Core Java - Basics of Java Interview Questions

Core Java: Basics of Java Interview Questions
1) What is Java?
Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language,

platform-independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming
language. It was developed by James Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the
platform as it provides its own JRE and API.
2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?
The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.
Comparison C++ Java

Index
Platform-indep C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.
endent
Mainly used for C++ is mainly used for Java is mainly used for application
system programming. programming. It is widely used in
window, web-based, enterprise and
mobile applications.
Design Goal C++ was designed for Java was designed and created as
systems and applications an interpreter for printing systems
programming. It was an but later extended as a support
extension of C programming network computing. It was
language. designed with a goal of being easy
to use and accessible to a broader
audience.
Goto C++ supports the goto Java doesn't support the goto
statement. statement.
Multiple C++ supports multiple Java doesn't support multiple
inheritance inheritance. inheritance through class. It can be
achieved by interfaces in java.
Operator C++ supports operator Java doesn't support operator
Overloading overloading. overloading.
Pointers C++ supports pointers. You Java supports pointer internally.
can write pointer program in However, you can't write the pointer
C++. program in java. It means java has
restricted pointer support in Java.

Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ Java uses compiler and interpreter
Interpreter is compiled and run using both. Java source code is
the compiler which converts converted into bytecode at
source code into machine compilation time. The interpreter
code so, C++ is platform executes this bytecode at runtime
dependent. and produces output. Java is
interpreted that is why it is platform
independent.
Call by Value C++ supports both call by Java supports call by value only.
and Call by value and call by reference. There is no call by reference in java.
reference
Structure and C++ supports structures and Java doesn't support structures and
Union unions. unions.
Thread Support C++ doesn't have built-in Java has built-in thread support.
support for threads. It relies
on third-party libraries for
thread support.
Documentation C++ doesn't support Java supports documentation
comment documentation comment. comment (/** ... */) to create
documentation for java source
code.
Virtual Keyword C++ supports virtual Java has no virtual keyword. We
keyword so that we can can override all non-static methods
decide whether or not by default. In other words,
override a function. non-static methods are virtual by
default.
unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> Java supports unsigned right shift
shift >>> operator. >>> operator that fills zero at the
top for the negative numbers. For
positive numbers, it works same
like >> operator.
Inheritance C++ creates a new Java uses a single inheritance tree
Tree inheritance tree always. always because all classes are the
child of Object class in java. The
object class is the root of the
inheritance tree in java.
Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with
hardware.
Object-oriented C++ is an object-oriented Java is also an object-oriented
language. However, in C language. However, everything
language, single root (except fundamental types) is an
hierarchy is not possible. object in Java. It is a single root
hierarchy as everything gets derived
from java.lang.Object.
3) List the features of Java Programming language.
There are the following features in Java Programming Language.
○ Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes
easier to write the program in it.
○
Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to
maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that
incorporates both data and behavior.
○
Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the
Java program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode
(.class) which can be easily run on every machine.
○
Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It
is different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a
platform to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is
executed. Java doesn't depend upon the operating system to be executed.
○
Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also
provides the concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more
secured.
○
Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory
management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception
handling, etc. make it more robust.
○
Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the
architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture
(32 bit or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.
○
Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler
for the program execution.
○
High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming
languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit
slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++).
○
Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't
occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
○
Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed
applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications.
This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from
any machine on the internet.
○
Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It
means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native
languages, i.e., C and C++.
4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?
Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java
program. JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the
Java code. JVM is the specification which must be implemented in the computer
system. The Java code is compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine
independent and close to the native code.
5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
JVM
JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides
the runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification
which specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been
provided by Oracle and other companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform
dependent). It is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There
are three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.
JRE
JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java
Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java
applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of
JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at
runtime.
JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment

which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains
JRE + development tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java
Platforms released by Oracle Corporation:
○ Standard Edition Java Platform

○ Enterprise Edition Java Platform
○ Micro Edition Java Platform
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More Details.
6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?
Many types:
1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime
constant pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and
plays a part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM
stack, created at the same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time
a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method invocation
completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address
of the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.
More Details.
7) What is JIT compiler?
Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts

of the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the
amount of time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator
from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a
specific CPU.
8) What is the platform?
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is

executed. There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based. Java
provides the software-based platform.
9) What are the main differences between the Java platform and
other platforms?
There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.
○ Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the

hardware platforms or software-based platforms.
○ Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms
can only have the hardware components.
10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?
The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code)
which is the intermediate language between source code and machine code. This
bytecode is not platform specific and can be executed on any computer.
11) What is classloader?
Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run
the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in
classloaders in Java.
1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of

Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java
Standard Edition like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes,
java.util package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes, etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent

classloader of System classloader. It loads the jar files located inside
$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension

classloader. It loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath
is set to the current directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or
"-classpath" switch. It is also known as Application classloader.
12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?
Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java
and run by java classname Let's take a simple example:
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1. //save by .java only

