Study On The Influence of Water Flow On Temperature Around Freeze Pipes and Its Distribution Optimization During Artificial Ground Freezing
Study On The Influence of Water Flow On Temperature Around Freeze Pipes and Its Distribution Optimization During Artificial Ground Freezing
Study On The Influence of Water Flow On Temperature Around Freeze Pipes and Its Distribution Optimization During Artificial Ground Freezing
Study on the influence of water flow on temperature around freeze pipes and its
distribution optimization during artificial ground freezing
Shibing Huang, Yunlin Guo, Yanzhang Liu, Lihua Ke, Guofeng Liu, Cheng
chen
PII: S1359-4311(17)36158-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.090
Reference: ATE 11872
Please cite this article as: S. Huang, Y. Guo, Y. Liu, L. Ke, G. Liu, C. chen, Study on the influence of water flow
on temperature around freeze pipes and its distribution optimization during artificial ground freezing, Applied
Thermal Engineering (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.090
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Study on the influence of water flow on temperature around freeze pipes and its
Shibing Huanga,b, , Yunlin Guoa,Yanzhang Liua,b, Lihua Kea, Guofeng Liuc, Cheng
chena
a
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and
b
Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral
c
School of Highway, Chang’ an University, Xi’ an, Shaanxi, 710064, China.
flow. Evidently, water flow with high velocity brings large heat energy that prevents
the freezing of porous media around freeze pipes. In this paper, for safety and
the positions of freeze pipes around circular tunnel are optimized through combining
are adopted to reduce control parameters and improve the efficiency of optimization
program including normal distribution, Poisson distribution and chi-square
distribution. The results show that the proposed combining simulation method is
function.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 18502755916. E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Introduction
Freezing of porous media has been widely studied, either natural or artificial
ground freezing [1]. Artificial ground freezing method, providing temporary support
soft rock and soils [2, 3]. The fundamental principle in ground freezing is to inject
cold energy and convert pore water into ice [4]. When the underwater tunnels pass
through the rivers or straits, the process of construction in soft rock or soils usually is
very difficult because of inrush disaster. Moreover, water may flow around the
Artificial ground freezing technique is very suitable to improve the soil strength and
prevent water flow into the excavated area in this case. To meet the demand of frozen
soil strength, the thickness of frozen arch should be greater than 1.5 m [5]. However,
water flow brings much thermal energy against the formation of freezing arch and
changes the freezing path. The required freezing time of forming a specified frozen
arch is also considerably influenced by high seepage flow. It has been investigated the
area between two freeze pipes may not freeze if the flow velocity of water exceeds
1-2 m/d in high permeability soils or fractured media [6]. Moreover, when the
temperature drops below freezing point, partial water in porous media gradually
freezes but some liquid water is also existed [7-8]. Therefore, the freezing process of
construction, which is associated with the coupled hydro-thermal action under low
temperature.
Many freezing models of coupled heat and water flow, freezing experiments and
related numerical studies on porous media have been reported in the past decades
rarely considered [13]. Besides, at present, there are a lot of researches on freezing
construction technology and case analysis about artificial ground freezing, in which
freeze pipes are arranged evenly or empirically [14-16]. Nevertheless, the freezing
rates between two adjacent freeze pipes are unequal in the presence of seepage flow
and freeze pipes may satisfy a certain distribution law which needs to be further
studied [17]. To our knowledge only Marwan et al. [4] has tried to optimize the
decrease of freezing time. Due to the special freezing process of porous media under
high seepage velocity, it is necessary to study the freezing process and propose
corresponding optimization method during artificial ground freezing for safety,
hydro-thermal model in order to derive a required frozen arch as fast as possible. The
algorithm to find the minimum or maximum value of an objective function, which has
been widely applied in many fields, including engineering materials, geotechnical and
hydrologic engineering [18,19]. It is relatively simple and suitable for not too many
required [20]. The basic idea for the simplex algorithm from geometry is shown in
by four points (F1, F2, F3 and F4) and their connected lines. The objective function is
estimated at every point. The highest point, where the objective function is largest
(e.g. Point F3), will be perpendicularly mirrored against the opposite plain segment to
step size in order to reach the optimization valley floor. A termination criteria should
phase transition, which is firstly studied by Tan et al. [22], is proposed and validated
Section 3. The freezing temperature around freeze pipes and the minimum freezing
time under different seepage flow conditions is investigated before and after
optimization in Section 4. In Section 5, some issues about the topic are discussed.
