BIOLOGY REVISION SHEET

CLASS IX
PLANT TISSUES

1.Name a plant tissue having dead cells.

Answer: Sclerenchyma
2.Name the water conducting tissue generally present in gymnosperms.
Answer: Tracheids
3.Presence of which chemical in cork cells makes them impervious to water and
gases?
Answer: Suberin
4.Which tissue in plants provides them flexibility?
Answer: Collenchyma
5.In desert plants, how does the rate of loss of water get reduced?
Answer: Presence of cuticle on the surface of desert plants reduce the rate of loss of
water.
6.What is responsible for increase in girth of the stem or root?
Answer: The girth of the stem or root increases due to lateral meristem (cambium).
7. What is lignin?
Answer: Lignin is a chemical substance present in the cell wall of plants which acts
as a cement and hardens if.
8. What is cutin?
Answer: Cutin is a chemical substance with waterproof quality covering the aerial
parts of plants.
9. Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain.
Answer: Aerenchyma present in the swollen petiole provides buoyancy to the
hyacinth. Thus, it floats on water surface.
10. Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites?
Answer: The epidermis has thick cuticles and waxy substances to prevent the
invasion of parasites.
11. Why does an organism—plant or animal, require different types of cells in the
body?
Answer: Any organism will have a wide range of cell types. This is because each cell
type specialises in one particular function. And for the proper working of an
organism many functions like food transport, immunity, strength, etc., are needed to
be performed properly.
12. If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapour appears on the wall of
the glass jar. Why? Answer: This happens because of transpiration due to which
water is released from the plant in the form of water vapour which appears on the
glass jar.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.What happens to the cells formed by meristematic tissue?
Answer: The cells formed by meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose their
ability to divide. As a result, they form a permanent tissue. This process of taking up
a permanent shape, size and function is called differentiation.
2.Why is the epidermis present as a thick waxy coating of cutin in desert plants?
Answer: A thick waxy coating of cutin is present in desert plants to prevent
excessive loss of water during transpiration. Due to this, plants can survive in
scarcity of water in deserts.
3. Write a short note on ‘phellogen’.
Answer: As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes.
A layer of secondary meristem develops which is called as phellogen. It is also
known as cork cambium. It replaces epidermis of stem and roots.
4.Describe the structure and function of stomata.
Answer: Stomata are small pores present in the epidermis of leaves and are enclosed
by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
Functions of stomata:

 Necessary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere during

photosynthesis and respiration.
 Transpiration, i.e., loss of water takes place through them.

5.Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues? How are they different from
one other?

Answer: Xylem and phloem are called as complex tissues as they are made up of
more than one type of cells. Following are the differences between xylem and
phloem:

Xylem Phloem

Xylem consists of dead cells (except Phloem consists of living cells (except
xylem parenchyma) phloem fibre).

It conducts water and minerals from It translocates prepared food from

root to aerial parts of the plant. leaves to storage organs and growing
parts of the body.

6.Write a short note on xylem.

Answer: Xylem is complex permanent tissue and is also known as conduction
tissues. It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. The
cells have thick walls, and many of them are dead. Tracheids and vessels are tubular
structures. This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically upwards.
The parenchyma stores food and helps in the lateral conduction of water. Fibres are
mainly supportive in function.
7. Write a short note on phloem.
Answer: Phloem is a complex permanent tissue. It is made up of four types of
elements: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem
parenchyma. Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Except for phloem fibres, all the phloem cells are living.
8.Name the different components of xylem and draw a living
component. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer: Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
The only living component of xylem is xylem parenchyma.

Long Answer Questions

1.Why are plants and animals made of different types of tissue?

Answer: Plants and animals are two different types of organisms. Plants are
autotrophic organisms, so they prepare their own food by photosynthesis. Moreover,
plants are stationary or fixed organisms. Since they do not consume or need much
energy, so most of the tissues of plants are supportive. Most of these tissues such as
xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma, and cork are dead tissues, i.e., they do not contain
living protoplasm.
Animals on the other hand, are heterotrophic organisms. They have to move in
search of food, mate and shelter; so, they need more energy as compared to plants.
Most of these tissues contain living protoplasm.
There are some tissues in plants which divide throughout life. They divide for the
growth and reproduction of the plants. In contrast to plants, growth in animals is
uniform.
2. Differentiate between parenchyma and collenchyma.
Answer:
3. Differentiate between collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Answer:

4.Differentiate between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.