2. class A{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello java");
5. }
6. }
7. //compile by javac .java
8. //run by java A
compile it by javac .java
run it by java A
13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?
No.
14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then

what will the value stored in the String array passed into the
main() method, empty or NULL?
It is empty, but not null.
15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter
in Java.
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16) What is the default value of the local variables?
The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object
references.
17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?
In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope
of the method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.
○ Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be
accessed by any class or method.
○ Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by

the sub-class of this class, or within the same class.
○ Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes,
methods, and variables are of default scope.
○ Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be

accessed within the class only.
18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?
The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the
class. The static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are
stored in the class area, and we do not need to create the object to access such
variables. Therefore, static is used in the case, where we need to define variables or
methods which are common to all the objects of the class.
For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name
of the college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name
will be defined as static.
19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?
There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.
○ Packages avoid the name clashes.
○ The Package provides easier access control.
○ We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the
package.
○ It is easier to locate the related classes.
20) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Javatpoint");
6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 + 20);
7. }
8. }
The output of the above code will be
30Javatpoint
Javatpoint1020
Explanation
In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their sum
30 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint. Therefore, the
output will be 30Javatpoint.
In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the string
Javatpoint10 which will then be concatenated with 20 to be Javatpoint1020.

1. class Test
2. {
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Javatpoint");
6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 * 20);
7. }
8. }
The output of the above code will be
200Javatpoint
Javatpoint200
Explanation
In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is
treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint to produce the output
200Javatpoint.
In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because
the precedence of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200 will be
treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpointto produce the output
as Javatpoint200.

1. class Test
2. {
4. {
5. for(int i=0; 0; i++)
6. {
7. System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");
8. }
9. }
10. }
The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a
boolean value in the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions
There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System) interview
questions. However, they have been categorized in many sections such as constructor
interview questions, static interview questions, Inheritance Interview questions,
Abstraction interview question, Polymorphism interview questions, etc. for better
understanding.
23) What is object-oriented paradigm?
It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the
class to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages
of modularity and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with
one another to design applications and programs. There are the following features of
the object-oriented paradigm.
○ Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.
○ Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data
○ Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the
complexities from the user and show only functionality.
○ Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
○ The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python,
C#, etc.
24) What is an object?
The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an
instance of the class having the instance variables as the state of the object and the
methods as the behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by using the
new keyword.
25) What is the difference between an object-oriented
programming language and object-based programming
language?
There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and
object-based language.
○ Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the

object-based language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance
and polymorphism.
○ Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based

languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
○ Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas

the examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.
26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is

defined as an instance variable?
All object references are initialized to null in Java.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions
27) What is the constructor?
The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize
the state of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is
allocated for the object. Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the
default constructor of the class is called. The name of the constructor must be similar
to the class name. The constructor must not have an explicit return type.
More Details.
28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?
Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of
constructors in Java.
○ Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any
value. The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable
with the default values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on
object creation. A default constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if there
is no constructor defined in the class.
○ Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can

initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say
that the constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized
constructors.
29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?
The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The
java compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in the
class.
1. class Student3{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4.
5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
6.
8. Student3 s1=new Student3();
9. Student3 s2=new Student3();
10. s1.display();
11. s2.display();
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Output:
0 null
0 null
Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler
provides you a default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default
constructor.
More Details.
30) Does constructor return any value?
Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't
use an explicit return type with the constructor). More Details.
31)Is constructor inherited?
No, The constructor is not inherited.
32) Can you make a constructor final?
No, the constructor can't be final.
33) Can we overload the constructors?
Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments

accepted by the constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. Consider
the following example.
1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. public Test(int k)
5. {
6. i=k;
7. }
8. public Test(int k, int m)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");
11. if(k>m)
12. {
13. i=k;
14. }
15. else
16. {
17. i=m;
18. }
19. }
20. }
21. public class Main
22. {
24. {
25. Test test1 = new Test(10);
26. Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);
27. System.out.println(test1.i);
28. System.out.println(test2.i);
29. }
30. }
31.
In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor. In
the first call to the constructor, The constructor with one argument is called, and i will be
initialized with the value 10. However, In the second call to the constructor, The
constructor with the 2 arguments is called, and i will be initialized with the value 15.
34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?
There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object
to another like copy constructor in C++.
There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:
○ By constructor
○ By assigning the values of one object into another
○ By clone() method of Object class
In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java
constructor.
1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another

2. class Student6{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. //constructor to initialize integer and string
6. Student6(int i,String n){
7. id = i;
8. name = n;
9. }
10. //constructor to initialize another object
11. Student6(Student6 s){
12. id = s.id;
13. name =s.name;
14. }
15. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
16.
18. Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
19. Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
20. s1.display();
21. s2.display();
22. }
23. }
Test it Now
Output:
111 Karan
111 Karan
35) What are the differences between the constructors and

methods?
There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.
Java Constructor Java Method
A constructor is used to initialize the state of an A method is used to expose the
object. behavior of an object.