Thermal transfer and water flow during freezing around freeze pipes should be
around freeze pipes during artificial ground freezing. Therefore, two crucial functions
should be presented, heat conduction equation with phase change deduced from
energy conservation and continuity equation considering water flow deduced from
Considering the actual physical process, some basic assumptions are introduced
as below: (1) The rocks or soils are saturated, homogeneous and isotropic porous
media; (2) The evaporation process of water is ignored, and the Darcy’s law is
suitable to describe the groundwater flow in porous media; (3) The heat conduction in
A fully coupled hydro-thermal model has been firstly proposed by Tan et al. [22].
The heat conduction equation deduced from energy conservation in freezing porous
media is expressed as
T
Cv l cl vl (T ) (eT ) 0 (1)
t
Where and c are density and specific heat capacity, respectively. Subscript s, l
and i represent solid matrix, water and ice, respectively. T is temperature. v l is the
l l 0 [1 T (T T0 ) p ( pl p0 )] (2)
1000
999
l (kg/m3) 998
997
996
995
994
993
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T (℃ )
thermal conductivity of its components (solid, unfrozen water and ice), their
volumetric fractions and the spatial distribution of its components. The exponential
weighted mean model is usually used to describe its change rule [24, 25]:
e s1-nlnw in(1w )
u u
(3)
wu eM (T Tm ) (4)
follows:
wu
Cv (1 n) s cs n(1 wu ) i ci nwu l cl nl (5)
T
Where is the latent heat of water/ice phase transition; c is specific heat.
2.1.3 Continuity equation
The continuity equation of water/ice has been derived by Tan et al. [22] as
below:
( l wu n) [ i (1 wu )n]
( l v l ) 0 (6)
t t
Assume water seepage in porous media satisfies Darcy’s law. Considering the
kr
vl k (pl l g) SP0T (7)
l
ks 0
Where k =
ks
is the intrinsic permeability matrix, in which k s is the
0
0
permeability of saturated porous media before freezing; g = is the gravity
g
suction in the frozen fringe, the applied pressure on the porous media and the rate of
cooling [27-29]. For example, the average value of segregation potential of Calgary
saturation [31]:
kr Sl [1 (1 Sl1/ ) ]2 (9)
The water saturation is equal to unfrozen water content during freezing, then we
can derive the final expression of relative permeability as below:
ground freezing under different initial seepage flow velocities from 0 m/d to 2.1 m/d.
Medium sand was filled in a watertight box with inner dimensions 1.3 m×1.0 m×1.2
m to simulate porous material in this experiment. The box has a stable water inlet at
left and water outlet at right. All the surfaces have thermal insulation with at least 18
cm of foam to create adiabatic boundary conditions. Three freeze pipes with diameter
of 0.041 m perpendicular to the seepage-flow direction are located in the middle line.
