This document discusses the genre of weather forecasts. It defines genres as socially recognized ways of using language that depend on social context. The weather forecast genre is analyzed specifically. Weather is universally experienced but also influences culture. The British view weather as integral to life and a common conversation topic. This research focuses on weather forecasts in television, their communicative functions, structure, and linguistic units related to weather concepts. Comparing forecasts between the UK and US could provide teaching benefits by exposing students to varied linguistic and strategic resources.
This document discusses the genre of weather forecasts. It defines genres as socially recognized ways of using language that depend on social context. The weather forecast genre is analyzed specifically. Weather is universally experienced but also influences culture. The British view weather as integral to life and a common conversation topic. This research focuses on weather forecasts in television, their communicative functions, structure, and linguistic units related to weather concepts. Comparing forecasts between the UK and US could provide teaching benefits by exposing students to varied linguistic and strategic resources.
This document discusses the genre of weather forecasts. It defines genres as socially recognized ways of using language that depend on social context. The weather forecast genre is analyzed specifically. Weather is universally experienced but also influences culture. The British view weather as integral to life and a common conversation topic. This research focuses on weather forecasts in television, their communicative functions, structure, and linguistic units related to weather concepts. Comparing forecasts between the UK and US could provide teaching benefits by exposing students to varied linguistic and strategic resources.
This document discusses the genre of weather forecasts. It defines genres as socially recognized ways of using language that depend on social context. The weather forecast genre is analyzed specifically. Weather is universally experienced but also influences culture. The British view weather as integral to life and a common conversation topic. This research focuses on weather forecasts in television, their communicative functions, structure, and linguistic units related to weather concepts. Comparing forecasts between the UK and US could provide teaching benefits by exposing students to varied linguistic and strategic resources.
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INTRODUCTION
At the present stage of development of linguistics, the problems of the
relationship between language, thinking and national culture are in the center of attention of scientists. The science of language acquires a cognitive and anthropocentric orientation, which is reflected in such topical areas as linguo- culturology and linguo-cognitology. These areas of linguistics are focused on the study of language in a paradigm, the center of which is a person. The study of the concepts that form its conceptual system and linguistic picture of the world allows us to explore the mentality and way of thinking of both an individual and an entire nation. For representatives of the British nation, one of these concepts is the concept “WEATHER”, the most important component of the national concept sphere, which belongs to the basic communicative block of the British society. The sphere of weather phenomena is universal for all cultures and nations. The weather is the conditions in which a person is throughout his life path, affects his well-being, mood and various aspects of life, such as work, agriculture, leisure, transport, etc. In other words, the weather determines the conditions for the existence of society, setting its own regulations. These circumstances dictate the need to analyze and study the phenomenon of weather, since it has occupied an influential place in the national culture and worldview of the British for many centuries, is characterized by high significance and is objectified in the language and communicative activity of the nation through a large number of lexical units. It is well known that for the British, the weather is not only an integral part of life, but also one of the most popular, relevant and widely discussed topics of conversation. This research focuses on the genre of the weather forecast. The genre of the weather forecast had never been focused on in a teaching context within the scientific literature. The object of the research is the genre of weather forecast on TV. The subject of the research is units of the English language included in the nominative field of the concept Weather The aim of the research is to prove that the genre of the weather forecast useful and interesting to be addressed in a foreign language teaching context. The task of the research is: to identify the genre of the weather forecast; to determine the communicative functions of weather forecasting; to describe the general presentation and structure of the text type “weather forecast on TV”; to analysis of the weather forecast in the United Kingdom and in the United States; to compare weather forecast in the UK and the US; The actual material of the study is 50 synoptic texts selected from periodicals listed in the source database. The source base of the research is: The Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, The Sunday Times, Financial Times, Belfast Telegraph. The practical value is to integrating the genre of the weather forecast in foreign language courses would enable students to master a varied panel of linguistic, strategic and communicative resources. CHAPTER I. THE GENRE OF THE WEATHER FORECAST IN LANGUAGE 1.1. Definition and functional typology of the genre – the weather forecast The concept of "genre" (French "genus", "kind") is used in all areas of creativity. Genre is one of the most complex concepts in art history, literary criticism and medialogy. Moreover, a