CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER-1
1.1.Introduction to automatic night light
1.2.Circuit diagram
1.3.Working of automatic night light
2. CHAPTER-2
2.1.Components used
2.2. Building Procedure
3. CHAPTER-3
3.1.Application of automatic night light
3.2.Advantages and dis-advantages
4. CHAPTER-4
4.1.Conclusion
 CHAPTER-1
1.1 Introduction
An automatic night light is a device that uses a light-dependent resistor (LDR)
to detect the light intensity in its surroundings. It automatically turns ON when
the surrounding is dark and turns OFF when it receives light from surroundings.
The LDR is a variable resistor that changes its resistance based on the light
intensity. When the light intensity is high, the resistance of the LDR decreases,
and when the light intensity is low, the resistance increases significantly. The
circuit uses an LDR to detect the light intensity, and a transistor to amplify the
current and control the LED. The transistor is turned ON when there is no light,
allowing current to flow through the LED, and turned OFF when there is light,
preventing current from flowing through the LED.
The ambience of a space plays a crucial role in shaping our mood and comfort
levels, especially during the night when the surroundings are enveloped in
darkness. The concept of an automation night light emerges as a solution to not
only illuminate the environment but also to introduce a touch of innovation and
convenience to the traditional night light setup. This project aims to combine the
functionality of a night light with the power of automation, providing users with
a customizable and efficient lighting solution for their nighttime needs.
The primary objective of this project is to design and implement an automation
night light system using Arduino microcontroller technology. By leveraging
Arduino's versatility and programmability, we seek to create a night light that
can intelligently adjust its brightness and color temperature based on external
factors such as ambient light levels and motion detection. Furthermore, the
project aims to incorporate user-friendly features such as remote control and
scheduling, allowing users to customize the behavior of the night light
according to their preferences and requirements.
The motivation behind this project stems from the desire to enhance the
functionality and versatility of traditional night lights. While conventional night
lights serve the basic purpose of providing illumination during the night, they
often lack the flexibility and adaptability required to meet the diverse needs of
modern users. By introducing automation capabilities, we aim to address these
limitations and create a night light system that not only illuminates the
environment but also adapts to the user's preferences and surroundings in real-
time.
The scope of this project encompasses the design, development, and
implementation of an automation night light system from scratch. This includes
selecting and procuring the necessary components, designing the circuitry,
programming the Arduino microcontroller, assembling the hardware, and testing
the functionality of the final product. Additionally, the project will explore
various automation techniques such as light sensing, motion detection, and
wireless communication to enhance the usability and effectiveness of the night
light system.
This project document is structured to guide readers through each stage of the
automation night light project, offering comprehensive insights and instructions
for building their own customized night light system. By exploring the chapters
outlined in this document, readers will gain a deeper understanding of the
project objectives, methods, and outcomes, empowering them to embark on
their own journey towards creating innovative and practical lighting solutions
for their nighttime needs.
An automatic night light is a lighting fixture designed to provide illumination
during low-light conditions, typically in the evening or nighttime. Unlike
traditional lights that require manual switching on and off, automatic night
lights are equipped with sensors that detect changes in ambient light levels.
These sensors trigger the light to turn on when it detects darkness and
automatically switch off when it senses sufficient light.
The main purpose of automatic night lights is to enhance safety and
convenience in various settings, such as homes, hallways, staircases, bedrooms,
bathrooms, and nurseries. They offer several benefits, including:
Energy Efficiency: Automatic night lights are often equipped with LED bulbs,
which consume less energy compared to traditional incandescent bulbs. They
only activate when needed, reducing unnecessary energy consumption.
Safety: Night lights provide illumination in dimly lit areas, reducing the risk of
accidents, especially during nighttime movements. They can help prevent trips,
falls, and collisions with objects in the dark.
Convenience: With automatic activation, users don't need to manually switch
the light on and off. The light seamlessly adjusts to the surrounding light
conditions, offering convenience and peace of mind.
Security: In addition to enhancing safety, night lights can also act as a deterrent
to intruders by providing some level of illumination around the perimeter of a
property.
Comfort: For individuals who are afraid of the dark or who have difficulty
sleeping in complete darkness, night lights offer a comforting glow that can
promote relaxation and better sleep.
Automatic night lights come in various designs, including plug-in models that
fit directly into electrical outlets, battery-operated versions for portable use, and
integrated fixtures that are wired into a building's electrical system. Some
advanced models may also feature adjustable brightness levels, motion sensors,
timers, or color-changing capabilities to suit different preferences and needs.
Overall, automatic night lights provide a simple yet effective solution for adding
visibility and safety to darkened areas, offering convenience and peace of mind
to users of all ages.