Several thermistors of type Pt 100 are also placed along two middle lines (ML1 and
ML2) inside the porous media to monitor the freezing temperature field, which are
indicated by black solid points (the detailed coordinate positions can be found in the
The unfrozen water content of this porous material under different freezing
experiment. Then, we can derive the unknown parameters M=3.93 from Eq. (4) by
noted that the calculated freezing point of 0.1℃ is slightly greater than theoretical
value 0℃, which may be caused by measurement error. The other physical and
thermodynamics parameters for porous material and water/ice media are listed in
Table. 1 and Table. 2, respectively. The segregation potential of this medium sand is
very small, which may be negligible [33]. Two different seepage boundary conditions
experiment. Thermal boundary conditions of freeze pipes and water inlet gauged by
the temperature sensors are given in Fig. 5. Numerical analysis is carried out using the
developed coupled hydro-thermal model under the same conditions. The calculated
results of temperature at all measured positions are in good agreement with the
experimental values after different freezing time as is shown in Fig. 6. Obviously, the
freezing rates in porous media without water seepage are much faster. After freezing
of 45 hours, all the measured points on Line ML2 are frozen with the absence of water
flow while many measured points on Line ML2 but far from freeze pipes are unfrozen
under water flow of 2 m/d due to the inflow of heat. Therefore, the seepage flow will
hinder freezing around freeze pipes and result in the increase of freezing time when a
frozen band connecting freeze pipes is created. Actually, the calculation accuracy of
the proposed coupled hydro-thermal model under low temperature are greatly
influenced by the critical coupling parameters, mainly including the unfrozen water
content and the effective thermal conductivity of freezing porous media. Through the
those two important parameters can be well expressed by the exponential weighted
ρi cl ci λi (W/ λl (W/
0.8
0.2
0.0
25 25
20 20
Th (Freeze pipe)
15 15
10 10 Th (Freeze pipe)
Tw0 (Water inlet)
5 5
T (°C)
T (°C)
0 0
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
-20 -20
-25 -25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t (h) t (h)
30 20
Experiment results T10 T11 T13 Experiment results T28 T29 T30
25 T22 T36 T37 15 T31 T33 T34 T35
20 Developed model T10 T11 T13 Developed model T28 T29 T30
10 T31 T33 T34 T35
T22 T36 T37
15
5
10
0
T (°C)
5
T (°C)
0 -5
-5 -10
-10 -15
-15
-20
-20
-25
-25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
t (h) t (h)
T (°C)
10
T (°C)
10
5
5
0
0
-5 -5
-10 -10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
t (h) t (h)
Consider artificial ground freezing for circular tunnel excavation under seepage
flow similar to the case studied by Marwan et al. [4], which is originally performed by
Ziegler et al. [17], as is shown in Fig. 7. Eighteen brine freeze pipes with steady
cooling temperature of -30℃ and diameter of 0.1 m are arranged to freeze soils
around designed section of this tunnel in order to form a closed frozen arch with
expected thickness of 1.5 m. The frozen arch is cooled to -3℃ for ensuring the
strength and stability [33] [35]. A stable water flows from the left to right insides
saturated porous media with initial temperature of 10℃. According to the scale and
characteristic of freezing project, half of the study area is taken to build a numerical
model (width: 30 m, depth: 10 m). The related parameters of porous media are chosen
model under related boundary conditions above using finite element method as is
shown in Fig. 8. The initial flow velocity of water v0 is 1.5 m/d in this case. It shows
that a long frozen band is formed to connect the freeze pipes arranged along the flow
direction on the top of designed arch after freezing of 10 days. However, there is no
freezing intersecting band produced on the upstream or downstream side. This frozen
band grows more quickly on the downstream side along with freezing time because of
the resistance of heat inflow by freeze pipes on the upstream side as is shown in Fig. 8
(b). Water flows much faster through the unfrozen area of adjacent freeze pipes on the
upstream and downstream sides due to the freezing of the top side before a complete
frozen arch is formed (Larger arrows represent higher velocity in Fig. 8). After
freezing of 30 days, a complete frozen arch arises. Then, the seepage flow of water
insides excavation zone stops because of this waterproof arch. Water keeps flowing to
the downstream sides through the unfrozen area above the frozen arch. However, the
frozen arch does not occour in the designed ring and shifts to the left. The width of
frozen band on the upstream side is much smaller than that on the downstream owing
Fig. 8 Frozen arch by well-distributed pipes (v0 =1.5 m/d, including the velocity
adopted to reduce the numbers of optimized parameters and improve the efficiency of
optimization. The radial coordinates of the freeze points (the centers of those freeze
ri r0 r (i ) (11)
Where r0 is the radius of center circle of designed arch; r (i ) is the radially shift
distance of freeze points after optimization.