A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return
type.
The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.
The Java compiler provides a default constructor if The method is not provided by
you don't have any constructor in a class. the compiler in any case.
The constructor name must be same as the class The method name may or may
name. not be same as class name.

1. public class Test
2. {
3. Test(int a, int b)
4. {
5. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
6. }
7. Test(int a, float b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
10. }
12. {
13. byte a = 10;
14. byte b = 15;
15. Test test = new Test(a,b);
16. }
17. }
The output of the following program is:
a = 10 b = 15
Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the first
parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.

1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. }
6. {
8. {
9. Test test = new Test();
10. System.out.println(test.i);
11. }
12. }
The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As we

know that a default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no constructor in the
class, the variable i is initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.

1. class Test
2. {
3. int test_a, test_b;
4. Test(int a, int b)
5. {
6. test_a = a;
7. test_b = b;
8. }
10. {
11. Test test = new Test();
12. System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);
13. }
14. }
There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default
constructor in the main method which is not present in the class. However, there is only
one parameterized constructor in the class Test. Therefore, no default constructor is
invoked by the constructor implicitly.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview

Questions
39) What is the static variable?
The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not
unique for each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of
students, etc. Static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of
class loading. Using a static variable makes your program more memory efficient (it
saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than the object.
1. //Program of static variable

2.
3. class Student8{
4. int rollno;
5. String name;
6. static String college ="ITS";
7.
8. Student8(int r,String n){
9. rollno = r;
10. name = n;
11. }
12. void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
13.
15. Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
16. Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");
17.
18. s1.display();
19. s2.display();
20. }
21. }
Test it Now
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS
More Details.
40) What is the static method?
○ A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

○ There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
○ A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.
More Details.
41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static
methods?
Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.
○ The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static
method directly.
○ this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.
42) Why is the main method static?
Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main
method non-static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main() method
which will lead to the extra memory allocation. More Details.
43) Can we override the static methods?
No, we can't override static methods.
44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main
method, at the time of classloading.
1. class A2{
2. static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
4. System.out.println("Hello main");
5. }
6. }
Test it Now
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main
More Details.
45) Can we execute a program without main() method?
Ans) No, It was possible before JDK 1.7 using the static block. Since JDK 1.7, it is not
possible. More Details.
46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the
main method?
Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."
47) What is the difference between static (class) method and

instance method?
static or class method instance method

1)A method that is declared as static is known as A method that is not declared
the static method. as static is known as the
instance method.
2)We don't need to create the objects to call the The object is required to call
static methods. the instance methods.
3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be Static and non-static variables
accessed in the static context (static method, static both can be accessed in
block, and static nested class) directly. instance methods.
4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return For example: public void
n*n*n;} msg(){...}.
48) Can we make constructors static?
As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not
the object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there is no
sense to make the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will
show the compiler error.
49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?
In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and
we can directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely
useless therefore it is not allowed.
50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an

abstract class?
Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know
that there is no requirement to make the object to access the static context, therefore,
we can access the static context declared inside the abstract class by using the name
of the abstract class. Consider the following example.
1. abstract class Test

2. {
3. static int i = 102;
4. static void TestMethod()
5. {
6. System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");
7. }
8. }
9. public class TestClass extends Test
10. {
12. {
13. Test.TestMethod();
14. System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);
15. }
16. }
Output
hi !! I am good !!
i = 102
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions
51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the
various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties
such as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an
argument into the methods or constructors. It can also be returned from the method as
the current class instance.
More Details.
52) What are the main uses of this keyword?
There are the following uses of this keyword.
○ this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
○ this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
○ this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
○ this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
○ this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
○ this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?
No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class
object and this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler
error will be shown. Consider the following example.
2. {
3. public Test()
4. {
5. this = null;
6. System.out.println("Test class constructor called");
7. }
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }
Output
Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this

this = null;
^
1 error
54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?
Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a
reference variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that, it
is unnecessary to access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best
practice to use this to refer static members. Consider the following example.

2. {
3. static int i = 10;
4. public Test ()
5. {
6. System.out.println(this.i);
7. }
9. {
11. }
12. }
Output
10
55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?
Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the
class with respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform
constructor chaining within the same class. Consider the following example which
illustrates how can we use this keyword to achieve constructor chaining.
1. public class Employee

2. {
3. int id,age;
4. String name, address;
5. public Employee (int age)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. }
9. public Employee(int id, int age)
10. {
11. this(age);
12. this.id = id;
13. }
14. public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)
15. {
16. this(id, age);
17. this.name = name;
18. this.address = address;
19. }
21. {
22. Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");
23. System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+"
address: "+emp.address);
24. }
25.
26. }
Output
ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi
56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method

instead of the current class object itself?
As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to
the current class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this
into a method instead of the current class object.
○ this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value
whereas the current class object might not be final and can be changed.
○ this can be used in the synchronized block.