related view can also be found in Hyland’s definition of genres. According to him, “genre refers to abstract, socially recognised ways of using language. It is based on the assumptions that the features of a similar group of texts depend on the social context of their creation and use …” [13;p.31] Overtime, the concept of genre has developed and this notion also emerged within the linguistic field. However, its definition does not appear to be a one- sided one. As a matter of fact, “genre” has been much written about, even though, or perhaps because, it is considered to be “a fuzzy concept” “and a controversial one”, particularly in the language learning area. The term "genre" came to journalism from literature, and brought with it the same problem. There was a time when journalism was considered entirely a genre of literature. Naturally, there are common features between literary and journalistic genres, but journalistic genres also have specific qualities. The most important of them is that in fiction, although the content of a work is taken from life, all its components - the theme, storyline, degree of typing, appearance, speech, and even the names of the characters - are the product of the writer's imagination, artistic fantasy. In journalism, along with the content (real facts and events), the topic is taken from reality, and the journalist, simply putting them into a certain form, offers the audience. From this point of view, journalism is closer to painting than fiction. And in journalism, and in painting, the fulcrum is reality. The genres of journalism are formed from the synthesis of 4 main elements: 1) The nature (originality) of the reflected object (object, reality); 2) The specific purpose of this speech; 3) The scale of coverage of reality; 4) The nature of literary and stylistic means (ways of reflecting reality). The concept of “genre of journalism” is defined as follows: “Genre is a relatively stable compositional-speech realizing a certain (compositional- syntactic) scheme, an abstracted relation to reality”, i.e. the form of the author's image, which determines the way of reflection, the nature of the attitude to reality, the degree and depth of coverage of the material (the scale of conclusions) and is created by a relatively stable connection of the components of the author's speech, as well as elements of the author's and someone else's speech. As you can see, the journalist's attitude to reality (the form of the author's image), the nature of this attitude, the degree of coverage of the material, the scale of the author's conclusions, the ratio of the author's and someone else's speech are taken as genre- forming features. [12;p.121] Considering all the above, we believe that the genre of journalism is a product of creativity, prepared on the basis of real facts collected from everyday life, using certain creative methods, taking into account the information needs of society at the moment and spreading through the available channels of mass communication. The genre is given to us not as a finished product, but is a generalization of the properties and characteristics inherent in a particular work. The operation of generalization is directly related to the work of the author. At the same time, he must take into account three factors - the nature of the displayed object, the taste of the audience and his professional level. In this regard, she views the weather forecast as "a pre-established discursive setting involving a technical presentation with a generally neutral point of view, using a specific lexical field both to designate weather and to structure discourse." recognizable prosodic patterns." Sandre, however, introduces another dimension to the style of weather forecasting. She identifies him in terms of having a very specific purpose. This notion of 'goal' can also be found in Wichmann under the term “goal-oriented” and is also mentioned by Silber-Varod and Kessous when they point out that 'the speaker's goal is to convey the greatest amount of information in the least amount of time and in the most intelligible way possible. In addition, Corbin opts for a more pragmatic definition of the text. [9;p. 265] What should be retained from the above definitions is that the style of a weather forecast is often conflated and even confused with one of its types of text, i.e. a television weather forecast. Although this study will focus on this specific type of text, a distinction must still be made between the different representations that underlie the presentation of style. To this end, the style of the weather forecast will be further defined by applying a functional typology, as will be shown in a later subsection. A functional typology illustrating the weather forecasting style proves to be very useful in teaching this particular style. In effect, this allows teachers to have a comprehensive overview of what they are going to teach, as well as to think ahead and specifically about the material that will be provided to students. In addition, such a typology allows a clear distinction to be made between different general levels in order to provide teachers of foreign languages with obvious structures, helping them to understand content that has already been learned in the classroom, as opposed to elements that still have to be covered in the classroom preparedness for the assessment tasks they intend to subject their students to. In this regard, an in-depth list of linguistic sources mobilized within the framework of any educational activity is also of great importance. Forecast is a prediction (statement) about the future, made on the basis of establishing cause-and-effect relationships between any events. In print media, the forecast can function as an independent genre (for example, the heading "Weather Forecast"), and as a subgenre included in other genre forms (article, note, interview, conversation, speech, etc.). Weather forecast is one of the sub-genres of print media, functioning as part of