Answer:

5.Draw and identify different elements of phloem. [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer: Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma are
the different elements of phloem.

6.What is a permanent tissue? Classify permanent

tissues and describe them.
Answer:
Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue but their cells have lost the
power of division and have attained their definite forms.
Permanent tissues are classified into the following two types:
(i) Simple permanent tissue
(ii) Complex permanent tissue
(i) Simple permanent tissues: These tissues are composed of cells which are
structurally and
functionally similar.
Simple permanent tissues are further classified into the following three types:

 Parenchyma: Parenchyma forms the bulk of the plant body.

Parenchyma cells are living and possess the power of division.
 Collenchyma: Collenchyma tissue is also living. It is characterised by
the deposition of extra cellulose at the corners of the cells.
 Sclerenchyma: Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells, and they are devoid of
protoplasm. The cell walls of sclerenchyma are largely thickened with
deposition of lignin.

(ii) Complex permanent tissues: The complex tissues consist of more than one type
of cells having a common origin. All these cells coordinate to perform a common
function.
Complex tissues are of the following two types:

 Xylem: Xylem is a vascular and mechanical tissue. It is a conducting

tissue. Xylem is composed of four different types of cells: (i) Tracheids
(ii) Vessels (Hi) Xylem parenchyma (iv) Xylem sclerenchyma.
Except xylem parenchyma, all other xylem elements are dead and
bounded by thick lignified walls.
 Phloem: Like xylem, phloem is also vascular but has no mechanical
function. Phloem is composed of following four elements: (i) Sieve tubes
(ii) Companion cells (iii) Phloem parenchyma (iv) Phloem fibres.

Except phloem fibres, all other phloem elements are living.

Xylem and phloem are both conducting tissues and are also known as vascular
tissues. Together, both constitute vascular bundle.
7. Differentiate between sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues. Draw well labelled
diagram. Answer:

8. Give reasons:
(a) Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack
vacuole.
(b) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchymatous tissues.
(c) We get a crunchy and granular feeling when we chew pear fruit.
(d) Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity.
(e) It is difficult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree.
Answer:
(a) Meristematic cells are continuously dividing cells so they have a prominent
nucleus and dense cytoplasm. But since these cells do not store food material or
waste materials, they lack vacuole.
(b) Sclerenchyma cells have lignified cell walls which makes them compact and
leaves no intercellular spaces.
(c) Pear has sclerenchymatous stone cells which are granular in texture. Hence, we
get the crunchy and granular feeling while chewing a pear.
(d) The branches of a tree have collenchyma cells which provide tensile strength to
plant parts. So, it moves and bend freely when wind blows.
(e) The husk of a coconut tree is made up of sclerenchyma cells which have lignified
cell walls. Lignin makes the cells compact and leaves no intercellular spaces.
9. List the characteristics of cork. How are they formed? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer: The characteristics of cork are as follows:
  Cells of cork are dead at maturity.
 These cells are compactly arranged.
 Cells do not possess intercellular spaces.
 Cells possess a chemical substance ‘suberin’ in their walls.
 There are several thick layers.

As plants grow older, a strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis of the
stem. Cells on the outside are cut off from this layer. This forms the several-layer
thick cork or the bark of the tree.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

1. If the tip of a sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on
growing in length. Why?
Answer: Removing the tip of the sugarcane does not remove the intercalary
meristem of the plant. It is this meristem which increases the length of the plant.
2. A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level.
After 3 years, where will the nail be present?
Answer: The nail will remain at the same position even after 3 years. This is because
a plant or tree grows from its tip (stem or root) not from the point at which it joins
the ground. So, the tree will grow but the nail will remain at the same place on the
tree trunk.
3. The root tips of a plant were cut, and the plant was replanted. What will happen to
the plant and why?
Answer: The plant will die within few days of replanting it. This is because since the
root tips are cut, the roots will not grow because of absence of meristematic tissue.
And if the roots will not grow, proper absorption of water and minerals will not
occur.
4.Tissue A and tissue B constitute tissue C. A carries water while B carries food for
the plants. Identify A, B, C.
Answer: A. Xylem B. Phloem C. Vascular bundles