and constant on the upstream side, which could be expressed as below [4]:
d 2 i / 2
r (i )= 2 (12)
(d1 d 2 ) i +2d 2 d1 i / 2
Where d1 and d 2 are the maximum radially shift distance of freeze points on the
downstream side and on the upstream side, respectively. Considering the designed
thickness of frozen arch (1.5 m) and the radial development of frozen band around
freeze pipes as is shown in Fig. 8, they can be set as 0.5 d1 0 and 0 d2 0.5 ,
respectively. It means that all the freeze pipes should be move from downstream
i .There is
0 i 1
i = (13)
i 1 +i 1 i 1
Where i 1 is the difference of angular coordinate between the i th and (i-1) th
freeze points. The positions of freeze pipes after optimization in polar coordinate
system are shown in Fig. 9 (red solid points).
As we know, a complete frozen band between two adjacent freeze pipes must
occur on the top of designed arch firstly and extend to both sides under
media on the upstream side is much harder due to water flow. Therefore, the following
three condition should be satisfied when rearranging the freeze pipes: (1) Freeze pipes
should be more compactly rearranged on the upstream side to reduce freezing time of
total designed arch; (2) i 1 between two adjacent freeze pipes should increase with
the increasing of from left to right until reaches the maximum value; (3) The
maximum i 1 should be located on the position after the fourth freeze pipe where i ≥
5. By the above analysis, three potential and common distribution functions are
distribution and chi-square distribution, because it’s hard to determine which one is
1 ( x )2
f ( x, , ) exp( ) (14)
2 2 2
As i 1 should gradually increase from upstream side to the maximum value on
f (i 1, , )
(15)
i 2
maximum i 1 occurs between the th and ( 1+ )th freeze pipe. Where
is the rounding symbol. It has been validated that the maximum i 1 should occur
after the fourth freeze pipe where 5 i 10 , because the frozen band starts from the
4 9.
express the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval space
if these events happen with a known average rate. The probability density function
can be expressed as
x e
g ( x, ) (16)
x!
maximum i 1 should be located between the 4+k th and 5+k th freeze pipes
g ( (5 k ) i, )
i 1 = 10
g ( (5 k ) i, )
i 2
(17)
g (10 (5 k ) i,10 )
i 1 = 10
g (10 (5 k ) i,10 )
(18)
i 2
Where 1 7 and 0 k 5 .
q x
1 1
p ( x, q ) q
x2 e 2
q (19)
2 ( )
2
2
q
Where x 0 ; ( ) denotes the Gamma function.
2
Similarly, when x q 2 , p( x, q) takes the maximum value because x is equal
to the mode. As the same, the maximum i 1 is between the 4+s th and 5+s th
p(q (7 s) i, q)
i 1 = 10
p(q (7 s) i, q)
(20)
i 2
that i 1 could be smaller enough on the upstream sides. Therefore, the ranges of
determine the optimal positions of freeze pipes, there are four control parameters need
to be optimized for rearranging the freeze pipes by Nelder-Mead simple method. The
basic idea of determining the optimal control parameters by the Nelder-Mead simple
method including the following steps: (1) Several initial values of control parameters
are inputted and the corresponding values of objective function can be calculated; (2)
objective function; (3) New control parameters are chosen on this decline direction
and the corresponding new values of the objective function are derived; (4) By
comparing the new with the original values of the objective function, a new decline
direction can be determined. Therefore, during any optimization process, new values
of the control parameters are chosen and optimized by Nelder-Mead simple method.