conversations, interviews, official speeches by politicians. A. A. Tertychny determined the specifics of the forecast genre by distinguishing between the concepts of “forecast”, “hypothesis” and “version”. From the point of view of the researcher, these concepts coincide only partially: unlike a hypothesis, which can be turned both to the past and to the future, a forecast is always turned only to the future, and a version usually refers mainly to events that have already taken place. Let's add: a forecast, unlike a hypothesis, does not require evidence, but substantiation of predictions is desirable. [15;p.176] Forecasts become especially in demand during crisis periods of social development, periods of historical change. It is no coincidence that A. A. Tertychny connects the formation of the forecast genre with the processes of reforming society, starting from the end of the 20th century, when everyone wanted to know what lay ahead [7; p.29]. And until now, forecasting is a constant phenomenon characteristic of modern media, which reflect subjective ideas about the world, influencing the interpretation of political events and allowing "to construct the political reality of the present and the contours of the future" [4; p. 171]. Therefore, the application of functional typology should reduce the often observed tendency of teachers to evaluate their students on material that was not studied in class, or, in the case of textual style, on texts that have only superficial connections with those that were analyzed during the lesson learning process on the grounds that they belong to the same text style or genre family. In other words, such a typology thus allows teachers to choose the same universal level of tasks at hand that students have been trained to throughout the entire educational process. Realistically, as Simons also points out, teachers need to know specifically how far they want to go in teaching a particular style, as well as its universal and linguistic sources needed for effective and objective teaching. Consider now what are the general properties of the weather forecast in relation to the "text" itself. According to Zilber-Varod and Kessous, "this is the intended speech, when an experienced reader reads out a pre-composed text." This was really my own expectation when I started studying this topic, because we tend to associate the weather forecast with news that is clearly scripted. However, I was shocked to find that this was not the case in the corpus under investigation. Crystal, who also emphasizes time constraints, sees the weather forecast as an unrecorded and spontaneous discourse: "the visual material is prepared in advance, but during the broadcast the verbal commentary is spontaneous." This spontaneity is, at least in part, reflected in the pace at which they speak. [10; p.65] The unprepared speech that we meet in a conversation can be very impetuous. The pace of the weather forecasters in our corpus is also fast (from two hundred and one to two hundred and forty-six words per minute), definitely faster than we expect, for example, in a radio program. And really, I saw that this is one of the main differences between professional forecasters who speak from their notes (they certainly prepared the forecast themselves) and non-professionals who read the script. When listening to a TV weather report, no doubt read from a script, the reporter only speaks at a rate of one hundred and fifty-three words per minute. If fast pace is one of the characteristics of unrecorded discourse; other facts are that we make mistakes in exceptional cases because we try to speak without hesitation and as smoothly as possible. For example, we hear "Scotland" (the weatherman was about to say "north" and changed her mind in mid-sentence) and "amber warning"... a discovery to be observed). Of course, the errors of professional optics are of great importance to those who reach non-professionals: for example, Prince Charles cuts a technical term in the wrong place: "and in weather the front moves north." However, it happens that the Met Office broadcaster stumbles and decides to start over, like Phoebe Smith in the January broadcast. It is interesting that the estimate is false, so we can see that the same information is given, but it is formulated with pronounced changes (but with almost the same prosody). A weather forecast is a scientifically based prediction of the future state of the weather at a particular point or region for a particular period by government or commercial meteorological services based on meteorological methods. Hurricanes, floods, typhoons and tsunamis regularly appear in the media. More attention is paid to weather forecasts, which, thanks to satellite and digital equipment, have become more accurate and long-term. The weather is not theoretical, but rather practical, when there are still frosts in the north of the country, in the southern regions flowers may already be blooming. It is quite natural that everyone is concerned about the climate in the country. Therefore, it is no secret that the high rating of some information programs is also due to the fact that they provide a detailed weather forecast. [11] Classification of weather forecasts: public forecasts (published in the media and on Internet sites) contain brief information about cloudiness, precipitation, atmospheric phenomena, wind, temperature, air humidity and atmospheric pressure; aviation forecasts contain a detailed description of the wind, visibility, atmospheric phenomena, cloudiness, air temperature; sea and river forecasts contain detailed characteristics of wind, waves, atmospheric phenomena, air temperature; agricultural (agro-meteorological) forecasts contain detailed characteristics of atmospheric precipitation and air temperature. Depending on the time for which the forecast is developed, all forecasts are divided into: 1. Present weather forecast (now-casting). This is a description of the current weather and a forecast of meteorological parameters for a period of up to two hours. 