States of Matter and Properties

Dr. Zmnako J. Amen

College of Medicine
Branch of Basic Science

This lecture is given to the First Stage Dentistry Students

University of Sulaimani; 2023-2024

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 Describing Matter
• Matter – Anything that takes up space (volume) and has mass

• Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a

substance.

– Aluminum and copper are examples of substances, which are also

referred to as pure substances.

• Matter is made up of tiny particles called Atoms

• Matter is described by its characteristics or properties

Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive

properties because every sample has the same composition.
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 Describing Matter

What you observe when you look at a particular

sample of matter how is its properties.

– How it is looks (Is a solid shiny or dull colour)?

– How it feels (Hard, soft, rough, smooth, etc…)?
– How it smells (Sweet, sharp, no smell, etc…)?
– How it sounds (loud, soft, Echo, no sound, etc…)?
– What it does (bounce, stretch, tear, break,
magnetism, etc…)?

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Elements, Compounds and Mixtures; Review
• Atoms – smallest whole unit of matter. Basic particle from which elements are
made

• Elements: pure substances that cannot be broken down further. Made of only 1
type of atom (for e.g. Water is consist of two types of elements, Hydrogen
element and Oxygen element)

• Compounds: 2 elements that are chemically combined in a set ratio. They have
different properties than the original elements . Not easily separated (e.g. the
combination of the gases oxygen and hydrogen to form water)

• Mixtures: 2 elements or compounds physically combined. The constituents keep

their original properties. Easily separated (e.g. melting, freezing, condensing,
breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending)

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Intensive property and extensive property
of matter
An intensive property is a property of matter
that depends only on the type of matter in a
sample and not on the amount.

Density, color, temperature, and solubility are examples of

intensive properties

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 Extensive Property of Matter

An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of

matter in a sample.

The Mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter that an

object contains. A small sample of a certain type of matter will have a
small mass, while a larger sample will have a greater mass.

The Volume of an object is a measure of the space that is occupied by

that object.

So the Mass and Volume are an examples of extensive properties

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 Which are better characteristic properties?
Intensive properties or Extensive properties?

Intensive properties make the best characteristic properties

because…

Intensive properties are determined by the composition and

structure of matter. They never change!

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 States of Matter

The Classification and Properties of Matter Depend

Upon Microscopic Structure

➢ Based upon particle arrangement

➢ Based upon energy of particles
➢ Based upon particle to particle distance

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 States of Matter

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
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 Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of particles which are in continual

random motion.

The state of matter

of a substance is
determined by how
much energy its
particles have

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 Phase changes of matters
• Phase changes are about changing the energy of matter, either adding it
or taking it away.

• Temperature is really a measurement of the kinetic energy of molecules

• As we increase the amount of heat, we increase the speed of the particles

→ this led to changes the State of matter

• Heat = Energy…

• In science, heat is described as a form of energy which is transferred

between two objects at different temperatures

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Phase changes cont.

Enthalpy is the measure of

total heat present in the
thermodynamic system
where the pressure is
constant.

ΔH=ΔE+PΔV
H: Enthalpy
E: Enteral Energy
P: Pressure
V: Volume

The change in enthalpy

associated with a particular
chemical process.
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 Heat Capacity (C)

Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to

raise the temperature of an object by 1 Celsius.

C = Q/(Tf-Ti)

- where Q is the energy in the system (joules)

- (Tf-Ti) is changing in Temperature in the system

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 Specific Heat Capacity (Cp)
• The specific heat capacity is amount of energy required
to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1
degree Celsius

Cp = Q / (m)(Tf-Ti)

• Cp is Specific Heat capacity with unit of (joule per

kelvin per kilogram)
• where Q is the energy in joules
• m is the mass in grams
• (Tf-Ti) is the change in the temperature in the system

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 Heat Capacity Vs Specific Heat Capacity
The main difference between specific heat and heat capacity is the
difference of mass in the calculation. Both of them are defined as the
amount of energy required to raise the temperature but, in specific
heat capacity is calculated per unit Mass of a substance

So the Specific Heat does not depends on Mass while heat capacity
dependence on it

The capacity of an object depends both on its mass and its chemical
compotation. Because of its much larger mass, the swimming pool of
water has a larger heat capacity than the wading pool

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A Physical and Chemical Properties of matter
– Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability
to change to a different substance. (Processing)
• Examples are:
» Burning Wood, Cooking, Fermenting, Digesting
» Grandma’s Silverware Tarnishing, Rusting, Plants
Growing
– Physical properties are the characteristics of a
substance that do not involve changing to another
substance.
• Examples are: shape, size and color, odor, volume, state
of matter, density, e- conductivity
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 A Physical and Chemical Properties and
Changes

Physical change : A change in the appearance, without

changing the identity of the material.

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 Chemical change in matter

A chemical change in matter is when matter

becomes something completely new. New
matter is formed.

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All chemical properties are intensive. None are extensive
why??

Because chemical properties never depend on how much of a

substance is present, but only on what kind of particles make up
the substance.

Why do all samples of a substance have the same intensive

properties?

because every sample has the same composition.

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 Glossary Terms
• Mass: a measure of the amount of matter that an
object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the
kilogram
• Volume: a measure of the space occupied by a
sample of matter
• Extensive property: a property that depends on
the amount of matter in a sample
• Intensive property: a property that depends on
the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of
matter

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 Glossary Terms
• Substance: matter that has a uniform and definite
composition; either an element or a compound;
also called pure substance
• Physical property: a quality or condition of a
substance that can be observed or measured
without changing the substance’s composition
• Solid: a form of matter that has a definite shape
and volume
• Liquid: a form of matter that flows, has a fixed
volume, and has an indefinite shape

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 Glossary Terms

• Gas: a form of matter that takes the shape and

volume of its container; a gas has no definite
shape or volume
• Vapor: describes the gaseous state of a substance
that is generally a liquid or solid at room
temperature
• Physical change: a change during which some
properties of a material change, but the
composition of the material does not change

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