57) What is the Inheritance?
Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior
of another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and Method
Overriding. The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that
are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse
methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields
in your current class also. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also
known as a parent-child relationship.
There are five types of inheritance in Java.
○ Single-level inheritance
○ Multi-level inheritance
○ Multiple Inheritance
○ Hierarchical Inheritance
○ Hybrid Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.
More Details.
58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?
There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.
○ Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine
the method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation
of the method.
○ Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.

○ We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which
makes OOPs more realistic.
○ Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the
derived class by making it private.
○ Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding,

we can give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the
base class.
59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?
The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.
60) Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?
To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not
supported in java. Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class
inherits A and B classes. If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from
child class object, there will be ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.
Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-time
error if you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or different, there
will be a compile time error.
1. class A{
2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
3. }
4. class B{
5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
6. }
7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were
8.
9. Public Static void main(String args[]){
10. C obj=new C();
11. obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Compile Time Error
61) What is aggregation?
Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the
aggregate class contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best described
as a has-a relationship. For example, The aggregate class Employee having various
fields such as age, name, and salary also contains an object of Address class having
various fields such as Address-Line 1, City, State, and pin-code. In other words, we can
say that Employee (class) has an object of Address class. Consider the following
example.
Address.java
1. public class Address {

2. String city,state,country;
3.
4. public Address(String city, String state, String country) {
5. this.city = city;
6. this.state = state;
7. this.country = country;
8. }
9.
10. }
Employee.java
1. public class Emp {

2. int id;
3. String name;
4. Address address;
5.
6. public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {
7. this.id = id;
9. this.address=address;
10. }
11.
12. void display(){
13. System.out.println(id+" "+name);
14. System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+address.country);
15. }
16.
17. public static void main(String[] args) {
18. Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");
19. Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");
20.
21. Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);
22. Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);
23.
24. e.display();
25. e2.display();
26.
27. }
28. }
Output
111 varun
gzb UP india
112 arun
gno UP india
62) What is composition?
Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition.
When an object contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist without
the existence of container object, then it is called composition. In other words, we can
say that composition is the particular case of aggregation which represents a stronger
relationship between two objects. Example: A class contains students. A student cannot
exist without a class. There exists composition between class and students.
63) What is the difference between aggregation and composition?
Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the

strong relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but the bike
has an engine (composition).
64) Why does Java not support pointers?
The pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in Java
because they are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.
65) What is super in java?

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the immediate
parent class object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass, an instance of
the parent class is created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable. The
super() is called in the class constructor implicitly by the compiler if there is no super or
this.
1. class Animal{
2. Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}
3. }
4. class Dog extends Animal{
5. Dog(){
6. System.out.println("dog is created");
7. }
8. }
9. class TestSuper4{
11. Dog d=new Dog();
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Output:
animal is created
dog is created
More Details.
66) How can constructor chaining be done by using the super

keyword?
1. class Person
2. {
3. String name,address;
4. int age;
5. public Person(int age, String name, String address)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
9. this.address = address;
10. }
11. }
12. class Employee extends Person
13. {
14. float salary;
15. public Employee(int age, String name, String address, float salary)
16. {
17. super(age,name,address);
18. this.salary = salary;
19. }
20. }
22. {
24. {
25. Employee e = new Employee(22, "Mukesh", "Delhi", 90000);
26. System.out.println("Name: "+e.name+" Salary: "+e.salary+" Age: "+e.age+"
Address: "+e.address);
27. }
28. }
Output
Name: Mukesh Salary: 90000.0 Age: 22 Address: Delhi
67) What are the main uses of the super keyword?
There are the following uses of super keyword.
○ super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
○ super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
○ super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.
68) What are the differences between this and super keyword?
There are the following differences between this and super keyword.
○ The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this
keyword always points to the current class context.
○ The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within
the derived class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to differentiate
between local and instance variables when passed in the class constructor.
○ The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the
compiler will throw an error.