2. Ultra-short-term forecast. This is a forecast for up to 12 hours. 3. Forecast of meteorological parameters from 12 to 72 hours (for three days). 4. Average daily forecast, forecast from 3 to 10 days. 5. Within a month forecast (increased lead time from 10 to 30 days). 6. Long-term forecast (from 30 days to 2 years). 7. Super-long-term forecast, over 2 years (climate forecast). The form of presentation of weather forecasts can be different: 1. In the form of text 2. In the form of a table 3. Graphic form Forecasts in the form of text are used for information to the population and some sectors of the economy. In the tabular (encoded) are transmitted over communication channels. In graphical form, it is drawn up in the form of maps or graphs. Depending on the purpose, forecasts are divided into: a) General use, which contain a list of basic meteorological quantities and phenomena. It is designed for use by the public and organizations that do not require special maintenance. b) Specialized, which contain those quantities and phenomena that are necessary only for a given industry (Railway transport, maritime transport, agriculture). The terminology of forecasts is determined by special instructions, where a list of meteorological quantities, phenomena, and order is indicated. The formulation of forecasts should be sufficiently definite and specific. Depending on the number of predicted characteristics, forecasts can be individual. This is when any one meteorological quantity or phenomenon is predicted. And forecasts can be complex when several meteorological quantities and phenomena are predicted. [8; p.237] 1.2. Communicative functions of weather forecasting As the name implies, communicative functions obviously refer to the intentions of the speaker/writer when using a (foreign) language. Simply put, some of the existing communicative macro-intentions can be summarized in the following way: argue, notify, describe and tell. As a rule, when transmitting a message, a dominant or main communicative function is usually assigned, followed by other subordinate or secondary communicative intentions. As for the style of the weather forecast, the dominant communicative function is undoubtedly informing the audience. However, for the purpose of informing, the forecaster will also use other communicative intentions, i.e. describe what the weather will be like in the coming days, talk about the climatic conditions of the last days, give advice to the audience (“Make sure you drink enough water during this heat”), but also to discourage ("Avoid going out on Tuesday as the wind will be very strong"). [7] At a lower level, communicative functions refer to the materialization of language forms to express one specific function. According to CECRL, functions are quantitatively different from functions. Indeed, the former tends to occur in short and primitive statements, while the latter seems to occur in more difficult and lengthy declarations. However, it should be noted that the difference between these two terms is not as obvious as it seems. However, since the goal of genuine learning is not to define communicative functions, it will be limited to its most basic stage, namely the explanation provided by CECRL. In the case of the weather forecast style, such communicative functions could be: to greet the viewers, set the forecast for the next day, present the weather conditions for the rest of the week, announce when the next weather forecast will take place, as well as subsequent evening programs, and say goodbye to the audience. One of the important features of the English character is the commitment of the British to traditions, the desire to preserve a variety of rituals and habits. The attitude of the British to the weather is also a kind of ritual, violating which; one can insult these sweet, friendly and polite "gentlemen". The English say: "In other countries - the climate, and here in England - the weather." This is because the weather changes more frequently than in other countries and is difficult to predict. Therefore, the British are happy and often discuss it. In England, talking about the weather, the so-called weather-speak, is a form of speech etiquette, “social” conversation, which has its own culturally specific rules. English writer Kate Fox in her book "Watching the British hidden rules of conduct." conducts a subtle anthropological study on the peculiarities of the English character. In one of the chapters, the writer simply and fascinatingly describes the system of rules that the British use in talking about the weather. These rules are not officially spelled out anywhere, but they are part of English speech etiquette, by means of demonstrating to the interlocutor respect, evoke sympathy, create a comfortable climate for communication. Breach of these rules can be regarded by typical Englishmen as disrespect and even an insult to their nation. The following are the rules for talking about the weather, described in the book by Kate Fox. [4;p.40] In fact, phrases about the weather among the British are a traditional form of greeting, an occasion to start a conversation, an exchange of pleasantries, an expression of mutual recognition. The question "How do you do?" considered archaic and no longer used as a universal standard greeting. Comments about the weather are formulated as a question or spoken with an interrogative intonation because they require a response, but their essence is not content, but communication. The conversation about the weather has a characteristic structure, a clear rhythmic pattern, by which the anthropologist instantly determines that this dialogue is a “ritual”, performed according to a certain scenario in accordance with unwritten, but universally recognized rules. An important rule for talking about the weather is the rule of agreement. In connection with this rule, the Hungarian humorist George Mikes wrote that in England "when discussing the weather, one should never