New parameter values will cause rebuilt of geometry model and regeneration of FEM
model until the optimal solution is obtained or the maximum number of objective
In the optimization process, the objective function is the freezing time calculated
by FEM model when a closed frozen arch (T≤ -3℃) with expected thickness of 1.5 m
the bound set of the control parameters which have been derived above. Tfa is the
Therefore, the less the completed freezing time, the better the freezing quality.
4. Results
initial flow velocities from 0 m/d to 2.5 m/d has been performed. The freezing process
of designed arch under seepage flow of 1.5 m/d after optimization are shown in Fig.
11 ~ Fig. 13. After freezing of 5 days, the maximum frozen zone arises around the
sixth or the seventh freeze pipe on the top because of the prevention of heat inflow by
the fourth and fifth freeze pipes (the number of freeze pipes increases along
counterclockwise). It is encouraging that the frozen bands occur not only on the top
but also on the corners of designed arch because of the space reduction of freeze pipes
on the corners and extend to the middle until a long and complete frozen arch is
formed. Therefore, it is different from the growth process of frozen band with
well-distributed pipes. Moreover, the optimal freezing process is very close to each
process is faster and a thicker complete frozen arch is created after about 25 days after
optimization.
Fig. 11 Frozen arch after optimization adopting normal distribution (v0 =1.5 m/d)
Fig. 12 Frozen arch after optimization adopting Poisson distribution (v0 =1.5 m/d)
(a) 5 d (b) 15 d (c) 25 d
Fig. 13 Frozen arch after optimization adopting chi-square distribution (v0 =1.5 m/d)
increases with the increase of water flow velocity before and after optimization. A
desirable prediction function for estimating the minimum freezing time has been
derived as is shown in Fig. 14. The completed freezing time of designed frozen arch
increases faster under well-distributed pipes, which is about 108 days in the presence
of seepage flow of 2.0 m/d. However, only 38 days is needed to create a designed
frozen arch under the same seepage flow condition after optimizing the positions of
freeze pipes by the Nelder-Mead simplex method combining with any one of the three
method is very effective for optimization of freeze pipes arrangement and the chosen
distribution) can well characterize the optimal distribution law of freeze pipes under
60 t f 16 2.53e1.79v0
40
20
t f 16 0.42e2v0
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Initial seepage velocity v0 (m/d)
Fig. 15 has shown that many combinations of values of control parameters may result
in the minimum freezing time of designed arch. All of those values of the control
parameters belong to the optimal parameter set, which are represented by the solid
points in Fig. 15. The minimum freezing time cannot be obtained by the other
parameter set, so those values are attributed to error parameter set, which are
represented by the hollow points in Fig. 15. Evidently, the control parameters will
converge to be stable values corresponding to the minimum freezing time after dozens
of optimization steps. However, in order to reduce the excavation and disturbance area
of frozen zone, the excess frozen zone beyond designed frozen arch should be located
outside the excavation section as far as possible. Actually, the excess frozen zone on
the upstream side is small and there is a little different between the maximum and the
minimum d2 of the optimal parameter set as shown in Fig. 11~13 and Fig. 15,
respectively. Therefore, the minimum d1 of the optimal parameter set may be adopted
to reduce the frozen zone in the excavation area on the downstream side. Based on the
above principle, the most optimum group of parameters under different flow
velocities are derived and listed in Table. 3. It is clear that the values of common
parameters (d1 and d2) from different distribution functions are very close under the
same flow condition. Because the radial movement of freeze pipes is decided by Eq.
optimization method raised by Marwan et al. [4], in which the Ant Colony
proposed combining optimization method in this paper have much better stability and
reliability, including the control parameters and the minimum freezing time. Moreover,
the most optimum d1 gradually increases with the increasing of water flow velocity.