1. class Person
2. {
3. public Person()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Person class constructor called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Employee extends Person
9. {
10. public Employee()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Employee class constructor called");
13. }
15. {
16. Employee e = new Employee();
17. }
18. }
Output
Person class constructor called

Employee class constructor called
Explanation
The super() is implicitly invoked by the compiler if no super() or this() is included

explicitly within the derived class constructor. Therefore, in this case, The Person class
constructor is called first and then the Employee class constructor is called.
70) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?
No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.
Example:
1. public class Test{

2. Test()
3. {
4. super();
5. this();
6. System.out.println("Test class object is created");
7. }
8. public static void main(String []args){
10. }
11. }
Output:
Test.java:5: error: call to this must be first statement in constructor
71)What is object cloning?
The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. The clone() method of
the Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be
implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement
Cloneable interface, clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException.
1. protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

2.
More Details.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview
Questions
72) What is method overloading?
Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create multiple

methods with the same name but different signature. We can achieve method
overloading in two ways.
○ By Changing the number of arguments
○ By Changing the data type of arguments
Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is

performed to figure out the program quickly.
More Details.
73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the

return type in java?
In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the program
due to avoid the ambiguity.
1. class Adder{
2. static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
3. static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
4. }
5. class TestOverloading3{
6. public static void main(String[] args){
7. System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity
8. }}
Test it Now
Output:
Compile Time Error: method add(int, int) is already defined in class Adder
More Details.
74) Can we overload the methods by making them static?
No, We cannot overload the methods by just applying the static keyword to
them(number of parameters and types are the same). Consider the following example.
1. public class Animal

2. {
3. void consume(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println(a+" consumed!!");
6. }
7. static void consume(int a)
8. {
9. System.out.println("consumed static "+a);
10. }
12. {
13. Animal a = new Animal();
14. a.consume(10);
15. Animal.consume(20);
16. }
17. }
Output
Animal.java:7: error: method consume(int) is already defined in class Animal

static void consume(int a)
^
Animal.java:15: error: non-static method consume(int) cannot be referenced from a
static context
Animal.consume(20);
^
2 errors
75) Can we overload the main() method?
Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method
overloading.
More Details.
76) What is method overloading with type promotion?
By Type promotion is method overloading, we mean that one data type can be promoted
to another implicitly if no exact matching is found.
As displayed in the above diagram, the byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or
double. The short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double. The char
datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double and so on. Consider the following
example.
1. class OverloadingCalculation1{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
3. void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}
4.
6. OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long
8. obj.sum(20,20,20);
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
Output
40
60

1. class OverloadingCalculation3{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}
3. void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}
4.
6. OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
8. }
9. }
Output
OverloadingCalculation3.java:7: error: reference to sum is ambiguous

obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
^
both method sum(int,long) in OverloadingCalculation3
and method sum(long,int) in OverloadingCalculation3 match
1 error
Explanation
There are two methods defined with the same name, i.e., sum. The first method accepts
the integer and long type whereas the second method accepts long and the integer
type. The parameter passed that are a = 20, b = 20. We can not tell that which method
will be called as there is no clear differentiation mentioned between integer literal and
long literal. This is the case of ambiguity. Therefore, the compiler will throw an error.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview

Questions
78) What is method overriding:
If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by

its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime polymorphism
and to implement the interface methods.
Rules for Method overriding
○ The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
○ The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
○ Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.
More Details.
79) Can we override the static method?
No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not the
object.
80) Why can we not override static method?
It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class
whereas instance method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in class
area, and instance gets memory in a heap.
81) Can we override the overloaded method?
Yes.
82) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.
Method Overloading Method Overriding
1) Method overloading Method overriding provides the specific
increases the readability of the implementation of the method that is already
program. provided by its superclass.
2) Method overloading occurs Method overriding occurs in two classes that have
within the class. IS-A relationship between them.
3) In this case, the parameters In this case, the parameters must be the same.
must be different.
83) Can we override the private methods?
No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is
limited to the class and we cannot access them outside of the class.
84) Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the

subclass?
Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass. However, we
must notice that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the method. The following
point must be taken care of while changing the accessibility of the method.
○ The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.
○ The protected can be changed to public or default.
○ The default can be changed to public.
○ The public will always remain public.
85) Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass method

while overriding it in the subclass?
Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the
subclass. However, there are some rules which are to be followed while overriding in
case of exception handling.
○ If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden

method cannot declare the checked exception, but it can declare the unchecked
exception.
○ If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can

declare same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent
exception.

1. class Base
2. {
3. void method(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println("Base class method called with integer a = "+a);
6. }
7.
8. void method(double d)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Base class method called with double d ="+d);
11. }
12. }
13.
14. class Derived extends Base
15. {
16. @Override
17. void method(double d)
18. {
19. System.out.println("Derived class method called with double d ="+d);
20. }
21. }
22.
24. {
25. public static void main(String[] args)
26. {
27. new Derived().method(10);
28. }
29. }
Output
Base class method called with integer a = 10
Explanation
The method() is overloaded in class Base whereas it is derived in class Derived with the
double type as the parameter. In the method call, the integer is passed.
87) Can you have virtual functions in Java?
Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.
88) What is covariant return type?
Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if the
return type of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is known as covariant
return type. The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same
direction as the subclass.
1. class A{
2. A get(){return this;}
3. }
4.
5. class B1 extends A{
6. B1 get(){return this;}
7. void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant return type");}
8.
10. new B1().get().message();
11. }
12. }
Test it Now
Output: welcome to covariant return type
More Details.