object to the interlocutor." Interrogative phrases about the weather, which serve as a greeting or an invitation to talk, should always be answered, but etiquette also requires that agreement with the interlocutor's judgment be expressed in the answer. Disagreement with the interlocutor is a serious violation of etiquette. In England, there is an unofficial hierarchy of weather types that almost everyone adheres to. Listed in order from best to worst, this hierarchy is as follows: sunny and warm/mild weather; sunny and cool/cold weather; cloudy and warm/mild weather; cloudy and cool/cold weather; rainy and warm/mild weather; rainy and cool/cold weather. Even television announcers who read the weather forecast follow this hierarchy quite clearly: they announce rain apologetically, but with a note of liveliness in their voice add that it will at least be warm, as if they know that rainy warm weather is preferable to rainy cold. Also, with regret, they usually predict cold weather and, in a more cheerful voice, report that the sun will probably shine, because everyone knows that cold sunny weather is better than cold cloudy weather. Snow is not mentioned in the hierarchical list of weather types. Since this is a relatively rare occurrence in England. Interest in snow arises only at Christmas, when everyone is looking forward to it. With regard to snow as a topic of conversation, only one general, typically English rule applies - the "rule of moderation": snow, like everything else, should be in moderation. If the English themselves do nothing but scold their weather, then foreigners should not criticize it. In this sense, they treat their weather like a family member: you can express dissatisfaction with the behavior of your own children or parents as much as you like, but the slightest hint of condemnation from an outsider is considered unacceptable and is regarded as bad manners. Thus, having become acquainted with the rules for talking about the weather formulated by Kate Fox, as well as on the material of articles devoted to talking about the weather in England, we can draw the following conclusions: - the weather is one of the few attributes of the life of the British, causing them a feeling of unconscious and uncompromising patriotism; - violation of the rules for talking about the weather is a violation of speech etiquette, which can be perceived by the British as disrespect and an insult towards them; - talking about the weather is a form of English small talk, has a number of culturally specific rules, features and performs the following number of functions: 1. establishing contacts (here talking about the weather can also act as a greeting); 2. filling in pauses in a conversation; 3. maintaining and developing contact with the interlocutor; 4. talking about the weather is a link that helps to move from one topic of conversation to another. CHAPTER II. The realization of the text type “weather forecast on TV” 2.1 General presentation and structure of the text type “weather forecast on TV” Weather forecast is one of the types of information messages, which is created as a result of making scientifically sound predictions about the future of the weather in a particular locality or region and a certain period. It is compiled and developed by private or public meteorological services based on meteorological methods. An interesting feature of weather forecasts on television compared to other types of information messages, such as greetings, review messages, etc., are genre, regional and gender features of broadcasting, which bring a certain shade of individuality, and are nuances that cannot change the general direction [17]. The genre differences of television programs are that weather forecasters utter more words per unit time than their counterparts in news programs. Interestingly, on the southern US TV channels, they have time to say fewer words than in the northeast. The well-known female verbosity and speed of speech have no special manifestations, although it should be noted that the highest rate of speech speed was found in the speech of a female speaker (250 words / min) [17]. The discourse of "weather forecast" gave rise to a separate direction in the field of mass media - "meteorology". Meteorology is a means of presenting information about weather forecasts in periodicals, on television, in Internet articles, and so on. As a type of discourse, meteorology is characterized by a set of language tools and grammatical and syntactic structures, the purpose of which is to achieve two objectives: 1) notification of current weather information on the state of weather conditions in a certain area; 2) informing about general trends and prospects for changes in weather conditions [16]. Thus, information is the main function of meteorological texts, which are subject to lexical and grammatical-syntactic means in them. The brevity of meteorological texts requires the speaker to use such language tools that will help to most accurately convey the essence of the synoptic message [16]. According to Lvova and Dekhtyarenko, weather forecasts are clearly directed illocutionary in nature, as they are targeted at the recipient [15]. In this regard, despite the terminology of this genre of texts, they use lexical and stylistic and grammatical and syntactic tools that make the text of the weather forecast stylistically colored. The language of meteorological texts "weather forecast" is the addressee, so we can distinguish the following functional features: 1) the presence of scientific terminology, which is inherent in the language of specialists in the field of meteorology; 2) the presence of common vocabulary, which is used by a wide range of speakers and is understandable to the general public, despite its affiliation with meteorological forecasts [16]. For meteorological texts it is typical to use lexical units to indicate the days of the week, because forecasting is done for each day, for example: On Tuesday, we’ll have some clouds moving in from