GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

 is an adverse geologic condition capable of causing damage or loss of property or life

LANDSLIDE
 is a general term referring to all types of surface movement particularly those involving the
mass downhill movement of soil due to gravity, including the landform that results from such
movement.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
 EARTHQUAKE
 CLIMATE
 WEATHERING d
 EROSION VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 FOREST FIRES (CLEAR CUTTING)
 GRAVITY
 MINING
 RAIN-INDUCED LANDSLIDE

CATEGORIES OF LANSLIDES BASED ON DEPTHS

 SHALLOW LANDSLIDES
-occur when the sliding surface range from a few decimeters to a few meters of soil or
weathered bedrock.
 DEEP-SEATED LANDSLIDES
-have deep sliding surfaces that are located below the maximum rooting depth of trees.
 Fall
-when soil or rocks abruptly detach from a steep slope or cliff. about 45 to 90 degrees, and
often with a high elevation.
- can be as large as boulders, may descend by falling, rolling or bouncing.
- Landforms associated with these rock fall material talus deposit.
 TOPPLE
-is similar to domino falling down when it is resting on its narrow edge.
-the landslide mass rotates forward and falls down as a block
-the block rotates outward from the slope often due to heaviness in the material in the
upslope area especially during the raining season.
 Slide
- the side material made up of a rock or soil mass has a downslope movement, and is
separated from more stable underling material
- zone of weaknesses or surface of rupture.
- the horizontal laver where the slide material is detached from the stable underlying
material.
 Spread
- often cause by liquefaction or the general subsidence of a fractured rock or soil mass into
softer underlying materials
 Flow
-is a continuous movement of displaced mass resembling a viscous liquid.
 Type of flows
 Rock flow
- refers to flow movements is bedrock that are slow, and usually occurs on slopes that are at
a 45 to a0 degree angle.
 Debris flow -is a form of rapid to extremely rapid mass movement in which loose
soil, rock and sometimes organic matter and vegetation, combine with water to
form a slurry that flows downslopes.
 Earthflows – usually occur on a gentle to moderate slopes, generally in fine-grained
soil, commonly clay or slit, but also weathered, clay-bearing bedrock.

 SINKHOLES
-are depressions or openings in the ground surface
-are generally formed as the result of a collapse in the ceiling of an underground cavity or
cavern.
-typically develop slowly, but can also form suddenly when a collapse occurs.

TYPES OF SINKHOLES

1. Dissolution Sinkholes
-occurs when there is little soil or vegetation over the soluble rock. Also occurs
where flow is focused in preexisting opening in the rock.
2. Cover-subsidence sinkholes
-tend to develop gradually where the covering sediments are permeable and contain
sand.
3. Cover-collapse sinkholes
-tend to develop abruptly and cause catastrophic damaged. They occur where the
covering sediments contain significant amounts of clay.
4. Artificial sinkholes
-such types of sinks may be caused by various human activities, including
groundwater pumping and building.

TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
 Soil Creep landslides
-is a very slow downslope movement of particles that occurs in every slope covered with
loose, weathered material.
 Slumping landslides
-is a downward movements of rock debris usually the consequences of removal of
buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated material.
 Debris flow landslide
-happens when the slope becomes saturated with water, this then triggers a landslide of
water-soaked mass of rock and soil that slides down the slope.
 Rock flow landslide
 -are sudden slides caused by heavy rain, the rock on the slope loosens and then slides down
the slope.

Natural causes

Dissolution of sedimentary rocks

 Sinkholes occurs when sedimentary rocks are dissolved. When these rocks
diagnosed, it can either form a void of water or air.

Human Causes of sinkholes

Underground water pumping

 Pumping water underneath the ground causes drainage to other its flow which
causes the soil to be eroded by water.

SIGNS OF OTHER RELATED GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

 Earlier landslide as indicator

 If there’s frequent occurrence of landslides in a section, it implies that the soil in this area is
weak and has unstable geology; thus, more susceptible to landslides.
 Multiple landslide events within the same place are retrogressive, piecemeal, or reactivated
 A reactivated landslide is when an old, semi-stable landslide changed something, causing a
new collapse at the same place.
 Tension cracks
 These are caused by the stress and friction produced by geologic materials moving apart
which forms steep lines of cracks in the terrain.
 Tension cracks above an existing landslide can hint at a future reactivation.
 These cracks are heated on higher elevated ground.
 Cracks that are formed on flat.

 Things moving
 Deformation and movement of non-living objects not caused by human manipulation
can also indicate a landslide.
 The most common of these is that trees are bending up in a J-curve as a sign that the
ground slips out from underneath them.
 A patch of angled forest on a slope or j-curved trees somewhere can be a good indicator
that the ground is less solid than it years.
 This motion can be slow or rapid.
 Water doing something different
 Springs, seep, or wet ground may appear on a seemingly dry terrain.
 Similarly, unexpected withdrawal of water also indicates the same.
 Water causes alteration of the pressure within the slopes of a terrain.
 A debris flow is a very wet, very mobile landslide.

WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING SINKHOLE

 -Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall -Foundations that slant
-New small ponds that appear after rain -Cracks in the ground
-sudden drainage of a pond -Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground

GEOLOGICAL MAP

This type of map shows how geological features, rock units or geologic strata are shown by
colors or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface.

Geological Maps Features:

1. Faults 2. Tilts 3. Folds 4. Rock layers

Parts of Geological Map:

1. Legend 2. Interpretation 3. Title 4. Susceptibility 5. Sources

Symbols in Geological Maps

1. Thick lines and thin lines
2. First capitalized letter in geologic unit
3. Colors
4. Dotted contact line

Symbolizing Geology
Contours and topography are just the first parts of a geologic map. The map also
puts rock types, geologic structures, and more onto the printed page through
colors, patterns, and symbols. Here is a small sample of a real geologic map. You
can see the basic things —shorelines, roads, towns, buildings, and borders—in
gray. The contours are there too, in brown, plus the symbols for various water
features in blue. All of these are on the map’s base. The geologic part consists of
the black lines, symbols, labels, and areas of color. The lines and the symbols
condense a great deal of information that geologists have gathered through years
of fieldwork.