1.2 Circuit Diagram

The brief explanation of each component in the circuit diagram of the automatic
night light:

1. 9V Battery: The power source for the circuit, providing 9 volts of electricity.

2. Breadboard: A platform for prototyping and connecting electronic

components without soldering. It allows for easy assembly and modification of
circuits.

3. Photoresistor: A light-sensitive resistor whose resistance changes based on

the intensity of light. In light, its resistance is around 5kΩ, and in darkness, it
can increase to 200kΩ or more.

4. Transistor BC547: A general-purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT)

used for amplification and switching purposes in electronic circuits. It acts as a
switch in this circuit.

5. Resistor 100 kΩ: A resistor used to limit the current flowing through the base
of the transistor. It helps control the transistor's switching behavior.

6. Resistor 470 Ω: Another resistor used to limit the current flowing through the
LED. Its value is chosen based on the LED's forward voltage and desired
brightness.

7. Light-Emitting Diode (LED): The output of the circuit, which emits light
when current flows through it. It illuminates when the circuit detects darkness.
These components work together to create an automatic night light circuit that
turns on the LED when it's dark and turns it off when it's bright, based on the
resistance of the photoresistor.
1.3 Working of automatic night light

1. Darkness Detection: When it's dark, the resistance of the photoresistor

increases, which decreases the voltage at the base of the transistor (BC547).
This reduced voltage prevents the transistor from conducting.

2. Transistor Behavior: With the transistor not conducting, no current flows

through the LED, so it remains off. This state persists as long as darkness is
detected.

3. Brightness Detection: As ambient light increases, the resistance of the

photoresistor decreases. This allows more current to flow to the base of the
transistor.

4. Transistor Switching: With sufficient current at its base, the transistor begins
to conduct. As a result, current flows from the positive terminal of the battery,
through the transistor, through the LED, and back to the negative terminal of the
battery.

5. LED Illumination: The LED lights up, providing illumination in response to

the detected brightness.

6. Adjustment: The circuit adjusts dynamically, responding to changes in

ambient light levels. When it becomes dark again, the resistance of the
photoresistor increases, reducing the current to the transistor's base, and turning
off the LED.
This cycle continues, ensuring the LED illuminates in darkness and turns off in
brightness, effectively creating an automatic night light.
 CHAPTER-2
2.1 Components used
1. 9V Battery
2. Breadboard
3. Photoresistor (around 5kΩ in light, 200kΩ or more in dark)
4. Transistor BC547
5. Resistor 100 kΩ
6. Resistor 470 Ω
7. Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

1. 9V Battery: A common power source providing 9 volts of electrical

potential difference to power the circuit.

2. Breadboard: A platform for building and testing electronic circuits

without soldering. It allows components to be easily inserted and connected
using jumper wires.

3. Photoresistor: Also known as a light-dependent resistor (LDR), its

resistance varies with light intensity. In light, its resistance is around 5kΩ,
and it can increase to 200kΩ or more in darkness.

4. Transistor BC547: A small semiconductor device used for amplification

and switching purposes in electronic circuits. The BC547 is an NPN bipolar
junction transistor (BJT) commonly used in low-power applications.

5. Resistor 100 kΩ: A passive two-terminal component that limits current

flow. In this circuit, it's likely used to bias the transistor and control its
switching behaviour.

6. Resistor 470 Ω: Another resistor used to limit current flow. It's likely used
in series with the LED to protect it from excess current and ensure proper
illumination.