the west as a low starts to build over the Colorado/New Mexico border. The texts of meteorological forecasts use factual data relating to pressure, temperature, air velocity, sea level, etc.,: Winds WSW at 15 to 30 km/h. Chance of rain 50% . To highlight certain parts of the territory described in the weather forecast, use the characteristics of geographical location (west, south, northern half, central areas, right banks, coastal areas, suburbs, etc.), as well as terrain, lowlands, lowlands, valleys, foothills , passes, mountains, etc.). Northeast 5 to 10 m/s and occational rainshowers, but light rain by the north coast and snow in the mountains. Weather forecasts and storm warnings use tokens that characterize the absence or presence of precipitation, in the presence of precipitation, their type (phase state), quantity, duration are indicated. The tokens for precipitation are divided into those that denote liquid and mixed precipitation, as well as tokens that characterize solid precipitation. So, there are the following tokens for liquid and mixed precipitation, for example: mostly sunny, rain, snow, sleet, fog, rainshower. Tokens denoting solid precipitation: hail, freezing rain, drizzle, snow pellets. For a more detailed description of the expected distribution of precipitation over the territory in the forecast, it is recommended to use additional (usually neighboring) gradations of precipitation, it is also allowed to use the terms "in some areas" and "places", eg: Skies will be mostly sunny with highs reaching the mid-80s to the mid-90s in some areas. Weather forecasts and storm warnings also indicate the maximum wind speed at gusts in meters per second or the maximum average wind speed. The wind speed is indicated by gradations with an interval of not more than 5 m / s. In case of light wind (speed ≤ 5 m / s) it is allowed not to indicate the direction or to use the token "weak, variable directions". If it is expected that the wind speed will change significantly during the half-day, the indication of these changes is formulated using the terms "weakening" or "strengthening" with the addition of the characteristics of the time of day. When predicting a gust, the wind direction is not specified. It is recommended to use the tokens "gusts of wind up to .... m / s" or "gusts up to ... m / s" indicating the maximum wind speed. Example: We could see 70 miles per hour gusts over high grounds towards north. An integral part of synoptic texts is the use of temperature indicators. Weather forecasts usually indicate the minimum air temperature at night and the maximum air temperature during the day, or the change in air temperature at an abnormal course of 5˚ or more than half an hour. The expected minimum and maximum air temperatures are indicated by gradations in the interval for point 2˚, and for the territory - 5˚. In air temperature forecasts for a point or for a separate part of the territory it is allowed to indicate the air temperature by one number (for a point - using the preposition "close", and for part of the territory - using the preposition "to"). In the first case we mean the middle of the predicted temperature range for the point, in the second case - its limit value for the specified part of the territory. When using the terms "increase" ("warming") or "decrease" ("cooling"), "strengthening (weakening)" of frosts (heat) "the predicted temperature value can be specified as a single number with the drive" to ", eg: Temperatures rising to around 11 to 16°C. Looking at synoptic texts from the grammatical point of view of the sentence, I must say that here they have certain features. Thus, meteorological texts in English use compound sentences, e.g.: Cloudy and light drizzle. Occasional rainshowers in the afternoon. The temporal form used in synoptic texts in the studied languages is different. Present Simple and Future Simple are usually used in English meteorology. Consider the following examples: Low pressure brings another unsettled day on Monday. There will be wind and rain for all areas, some of the rain heavy at times. Temperatures at 10°C to 14°C. At the stylistic level, the weather forecast in English is quite rich in such stylistic devices as metaphors. Metaphors in weather forecasts are used as a means of expressing the text, e.g.: Plenty of sunshine this morning over much of the country. Thus, the weather forecast is a type of information message, which on television and in newspapers is a synoptic text or meteorological text. Meteorological texts are informative and concise, which involves the use of certain terminology. In synoptic texts you can find tokens to denote any type of precipitation (wet, solid, mixed, etc.), temperature data, wind speed and direction, days of the week, place names, etc. At the grammatical level, synoptic texts differ in the use of different temporal forms, such as present and future tenses, and different types of sentences - simple and complex. From a stylistic point of view, the lion's share of meteorological texts is metaphors. They are inherent in weather forecasts. 2.2 Analysis of the weather forecast in the United Kingdom The main objects of meteorological research are the phenomena, the definition of which is conveyed by the following terms, which are reflected in the information blocks, namely: to indicate the cloud cover (cloudiness, cloud low, cloud high, cloud medium), to indicate the nature of precipitation (showery, light rain, drizzle, shower, hail, showery conditions), to indicate the duration of precipitation ( lasting showers, heavy rain, heavy showers, occasional showers, average rainfalls), designation of the phase state of precipitation ( early mists, fog ), to indicate the wind force ( strong wind, light wind). In the system of meteorological vocabulary we find terminological phrases that are most often used in synoptic texts of the English language. We classify them by type of structure and the number of elements that are part of them: - one-component: