optimized with sensors able to operate unattended for up to 20 years.
IIoT Applications:
Manufacturing / Industrial has taken over the top spot from “Cities” – the
number one IoT application area in the 2018 analysis. Technology giants such
as Microsoft and AWS as well as large industrial automation players such as
Siemens or Rockwell Automation are among the driving forces of the digital
transformation in the manufacturing / industrial industry.
“
Information Technology (IT) &Operational Technology (OT):

Industrial IoT, or IIoT, refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices and

sensors — aka operational technology or OT — with enterprise IT systems.
While this connectivity can bring numerous benefits to an organization, it also
presents new cybersecurity risks. Traditional OT systems were closed off
outside networks
and less vulnerable to attack. However, IIoT devices are often connected to the
internet, making them potential targets for cybercriminals.
Additionally, IIoT devices generate a huge volume of data that must be properly
secured. If this data falls into the wrong hands, it could be used to disrupt
operations or steal sensitive information. As a result, companies must be aware
of the unique cybersecurity challenges posed by IIoT and take steps to protect
their devices and data.
1. Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) and Operational Technology (OT) Security
In the modern world, keeping your data safe is more important than ever.
Whether you’re a large corporation or a small business, you need to be sure that
your information is secure from hackers and other cyber threats. One way to do
this is to ensure that your industrial internet of things (IIoT) and operational
technology (OT) security are up to date. The IIoT is a network of devices and
sensors that communicate with each other to collect and share data. This data
can be used to improve efficiency and safety in industrial settings.
2. Industrial Cyber Security and Breach Impacts
Industrial facilities have become increasingly reliant on computerized systems
to control critical processes. While this automation offers many benefits, it also
creates new vulnerabilities that hackers can exploit. A cyber attack on an
industrial facility can cause major disruptions, including the loss of production
and the release of hazardous materials. In some cases, such attacks can even
jeopardize public safety.
Wi Fi module eSP8266:
o A WiFi module ESP8266 is a microcontroller made by Espressif.
It is loaded with features. The most important being wi-fi protocol. The
best part is that they are dirt cheap and more powerful than an Arduino.
o The wifi module ESP8266 is an extremely cost-effective board with a
huge, and ever-growing, community.
o The ESP8266 WiFi Module with SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol
stack, this protocol stack allows the microcontroller connects to Wi-Fi.
o The ESP8266 is capable of an act as a server i.e. hosting an application or
client, a client will receive all Wi-Fi networking functions from another
processor.
o ESP 8266 compatible with Arduino board, you can program ESP
using ARDUINO IDE, popular as WiFi module for Arduino.
o Each ESP8266 module comes with pre-programmed an AT command set
firmware.
o ESP 8266 available from esp-01 module to esp-12e module.
o More common module are esp-07 and esp-12e.
Use of ESP 8266 wifi module
o Home Appliances
o Home Automation
o Smart Plugs and Lights
o Mesh Network Industrial Wireless Control
o Baby Monitors
o IP Cameras Sensor Networks
o Wearable Electronics
 o Wi-Fi Location-aware Devices
o Security ID Tags
o Wi-Fi Position System Beacons
o Wifi module for Arduino board

Features

o 802.11 b/g/n
o Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
o Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
o Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
o Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
o +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
o Power down leakage current of <10uA
o 1MB Flash Memory
o Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
o SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
o STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
o A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
o Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
o Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
o Power 3.3 v

ESP 8266 wi-fi module Specification

Wi-Fi
o Standards FCC/CE/TELEC/SRRC
o Protocols 11 b/g/n/e/i
 o Frequency Range 2.4G ~ 2.5G (2400M ~ 2483.5M)

Hardware
o CPU Tensilica L106 32-bit micro-controller
o Peripheral Interface UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control
o GPIO/ADC/PWM/LED Light & Button
o Operating Voltage 3.0V ~ 3.6V
o Operating Current Average value: 80 mA
o Operating Temperature Range -40°C ~ 125°C
o Storage Temperature Range -40°C ~ 125°C

Software

o Wi-Fi Mode Station/softAP/SoftAP+station

o Security WPA/WPA2
o Encryption WEP/TKIP/AES
o Firmware Upgrade UART Download / OTA (via network)
o Software Development Supports Cloud Server Development / Firmware
and SDK for fast on-chip programming
o Network Protocols IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP
o User Configuration AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/iOS App
Smart factory applications and smart warehousing:
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) can turn smart warehousing initiatives
into realities. But, before many of the technologies appeared in real-world
applications, there was abundant speculation about what’s possible and what
could be too far-fetched.
So, what kind of progress has happened regarding smart warehousing and IIoT?
Here’s a look at six of the top trends.

1. THE SMART WAREHOUSING MARKET

Statistics indicate that the market segment that includes software for smart
warehousing and IIoT solutions is rising. MarketsAndMarkets looked at
the connected logistics sector and estimated a 32.7% combined annual
growth rate from 2016-2021. The analysts that published the report also
mentioned that the software within that segment helps users get more
visibility within their warehouses, especially as they use connected devices
to get things done.
For example, software can confirm if production rates are up or down for a
given period, plus track the number of orders or shipments processed
within a timeframe. The data in this market report suggests companies are
embracing the IIoT and willing to invest in it.

SMART FACTORY INITIATIVES

Another crucial indicator of what’s happening in the IIoT market involves

whether companies progress with their smart factory plans after
committing to making changes. Capgemini published a 2019 report to
check the progress of companies trying to scale up smart factories.
The data showed that, compared to two years ago, more companies are
moving forward with smart factory initiatives. Plus, one-third of facilities
with such improvements underway have already been turned into smart
factories. Organizations plan to make 40% more smart factories over the
next five years, and they’ll boost investments to a level that’s 1.7 times
higher than it had been over the last three years.
However, one of the downsides mentioned in the report was that only 14%
of organizations describe their existing initiatives as successful. That could
indicate a problem whereby companies set their hopes too high and don’t
have the budgets or other resources to make them realities.