7. Light-Emitting Diode (LED): A semiconductor light source that emits

light when current flows through it. LEDs are commonly used for indication
and illumination purposes in electronic circuits. In this circuit, it serves as
the output indicator, providing light when the circuit detects darkness.
2.2 Building Procedure
Here's a step-by-step building procedure for the automatic night light circuit
using the components listed:
1. Prepare the Breadboard: Place the breadboard on a stable surface and ensure
it's clean and free from debris.
2. Insert Components: Insert the components into the breadboard according to
the schematic diagram. Start with the 9V battery, positioning it across two
separate rows to provide power. Then, insert the other components: the
photoresistor, transistor (BC547), resistors (100 kΩ and 470 Ω), and LED.
3. Connect Components: Use jumper wires to connect the components as per
the schematic. Connect the positive terminal of the battery to one side of the
photoresistor. Connect the other side of the photoresistor to the base (B) pin of
the transistor. Connect the emitter (E) pin of the transistor to the negative
terminal of the battery. Connect the collector (C) pin of the transistor to one end
of the 100 kΩ resistor. Connect the other end of the 100 kΩ resistor to the
positive rail of the breadboard. Connect one end of the 470 Ω resistor to the
collector (C) pin of the transistor. Connect the other end of the 470 Ω resistor to
the anode (+) of the LED. Finally, connect the cathode (-) of the LED to the
negative rail of the breadboard.
4. Double-Check Connections: Verify that all connections are correct and
secure. Ensure there are no loose wires or components.
5. Test the Circuit: Turn on the battery and observe the LED. It should light up
when the environment is dark and turn off when it's bright. You can test this by
covering the photoresistor to simulate darkness and exposing it to light.
6. Adjust Sensitivity (Optional): Depending on the desired sensitivity to light,
you may need to adjust the circuit. This can be done by changing the values of
the resistors or by adjusting the placement or orientation of the photoresistor.
7. Finalize and Secure: Once the circuit is working as desired, you can finalize
the connections and secure any loose components or wires with tape or
adhesive.
 CHAPTER-3
3.1Application of automatic night light
Automatic night lights have various practical applications in both residential
and commercial settings. Here are some examples:
1. Home Lighting:
• Automatic night lights can be used in homes to provide gentle illumination
during the night, especially in hallways, bedrooms, and bathrooms, ensuring
safe navigation without the need to turn on bright overhead lights.
2. Child's Room:
• They are particularly useful in children's rooms, providing a comforting glow
during the night without disturbing their sleep. The automatic feature ensures
that the light turns on only when it's dark.
3. Seniors' Living Spaces:
• Elderly individuals often need to get up during the night. Automatic night
lights can make their living spaces safer by illuminating pathways and reducing
the risk of falls.
4. Staircases and Hallways:
• Placing automatic night lights along staircases and in hallways can prevent
accidents by providing visibility in dimly lit areas, especially during nighttime
when visibility is reduced.
5. Emergency Lighting:
• Automatic night lights can serve as emergency lighting in case of power
outages, guiding occupants to safety by automatically activating when the main
lights go out.
6. Security:
• These lights can also serve as a deterrent to intruders by giving the appearance
that someone is home, especially when coupled with smart home features that
can control the lights remotely.
7. Outdoor Lighting:
• Automatic night lights can be used outdoors to illuminate pathways,
driveways, and garden areas, enhancing safety and security while also adding
ambiance to outdoor spaces.
8. Commercial Spaces:
• In commercial settings such as hotels, hospitals, and offices, automatic night
lights can provide guidance and safety during non-working hours, ensuring that
pathways are adequately lit for late-night staff or visitors.
9. Energy Savings:
• By automatically turning off during daylight hours or when ambient light
levels are sufficient, automatic night lights can help conserve energy, reducing
electricity bills and environmental impact.
10.Decorative Purposes:
• Apart from their practical uses, automatic night lights can also be used for
decorative purposes, adding ambiance to indoor or outdoor spaces with subtle
lighting effects.
Overall, the application of automatic night lights is versatile, ranging from
enhancing safety and security to providing convenience and comfort in various
settings.