rain, mist, fog, shower, weather, wind. - two-component: noun + noun: showers of rain, five-day forecast, midday situation, wind speed, district forecast, general outlook, travel outlook; adjective+noun: sunny spells, wintry showers, heavy rain, scatterd showers ,cold front, warm front. - three-component constructions: -adjective + adjective + noun: general atlantic situation, strong southerly winds, fresh southerly winds, gale-force southwesterly winds, strong southwesterly winds. adjective + noun + noun: northwestern areas of Scotland, southwestern part of England. For synoptic English texts, the typical construction is noun + noun + adverb or noun + noun + noun, for example forecast noon today, weather guide, which are most common in the subheadings of synoptic texts. The most productive model for newspaper synoptic texts in English is a two-component model of the noun + noun type, where the first component has a nominative case and the second component - in the form of indirect cases. High informativeness of newspaper synoptic texts is achieved through the use of toponyms, oikonyms, hydronyms and astonyms, which enhance information emphatically, specify and correlate with the relevant regions, which aim to clarify and adjust weather conditions according to certain areas. According to L.O. Udovenko, the types of geographical names are the same for the whole world, as they primarily reflect the attitude to the environment. According to the scientist, toponyms perform primarily characteristic, descriptive and pictorial functions. [18;p. 94] The potential of the toponymic nomination still remains undiscovered. Quite often the term "toponym" is used as a universal and does not specify that it refers to oikonyms (used to denote the names of settlements, cities, villages), hydronyms (to denote the names of rivers), astronomy (to denote cities). Names and names are often used in the synoptic message in abbreviated form, especially to indicate areas beyond the horizon in English weather reports, for example: Northeastern areas, East Anglia, SE England, Central S England, Midlands W, N Wales, NW England, SW Scotland, SW England, NE Scotland, Channel Island, S Wales, N Ireland, Midlands E, E England, Republic of Ireland.[3;p.30] Among the toponyms in English synoptic texts we find not only official names, but also poetonyms, with which the author transforms the name into an artistic technique, thus creating a spatial dominant, for example: East Anglia, The Thames valley, Lake District, Glasgow area. [3;p.30] A striking example is the use of metaphors in synoptic texts. For example, the expression: «Thickening clouds will bring rain this afternoon and evening» characterized by a bright visual dominant, creating the appropriate mood in the reader. Using «Central and eastern parts of England and Scotland should be fine ˂…˃» the author conveys the appropriate mood to the reader through metaphor, identifying parts of the country with a living being. The use of two- and three-component epithets (such as squally showers; a brisk, blustery day) gives the text brightness and imagery, thus bringing the journalistic text closer to the artistic one. 2.3 Analysis of the weather forecast in the United States Analysis of the actual material showed that the most productive group of precipitation in American is the group that designates this type of precipitation as rain. This group includes all the words that denote rain: shover, occasional rains, drizzle, driving rain, rainy. The presence of a large amount of vocabulary in this group indicates that rain is the most common type of precipitation in The USA. The lexical-semantic group "rain" with other natural phenomena was also singled out in the vocabulary of the American language. This group is represented by such lexical units as: rainsquall, rain storm. Due to the unstable and changing climatic conditions typical of America (frequent rains changed by sunlight), the token weather is equated to rainy, unfavorable weather, while other countries and peoples have a stable climate, typical of the seasons. Speaking of climatic and geographical features, consider the structure under the concept of "snow". Cold climates and heavy snowfall have led to the formation of many names of snow. As for the American language, there are only a few names for snow: snow, sleet, slush, first snow, newly-fallen snow, snowstorm. A large percentage of vocabulary is the lexical-semantic group "mist". This group includes such lexical units as blanket, ice fog, thick fog. Analyzed the semantic structure of synoptic vocabulary in the American language, consider these lexical units in terms of their partial linguistic affiliation. Analysis of the factual material shows that in English the most productive part of the language is the combination of noun and adjective. The following phrases belong to this combination of two parts of speech: steady rain, powder snow, early dew, foggy weather. In most of these combinations, the part of speech that belongs to the synoptic natural phenomena is the noun. The synoptic vocabulary of the English language is characterized by the group "combination of two nouns". Rainsquall, rain storm, dew-fall - the vocabulary of this group is mostly represented by complex words. CONCLUSION This research aimed to assess the place of the genre of the weather forecast in foreign language teaching as well as to provide an answer to the question: To which extent is the genre of the weather forecast useful and interesting to be addressed in a foreign language teaching context? To the best of my knowledge, no previous work had already focused on this research topic before. We therefore tried to provide some insight on this particular topic throughout the research. To this aim, it appeared that providing the reader with an overview of the place of the genre in language teaching within the scientific literature as well as defining the concept was an essential step before further investigating other dimensions of the topic. Furthermore, it