The influence of water flow velocity on the most optimum positions of freeze pipes
can be seen in Fig. 16. Obviously, the freeze pipes should be increasingly closely
arranged on the upstream side and the total freeze pipes gradually move to left as
water flows faster. It should be noted that our model is limited to the initial flow
velocity of water less than 3 m/d, which is the nature flow velocity of groundwater
inside porous media in most cases. When the water flows much fast, there may be
turbulence flow, which is beyond the scope of this research. The freezing of porous
media under turbulence flow of water need to be researched in the future, including
the freezing process of fractured media under much high seepage velocity.
0.6
Optimal solution set d1 d2
9 Optimal solution set
Error solution set d1 d2
8 Error solution set
0.4 7
6
0.2 5
4
d1(d2) (m)
3
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
9 n
Optimal solution set
-0.2 8
Error solution set
7
-0.41 6
-0.4
-0.50 5
4
-0.6
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
n
n
2
0.2
1
d1(d2) (m)
0
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
7 n
Optimal solution set
6
-0.2
5 Error solution set
-0.38 4
-0.4 3
-0.50 2
1
-0.6 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
n n
2
0.2 1
0
d1(d2) (m)
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
24
n
Optimal solution set q
-0.2 22 Error solution set q
-0.40 20
q
-0.4
-0.50 18
-0.6 16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
n n
Table. 3 The most optimum group of parameters for arranging freeze pipes
5. Discussion
Because of the injection of heat by water flow, the freezing process of designed
arch during artificial ground freezing is much harder, especially the freezing of porous
media on the upstream sides. In order to generate a complete frozen arch within
adding straight-row freezing pipes to cut off water flow [36]. Optimization of freeze
proposed. As we known, the release of latent heat caused by water/ice phase transition
will prevent the freezing process [37]. Therefore, the influence of latent heat of
water/ice phase transition on freezing is also considered. For the sake of reducing the
distribution, Poisson distribution and chi-square distribution. Then, only four control
parameters are chosen to be optimized and related ranges of values are determined by
analysis. It should be noted that there may be some other reasonable distribution
functions can be used to promote optimization process. We cannot try one by one
owing to the limited time and so many probability distribution functions. Therefore,
design. As a result, the completed freezing time of designed arch is greatly reduced by
adopting this combining simulation method. However, in this paper there are still two
It can be seen that our combining simulation method is suitable for circular
section excavation, around which the freeze pipes are also arranged in a circle.
However, there are many shapes of cavern including U-shaped, arch, square section
and so on [3] 34]. The optimum distribution of freeze pipes are more complicate in
those cases. Therefore, it’s necessary to establish the possible distribution function of
pre-supported technology
It has been derived the freezing time exceeds 38 days after optimization of freeze
pipes arrangement when the initial seepage flow is more than 2.0 m/d in the case
study as is shown in Fig. 14. Therefore, the proposed optimization method combining
with other pre-supported method may be more economical and time-saving, such as
the combining method of pipe-roofing and artificial ground freezing [14]. The
application of tubular roof between the freeze pipes could well prevent water flow,
enhance heat transfer and decrease the deformation of surrounding environments [15].
Therefore, a more effective and energy-saving optimization method of artificial
ground freezing combined with other pre-supported method may need to be studied
further.
6. Summary
water flow has been proposed and applied to the artificial ground freezing process
during tunnel excavation. From this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(2) Through the comparisons between the calculated and measured temperature, the
unfrozen water content and the effective thermal conductivity of freezing porous
media could be well expressed by the exponential weighted mean model and the
(3) The development of freezing band around freeze pipes is significantly influenced
by water flow and the completed freezing time of designed arch tremendously
increases with the increase in the initial flow velocity of water, which can be well
(4) The proposed combining optimization method is very appropriate for searching
out the most optimum positions of freeze pipes under seepage flow no matter
which one of the common distribution functions is adopted to arrange freeze pipes
optimization method is applied to the other section shapes when using artificial
freezing method.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 41702291), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No.
2015CFA142), the Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration
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