3.2 Advantages and dis-advantages

Automatic night lights offer several advantages, but they also have some
drawbacks. Let's explore both:
Advantages:
1. Safety: They provide illumination in low-light conditions, reducing the risk of
accidents and falls, especially in hallways, staircases, and children's rooms.
2. Convenience: Automatic activation means you don't have to manually switch
them on/off, offering convenience, especially during nighttime when it's dark.
3. Energy Efficiency: Many automatic night lights are equipped with sensors
that detect ambient light levels, ensuring they only activate when necessary.
This helps conserve energy by turning off during daylight hours or when
sufficient light is available.
4. Security: In addition to providing illumination, they can deter intruders by
giving the impression that someone is home, especially when integrated with
smart home systems for remote control.
5. Comfort: They provide a subtle, comforting glow during the night, which can
help children and adults feel more secure and relaxed, promoting better sleep.
6. Customization: Some automatic night lights come with adjustable settings for
brightness and sensitivity, allowing users to customize their lighting experience
according to their preferences.
Disadvantages:
1. Dependency on Sensors: Automatic night lights rely on sensors to detect
changes in light levels, which can occasionally lead to false activations or
failures if the sensors malfunction.
2. Limited Placement Options: They may not be suitable for all areas, especially
if there are no power outlets nearby or if the sensors are obstructed, affecting
their effectiveness.
3. Maintenance: Like any electronic device, automatic night lights require
periodic maintenance and may need battery replacement or sensor cleaning over
time to ensure optimal performance.
4. Cost: While basic models are affordable, more advanced automatic night
lights with additional features such as motion sensors or smart connectivity can
be more expensive.
5. Aesthetic Concerns: Some people may find the appearance of night lights
unappealing, especially if they are visible during the day or clash with the decor
of the room.
6. Environmental Impact: Although they are generally energy-efficient,
automatic night lights still consume electricity, contributing to overall energy
consumption and environmental impact.
Overall, while automatic night lights offer numerous benefits in terms of safety,
convenience, and energy efficiency, it's essential to consider their limitations
and potential drawbacks before installing them.
 CHAPTER-4
4.1 Conclusion
Automatic night lights serve as indispensable assets in both residential
and commercial environments, fostering an atmosphere of safety,
comfort, and efficiency. Their multifaceted benefits encompass a
spectrum of advantages that cater to diverse needs and preferences.

First and foremost, the primary advantage of automatic night lights lies
in their ability to mitigate safety hazards associated with low-light
conditions. By providing gentle illumination in dimly lit areas such as
hallways, staircases, and bedrooms, they effectively reduce the risk of
accidents and falls, particularly during nighttime hours when visibility is
compromised. This proactive approach to safety not only protects
individuals of all ages but also promotes a sense of reassurance and
confidence within the space.

In addition to enhancing safety, automatic night lights offer unparalleled

convenience through their hands-free operation. With sensors that detect
changes in ambient light levels, these lights seamlessly transition
between on and off states, eliminating the need for manual intervention.
This convenience is especially beneficial during the night when
navigating through darkened spaces, as users can rely on the lights to
illuminate their path effortlessly, without disrupting their sleep or
activities.

Moreover, automatic night lights exemplify energy efficiency by

intelligently managing power consumption. Equipped with sensors that
regulate activation based on ambient light levels, they ensure optimal
energy usage by activating only when necessary. This strategic approach
not only reduces electricity bills but also contributes to environmental
sustainability by minimizing unnecessary energy consumption and
carbon emissions.

Furthermore, automatic night lights play a pivotal role in enhancing

security within residential and commercial premises. By illuminating
key areas such as entryways, pathways, and perimeters, they act as a
deterrent to potential intruders, signaling the presence of occupants and
deterring unauthorized access. When integrated with smart home
systems, these lights offer enhanced security features such as remote
monitoring and control, further bolstering the overall safety and
protection of the space.

Despite their myriad benefits, it's important to acknowledge that

automatic night lights are not without their limitations. Dependency on
sensors and occasional malfunctions may lead to false activations or
failures, requiring periodic maintenance and troubleshooting.
Additionally, aesthetic considerations such as visibility during the day
and compatibility with existing decor may influence their suitability for
certain spaces.

In conclusion, automatic night lights represent a harmonious blend of

innovation, functionality, and practicality, offering a holistic solution to
the diverse lighting needs of modern living. From promoting safety and
convenience to conserving energy and enhancing security, these lights
embody the essence of smart and sustainable illumination, enriching the
quality of life for individuals and communities alike.