1. class Base
2. {
3. public void baseMethod()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseMethod called ...");
6. }
7. }
8. class Derived extends Base
9. {
10. public void baseMethod()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Derived method called ...");
13. }
14. }
16. {
18. {
19. Base b = new Derived();
20. b.baseMethod();
21. }
22. }
Output
Derived method called ...
Explanation
The method of Base class, i.e., baseMethod() is overridden in Derived class. In Test
class, the reference variable b (of type Base class) refers to the instance of the Derived
class. Here, Runtime polymorphism is achieved between class Base and Derived. At
compile time, the presence of method baseMethod checked in Base class, If it presence
then the program compiled otherwise the compiler error will be shown. In this case,
baseMethod is present in Base class; therefore, it is compiled successfully. However, at
runtime, It checks whether the baseMethod has been overridden by Derived class, if so
then the Derived class method is called otherwise Base class method is called. In this
case, the Derived class overrides the baseMethod; therefore, the Derived class method
is called.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions
90) What is the final variable?
In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize the
final variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that the final variable
once assigned to a value, can never be changed after that. The final variable which is
not assigned to any value can only be assigned through the class constructor.
1. class Bike9{
2. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
3. void run(){
4. speedlimit=400;
5. }
7. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10. }//end of class
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error
More Details.
91) What is the final method?
If we change any method to a final method, we can't override it. More Details.
1. class Bike{
2. final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4.
5. class Honda extends Bike{
6. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
7.
9. Honda honda= new Honda();
10. honda.run();
11. }
12. }
Test it Now
92) What is the final class?
If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.
1. final class Bike{}

2.
3. class Honda1 extends Bike{
4. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
5.
7. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
8. honda.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
More Details.
93) What is the final blank variable?
A final variable, not initialized at the time of declaration, is known as the final blank
variable. We can't initialize the final blank variable directly. Instead, we have to initialize it
by using the class constructor. It is useful in the case when the user has some data
which must not be changed by others, for example, PAN Number. Consider the following
example:
1. class Student{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;
5. ...
6. }
More Details.
94) Can we initialize the final blank variable?
Yes, if it is not static, we can initialize it in the constructor. If it is static blank final
variable, it can be initialized only in the static block. More Details.
95) Can you declare the main method as final?
Yes, We can declare the main method as public static final void main(String[] args){}.

1. class Main {
3. final int i;
4. i = 20;
5. System.out.println(i);
6. }
7. }
Output
20
Explanation
Since i is the blank final variable. It can be initialized only once. We have initialized it to
20. Therefore, 20 will be printed.

1. class Base
2. {
3. protected final void getInfo()
4. {
5. System.out.println("method of Base class");
6. }
7. }
8.
9. public class Derived extends Base
10. {
11. protected final void getInfo()
12. {
13. System.out.println("method of Derived class");
14. }
16. {
17. Base obj = new Base();
18. obj.getInfo();
19. }
20. }
Output
Derived.java:11: error: getInfo() in Derived cannot override getInfo() in Base

protected final void getInfo()
^
overridden method is final
1 error
Explanation
The getDetails() method is final; therefore it can not be overridden in the subclass.
98) Can we declare a constructor as final?
The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited.

Constructors are not ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare
constructors as final. However, if you try to do so, The compiler will throw an error.
99) Can we declare an interface as final?
No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be implemented
by some class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to make an interface
final. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.
100) What is the difference between the final method and abstract
method?
The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the abstract
method cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to give its
definition.
Java Multithreading and Concurrency Interview

Questions
Multithreading and Synchronization are considered as the typical chapter in java
programming. In game development companies, multithreading related interview
questions are asked mostly. A list of frequently asked java multithreading and
concurrency interview questions is given below.
Multithreading Interview Questions
1) What is multithreading?
Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

Multithreading is used to obtain the multitasking. It consumes less memory and gives
the fast and efficient performance. Its main advantages are:
○ Threads share the same address space.

○ The thread is lightweight.
○ The cost of communication between the processes is low.
More details.
2) What is the thread?
A thread is a lightweight subprocess. It is a separate path of execution because each

thread runs in a different stack frame. A process may contain multiple threads. Threads
share the process resources, but still, they execute independently.
More details.
3) Differentiate between process and thread?
There are the following differences between the process and thread.
○ A Program in the execution is called the process whereas; A thread is a subset of

the process
○ Processes are independent whereas threads are the subset of process.
○ Process have different address space in memory, while threads contain a shared
address space.
○ Context switching is faster between the threads as compared to processes.
○ Inter-process communication is slower and expensive than inter-thread

communication.
○ Any change in Parent process doesn't affect the child process whereas changes
in parent thread can affect the child thread.
AD
4) What do you understand by inter-thread communication?
○ The process of communication between synchronized threads is termed as

inter-thread communication.
○ Inter-thread communication is used to avoid thread polling in Java.
○ The thread is paused running in its critical section, and another thread is allowed
to enter (or lock) in the same critical section to be executed.
○ It can be obtained by wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods.

