Objectives That Need To Be Met For Topic 10

Dear students
Use the following checklist effectively to revise for your Q3 Exam. Good Luck!
10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry

Objectives YES NO Unsure
1. Describe the features of a homologous series.
The compounds of a homologous series:

1. Have the same general formula
2. differ by one CH2 group
3. Have similar chemical properties
4. Gradually changing physical properties
e.g. the b.p. of alkanes increases with the number of carbons and with their length
2. Predict and explain the trends in boiling points of members of a homologous series.
The boiling point increases as the chain of a hydrocarbon gets longer.

The larger the boiling point is, the smaller the effect of each added carbon on the boiling
point.
3. Distinguish between empirical, molecular and structural formulas.
Structural formula together. A full structural formula shows every atom and bond:
Structural formula of ethane

condensed structural formula, which shows only atoms and omits bonds. In such formulas we
can use:
1. R as the symbol for an alkyl group;
2. for representing the benzene ring.

Empirical formula shows the overall number of each atom in the compound.
C2H6
Molecular formula of ethane
1
4. Structural isomers
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
formula (different arrangement of atoms).
5. Deduce SOME structural formulas for the isomers of the non-cyclic alkanes up to C6.
6. Apply IUPAC rules for naming the isomers of the non-cyclic alkanes up to C6.
7. Deduce structural formulas for the isomers of the straight-chain alkenes up to C6.
8. Apply IUPAC rules for naming the isomers of the straight-chain alkenes up to C6.
9. Apply IUPAC rules for naming the compounds containing up to six carbon atoms with
one of the following functional groups:
 Alcohol
 Aldehyde
 Ketone
 carboxylic acid
 halide.
1. Alcohol
We recognize primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
2. Aldehyde
(RCHO).
3. Ketone
(RCOR). Thus, the smallest ketone is propanone.
4. Carboxylic acid
(RCOOH).
5. Halide
Hydrogencarbons, which have one or more hydrogens replaced by a halogen (RX, where
X=F, Cl. Br or I).
Like with the alcohols halides can be primary, secondary or tertiary.
10. Classifying primary, secondary and tertiary amines
2
Classified depending on number of alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom of functional
group.
N signifies the substituent on the amine.
11. ONLY Identify the following functional groups when present in structural formulas:
amino (NH2), benzene ring ( ) esters (RCOOR) and Carboxamide (amide)
Benzene
With benzene resonance occurs. Alternating 3 double bonds
Amines
R—NH2
Esters
IUPAC nomenclature for esters: Alk(1)yl Alk(2)anoate

The alkyl (R') group is named first.
3
12. Identify primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols and
halogenoalkanes.
13. Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of compounds containing the functional
groups listed
4
10.2 Functional group chemistry
Objectives YES NO Unsure
1. Describe, using equations, the complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes.
2. Describe, using equations, the reactions of methane ONLY with chlorine and bromine.
The process is called free radical substitution.
Methane: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
The process requires UV light, usually from the sunlight.
3. Explain the reactions of methane with chlorine and bromine in terms of a free-radical
mechanism. With equations
1. Initiation – UV light breaks the halogen gas to create a radical (homolytic fission)
2. Propagation – radicals used and re-created
3. Termination – radicals removed and reaction proceeds to the end
The process requires UV light, usually from the sunlight.
Homolytic fission – a covalent bond is broken so that each atom retains one electron from the
broken bond; these atoms are very reactive free radicals.
4. Describe, using equations, the reactions of alkenes with hydrogen and halogens.
1. Hydrogen - hydrogenation
Hydrogen gas reacts with alkenes to form alkanes
Ex: CH3CHCH2 + H2 --> CH3CH2CH3
2. Halogen - halogenation
Halogens react with alkenes to produce dihalogeno compounds
Ex: CH3CHCH2 + Br2 --> CH3CHBrCH2Br
5. Describe, using equations, the reactions of symmetrical alkenes with hydrogen halides
5
and water.
1.
6. Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes using bromine water.
ONLY observation of color

7. Outline the polymerization of alkenes
6
Propene
poly(propene)
identify the polymer as a repeating unit.
8. Outline the economic importance of the reactions of alkenes.

 manufacture of margarine
 The hydration of ethene in the manufacture of ethanol
 Solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, fuel,
 The polymerization in the manufacture of plastics
9. Describe the oxidation reactions of alcohols.
We distinguish partial oxidation and complete oxidation. Partial oxidation converts alcohol to
aldehyde, while complete oxidation converts alcohol to carboxylic acid.
7
10. Determine the products formed by the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols.
Primary alcohols are oxidized using an acidified oxidizing agent (no need to know its name) to
form aldehydes and carboxylic acids.
Secondary alcohols are oxidized to form ketones.
Tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation
11. Describe, using equations, the substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes with sodium
hydroxide.

Objectives That Need To Be Met For Topic 10

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Objectives That Need To Be Met For Topic 10

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Objectives That Need To Be Met For Topic 10

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dear students

10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry

The compounds of a homologous series:

The boiling point increases as the chain of a hydrocarbon gets longer.

Structural formula of ethane

2. for representing the benzene ring.

10. Classifying primary, secondary and tertiary amines

N signifies the substituent on the amine.

amino (NH2), benzene ring ( ) esters (RCOOR) and Carboxamide (amide)

IUPAC nomenclature for esters: Alk(1)yl Alk(2)anoate

The process is called free radical substitution.

Methane: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)

The process requires UV light, usually from the sunlight.

The process requires UV light, usually from the sunlight.

ONLY observation of color

identify the polymer as a repeating unit.

8. Outline the economic importance of the reactions of alkenes.

9. Describe the oxidation reactions of alcohols.

You might also like