has been proved that the various definitions of the notion of genre provided by the scientific literature shared some similarities which thus resulted in providing an operational definition of the concept. The weather forecast is a type of information message, which on television and in newspapers is a synoptic text or meteorological text. Meteorological texts are informative and concise, which involves the use of certain terminology. In synoptic texts you can find tokens to denote any type of precipitation (wet, solid, mixed, etc.), temperature data, wind speed and direction, days of the week, place names, etc. These features are inherent in synoptic texts in English. At the grammatical level, synoptic texts differ in the use of different temporal forms, such as present and future tenses, and different types of sentences - simple and complex. From a stylistic point of view, the lion's share of meteorological texts is metaphors. They are inherent in weather forecasts in all studied languages. Comparison of synoptic messages in English showed that English synoptic texts contain more means of stylistic expression, images are brighter, more saturated, form the appropriate attitude to the information and create the appropriate mood, and are more expressive, figurative in meaning. Author's metaphors allow conveying a synoptic message in a more understandable form for the reader, to reveal the completeness of the statement, the author's own attitude to atmospheric phenomena. Finally, the case study demonstrated that the notion of genre was underused by foreign language teachers and that they attached more importance to the lexical and grammatical dimensions of the weather forecast rather than the generic one. However, this generic dimension was still integrated among some of the respondents, which proves that the latter is considered as being an important dimension in foreign language teaching contexts. This research also demonstrated that the genre of the weather forecast was approached at various moments. However, the weather forecast also seemed to be approached in higher levels of language competence with is opposed to what was advocated by the CEFR. It can therefore be assumed that textual genres and especially the genre of the weather forecast can be programmed and approached at various levels of language competence and that students do not need an advanced level to be able to benefit from such a genre-based approach. LITERATURE 1. “PA” Weather Centre. FT Weather Guide // Financial Times (2 May). – 2000. – P. 22. 2. “PA” Weather Centre. FT Weather Guide // Financial Times (7 April). – 2000. – P. 22. 3. Alistair Scott. Weather and travel outlook / Alistair Scott // The Sunday Times (9 March). – 2003. P. 30 4. Eden Ph. The weather week / Ph. Eden // The Sunday Telegraph. – 2003. – 9 March. – P. 40. 5. Flowerdew, John. “An Educational, or Process, Approach to the Teaching of Professional Genres.” ELT Journal, vol. 47, no. 4, 1993, pp. 305–16, doi:10.1093/elt/47.4.305. 6. Hyon, Sunny. Genre in Three Traditions : Implications for ESL Genre in Three Traditions : Implications for ESL. no. 4, 1996, pp. 693–722. 7. Kelling G. L. Crime and Metaphor: Toward a New Concept of Policing, 2000. URL: http://www.cityjournal.or g/article01.php?aid=1577 (дата обращения: 23.02.2004). 8. Paltridge, B. (1996). Genre, text type, and the language learning classroom, ELT Journal, 50. 237-243. 9. Silber-Varod, Vered, and Loïc Kessous. “Prosodic Boundary Patterns in Hebrew: A Case Study of Continuous Intonation Units in Weather Forecast.” Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Speech Prosody, SP 2008, no. May 2008, 2008, pp. 265–68. 10.Susan Moore Mauroux, «Patterns and Variation in the Weather Forecast: Can Prosodic Features be Predicted Too?». Presses universitaires du Midi, Sept. 2016, doi:10.4000/anglophonia.692. 11. Wiston, Modise, and Mphale KM. “Weather Forecasting: From the Early Weather Wizards to Modern-Day Weather Predictions.” Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting, vol. 06, no. 02, 2018, doi:10.4172/2332-2594.1000229. 12. Yayli, Demet. “From Genre Awareness to Cross-Genre Awareness: A Study in an EFL Context.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes, vol. 10, no. 3, 2011, pp. 121–29, doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2011.02.001. 13.Байкулова А. Н. Персуазивные прогнозы и сценарии в массмедийном политическом дискурсе (функции и средства выражения) // Медиалингвистика. 2017. № 1 (16). С. 31–39. 14. Данкова Н. С., Дубровская Т. В. Стратегия прогнозирования как средство репрезентации судебной власти в СМИ (на материале английских газет) // Научные ведомости. Сер. Гуманитарные науки. 2016. № 21 (242), вып. 31. С. 90–97. 15.Львова Н. Л., Дехтяренко А. Є. Іллокутивний характер лексичних стилістичних засобів у дискурсіпрогнозів погоди. Нова філологія. 2012. Вип. 54. С. 176–179. 16.Метеотексти в аспекті дискурсивного аналізу «прогнозу погоди» / Інформаційний центрМанускрипт. URL : https://studentmanuscript.com.ua/a385629-meteoteksti-aspekti- diskursivnogo.htm 17.Углова Н. Г. Расчет времени в выпусках новостей и прогноза погоды: URL:https://publications.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/folder/vxyo6bqv80/ direct/72909636 18.Удовенко Л.О. Вісник Харківського національного університету ім. В.Н. Каразіна /Л.О. Удовенко; Харківський національний університет ім. В.Н. Каразіна. – Х. Вид-во ХНУ ім. В.Н. Каразіна , 1964. – 2011. - № 939: Серія: Історія України. Українознавство: історичні та філософські науки. - Вип. 14. – С. 91-99. 19.Weather // The Telegraph. – 2009. – 01 January. 20.Eden P. The weather week // The Sunday Telegraph. – 2003. – 9 March. – p.40 21.The weather channel // Coventry Telegraph. – 2015. – 17 April
Initiating "Discourse Analysis" As A Tool To Differentiate Between Science and Pseudoscience: Another Valuable Tool To Advance Objectivity and Rigour in Science
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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