Preparing the Literature

Cited Section

Editha G. Cagasan
Department pf Development Communication
VSU, Visca, Baybay, Leyte
 APA Citation Basics
• APA style requires authors to use the past tense
or present perfect tense when using signal
phrases to describe earlier research.
• E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has
found...
 Short quotations
• When directly quoting from a work, include the
author, year of publication, and the page number
for the reference (preceded by "p.").
• Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the
date of publication in parentheses.
• According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).
 Short quotations
• Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty
using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does
this have for teachers?
• She stated, "Students often had difficulty using
APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.
 Long quotation
• Place direct quotations longer than 40
words in a free-standing block of
typewritten lines, and omit quotation
marks.
 Example
This study was interested in determining the influence of psychosocial
factors, including attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, on
the high school teachers’ behavioral intentions and performance as climate
change communicators. Thus, this study anchored on the Theory of Planned
Behavior (Fig. 1) developed by Ajzen and Fishbein. According to the theory
(Ajzen, 2006, p. 1),
Human action is guided by three kinds of considerations: beliefs about the likely
outcomes of the behavior and the evaluations of these outcomes (behavioral
beliefs), beliefs about the normative expectations of others and motivation to
comply with these expectations (normative beliefs), and beliefs about the
presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behavior
and the perceived power of these factors (control beliefs). In their respective
aggregates, behavioral beliefs produce a favorable or unfavorable attitude
toward the behavior; normative beliefs result in perceived social pressure or
subjective norm; and control beliefs give rise to perceived behavioral control. In
combination, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perception of
behavioral control lead to the formation of a behavioral intention.
 Citing a Work by 2 Authors
• Name both authors in the signal phrase or in
the parentheses each time you cite the work.
Use the word "and" between the authors' names
within the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.
• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994)
supports... (Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A work by 3-5 authors
• List all the authors in the signal phrase or
in parentheses the first time you cite the
source.
• (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow,
1993)
• In subsequent citations, only use the first
author's last name followed by "et al." in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.
• (Kernis et al., 1993)
 Six or more authors

• Use the first author's name followed by et

al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
• Harris et al. (2001) argued...
• (Harris et al., 2001)
 Organization as an Author

• Mention the organization in the signal

phrase or in the parenthetical citation the
first time you cite the source.
• According to the American Psychological
Association (2000),…
 Organization as an Author
• If the organization has a well-known
abbreviation, include the abbreviation in
brackets the first time the source is cited and
then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
• First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving
[MADD], 2000)
• Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
2 or more works in the same parenthesis

• When your parenthetical citation includes

two or more works, order them the same
way they appear in the reference list,
separated by a semi-colon.
• (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
 Authors with the same last name

• To prevent confusion, use first initials

with the last names.
• (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
2 or more works of the same authors in
the same year
• If you have two sources by the same author
in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b,
c) with the year to order the entries in the
reference list. Use the lower-case letters with
the year in the in-text citation.

• Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

 Personal Communication
• For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-
person communication, cite the communicators name,
the fact that it was personal communication, and the
date of the communication. Do not include personal
communication in the reference list.
• (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
• A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had
difficulties with APA style (personal communication,
November 3, 2002).
 Citing indirect sources
• If you use a source that was cited in another source,
name the original source in your signal phrase. List
the secondary source in your reference list and
include the secondary source in the parentheses.
• Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.
102).
 Unknown author and unknown date
• If no author or date is given, use the title in your
signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the
parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no
date").
• Another study of students and research decisions
discovered that students succeeded with tutoring
("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
 Sources without page number

• When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try

to include information that will help readers find the passage
being cited.
• According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para.
6).
• Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out;
different computers print Web pages with different pagination
 Reference List: Basic Rules
• Should appear at the end of your paper.
• Provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body
of the paper.
• Each source you cite in the paper must appear in
your reference list; likewise, each entry in the
reference list must be cited in your text.
 Reference List: Basic Rules
• Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give
the last name and initials for all authors of a
particular work unless the work has more than six
authors.
• If the work has more than six authors, list the first six
authors and then use et al. after the sixth author‘s
name to indicate the rest of the authors.
 Reference List: Basic Rules
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the
last name of the first author of each work.
• If you have more than one article by the same author,
single-author references or multiple-author references
with the exact same authors in the exact same order
are listed in order by the year of publication, starting
with the earliest.
Reference List: Authors
• Single Author: Last name first,
followed by author initials.
• Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship
quality and social development.
Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 11, 7-10.
 Reference List: Authors
• Two Authors: List by their last names and
initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and."
• Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood
management across affective states: The
hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
 Reference List: Authors
• Three to Six Authors: List by last names and initials;
commas separate author names, while the last author name
is preceded again by ampersand.
• Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T.
(1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high
or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
 Reference List: Authors
Organization as Author
• American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author
• Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
 Reference List: Authors
• Two or More Works by the Same Author: Use the
author's name for all entries and list the entries by the
year (earliest comes first).

– Berndt, T.J. (1981).

– Berndt, T.J. (1999).
 Reference List: Authors
• When an author appears both as a sole author and, in
another citation, as the first author of a group, list the
one-author entries first.
– Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students‘ adjustment to
school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.
– Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on
adolescents’ adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-
1329.
 Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
• Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,
893-896.
 Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
• Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening.
The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
 Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Article in a Magazine
• Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in
today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Article in a Newspaper
• Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen
state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
 Reference List: Books
Basic Format for Books
• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
• Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Reference List: Books
Edited Book, No Author
• Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997).
Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Edited Book with an Author or Authors
• Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.).
New York: Anchor.
A Translation
• Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on
probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New
York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
 Reference List: Books
Edited Book, No Author
• Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing
up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Edited Book with an Author or Authors
• Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York:
Anchor.
A Translation
• Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott
& F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
 Reference List: Books
Edition Other Than the First
• Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered
child (5th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role
journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In
B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123).
New York: Springer.
 Reference List: Other Materials
Multivolume Work
• Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4).
New York: Scribner's.

An Entry in An Encyclopedia
• Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia
britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
 Reference List: Other Materials
Dissertation Abstract
• Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral
dissertation, Boston College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 62, 7741A.
Government Document
• National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in
serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
 Reference List: Other Materials
Conference Proceedings
• Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL
'95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for
Collaborative Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Report From a Private Organization
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the
treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington,
D.C.: Author.
 Reference List: Electronic Sources
Article From an Online Periodical
• Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart:
For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Online Scholarly Journal Article
• Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human
rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8.Retrieved February 20, 2001,
from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
 Reference List: Electronic Sources
• If the article appears as a printed version as well, the
URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in
brackets after the article's title.
• Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment
[Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-
555.
 Reference List: Electronic Sources
Article From a Database
• Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of
enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Retrieved
February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database.
Abstract
• Bossong, G. Ergativity in Basque. Linguistics, 22(3), 341-392.
Abstract retrieved from Linguistics Abstracts Online.
 Reference List: Electronic Sources
Dissertation/Thesis from a Database
• Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective
treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from ProQuest
Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)
Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
• Feminism. (n.d.) In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved March
16, 2008, from http://www.britannica.com
 Interviews, Email, and Other Personal
Communication
• No personal communication is included in your
reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the
communicators name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the
communication in your main text only.
It’s work time…