5) What is the purpose of wait() method in Java?
The wait() method is provided by the Object class in Java. This method is used for
inter-thread communication in Java. The java.lang.Object.wait() is used to pause the
current thread, and wait until another thread does not call the notify() or notifyAll()
method. Its syntax is given below.
public final void wait()
6) Why must wait() method be called from the synchronized

block?
We must call the wait method otherwise it will throw

java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException exception. Moreover, we need wait() method for
inter-thread communication with notify() and notifyAll(). Therefore It must be present in
the synchronized block for the proper and correct communication.
7) What are the advantages of multithreading?
Multithreading programming has the following advantages:
○ Multithreading allows an application/program to be always reactive for input,

even already running with some background tasks
○ Multithreading allows the faster execution of tasks, as threads execute

independently.
○ Multithreading provides better utilization of cache memory as threads share the

common memory resources.
○ Multithreading reduces the number of the required server as one server can
execute multiple threads at a time.
8) What are the states in the lifecycle of a Thread?
A thread can have one of the following states during its lifetime:
1. New: In this state, a Thread class object is created using a new operator, but the
thread is not alive. Thread doesn't start until we call the start() method.
2. Runnable: In this state, the thread is ready to run after calling the start() method.
However, the thread is not yet selected by the thread scheduler.
3. Running: In this state, the thread scheduler picks the thread from the ready state,
and the thread is running.
4. Waiting/Blocked: In this state, a thread is not running but still alive, or it is waiting
for the other thread to finish.
5. Dead/Terminated: A thread is in terminated or dead state when the run() method
exits.
9) What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and

time slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the
waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing,
a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks.
The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and
other factors.
10) What is context switching?

In Context switching the state of the process (or thread) is stored so that it can be
restored and execution can be resumed from the same point later. Context switching
enables the multiple processes to share the same CPU.
11) Differentiate between the Thread class and Runnable

interface for creating a Thread?
The Thread can be created by using two ways.
○ By extending the Thread class
○ By implementing the Runnable interface
However, the primary differences between both the ways are given below:
○ By extending the Thread class, we cannot extend any other class, as Java does
not allow multiple inheritances while implementing the Runnable interface; we
can also extend other base class(if required).
○ By extending the Thread class, each of thread creates the unique object and
associates with it while implementing the Runnable interface; multiple threads
share the same object
○ Thread class provides various inbuilt methods such as getPriority(), isAlive and
many more while the Runnable interface provides a single method, i.e., run().
12) What does join() method?
The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently
running threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task. Join
method is overloaded in Thread class in the following ways.
○ public void join()throws InterruptedException

○ public void join(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException
More details.
13) Describe the purpose and working of sleep() method.
The sleep() method in java is used to block a thread for a particular time, which means it
pause the execution of a thread for a specific time. There are two methods of doing so.
Syntax:
○ public static void sleep(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException
○ public static void sleep(long milliseconds, int nanos)throws InterruptedException
Working of sleep() method
AD
When we call the sleep() method, it pauses the execution of the current thread for the
given time and gives priority to another thread(if available). Moreover, when the waiting
time completed then again previous thread changes its state from waiting to runnable
and comes in running state, and the whole process works so on till the execution
doesn't complete.
14) What is the difference between wait() and sleep() method?
wait() sleep()
1) The wait() method is defined in Object The sleep() method is defined in Thread
class. class.
2) The wait() method releases the lock. The sleep() method doesn't release the
lock.
15) Is it possible to start a thread twice?
No, we cannot restart the thread, as once a thread started and executed, it goes to the
Dead state. Therefore, if we try to start a thread twice, it will give a runtimeException
"java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException". Consider the following example.
1. public class Multithread1 extends Thread

2. {
3. public void run()
4. {
5. try {
6. System.out.println("thread is executing now........");
7. } catch(Exception e) {
8. }
9. }
10. public static void main (String[] args) {
11. Multithread1 m1= new Multithread1();
12. m1.start();
13. m1.start();
14. }
15. }
Output
thread is executing now........

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
at java.lang.Thread.start(Thread.java:708)
at Multithread1.main(Multithread1.java:13)
More details.
16) Can we call the run() method instead of start()?

Yes, calling run() method directly is valid, but it will not work as a thread instead it will
work as a normal object. There will not be context-switching between the threads. When
we call the start() method, it internally calls the run() method, which creates a new stack
for a thread while directly calling the run() will not create a new stack.
More details.
17) What about the daemon threads?
The daemon threads are the low priority threads that provide the background support
and services to the user threads. Daemon thread gets automatically terminated by the
JVM if the program remains with the daemon thread only, and all other user threads are
ended/died. There are two methods for daemon thread available in the Thread class:
AD
○ public void setDaemon(boolean status): It used to mark the thread daemon

thread or a user thread.
○ public boolean isDaemon(): It checks the thread is daemon or not.
More details.
18)Can we make the user thread as daemon thread if the thread

is started?
No, if you do so, it will throw IllegalThreadStateException. Therefore, we can only create
a daemon thread before starting the thread.
1. class Testdaemon1 extends Thread{

2. public void run(){
3. System.out.println("Running thread is daemon...");
4. }
6. Testdaemon1 td= new Testdaemon1();
7. td.start();
8. setDaemon(true);// It will throw the exception: td.
9. }
10. }
Output
Running thread is daemon...

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
at java.lang.Thread.setDaemon(Thread.java:1359)
at Testdaemon1.main(Testdaemon1.java:8)
More details.
19)What is shutdown hook?
The shutdown hook is a thread that is invoked implicitly before JVM shuts down. So we
can use it to perform clean up the resource or save the state when JVM shuts down
normally or abruptly. We can add shutdown hook by using the following method:
1. public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook){}

2. Runtime r=Runtime.getRuntime();
3. r.addShutdownHook(new MyThread());
Some important points about shutdown hooks are :
○ Shutdown hooks initialized but can only be started when JVM shutdown
occurred.
○ Shutdown hooks are more reliable than the finalizer() because there are very
fewer chances that shutdown hooks not run.
○ The shutdown hook can be stopped by calling the halt(int) method of Runtime
class.
More details.
20)When should we interrupt a thread?
We should interrupt a thread when we want to break out the sleep or wait state of a
thread. We can interrupt a thread by calling the interrupt() throwing the
InterruptedException.
More details.
21) What is the synchronization?
Synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared
resource. It is used:
1. To prevent thread interference.

2. To prevent consistency problem.
When the multiple threads try to do the same task, there is a possibility of an erroneous
result, hence to remove this issue, Java uses the process of synchronization which
allows only one thread to be executed at a time. Synchronization can be achieved in
three ways:
○ by the synchronized method
○ by synchronized block
○ by static synchronization
Syntax for synchronized block
1. synchronized(object reference expression)

2. {
3. //code block
4. }
5.
More details.
22) What is the purpose of the Synchronized block?
The Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization on any specific

resource of the method. Only one thread at a time can execute on a particular resource,
and all other threads which attempt to enter the synchronized block are blocked.
○ Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.

○ The scope of the synchronized block is limited to the block on which, it is applied.
Its scope is smaller than a method.
More details.
23)Can Java object be locked down for exclusive use by a given

thread?
Yes. You can lock an object by putting it in a "synchronized" block. The locked object is
inaccessible to any thread other than the one that explicitly claimed it.
24) What is static synchronization?
If you make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be on the class not on the
object. If we use the synchronized keyword before a method so it will lock the object
(one thread can access an object at a time) but if we use static synchronized so it will
lock a class (one thread can access a class at a time). More details.
25)What is the difference between notify() and notifyAll()?
The notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread whereas notifyAll() method is used to
unblock all the threads in waiting state.
26)What is the deadlock?
Deadlock is a situation in which every thread is waiting for a resource which is held by
some other waiting thread. In this situation, Neither of the thread executes nor it gets
the chance to be executed. Instead, there exists a universal waiting state among all the
threads. Deadlock is a very complicated situation which can break our code at runtime.
More details.
27) How to detect a deadlock condition? How can it be avoided?
We can detect the deadlock condition by running the code on cmd and collecting the
Thread Dump, and if any deadlock is present in the code, then a message will appear on
cmd.
Ways to avoid the deadlock condition in Java:
○ Avoid Nested lock: Nested lock is the common reason for deadlock as deadlock
occurs when we provide locks to various threads so we should give one lock to
only one thread at some particular time.
○ Avoid unnecessary locks: we must avoid the locks which are not required.
○ Using thread join: Thread join helps to wait for a thread until another thread
doesn't finish its execution so we can avoid deadlock by maximum use of join
method.
28) What is Thread Scheduler in java?
In Java, when we create the threads, they are supervised with the help of a Thread
Scheduler, which is the part of JVM. Thread scheduler is only responsible for deciding
which thread should be executed. Thread scheduler uses two mechanisms for
scheduling the threads: Preemptive and Time Slicing.
Java thread scheduler also works for deciding the following for a thread:
○ It selects the priority of the thread.
○ It determines the waiting time for a thread
○ It checks the Nature of thread
29) Does each thread have its stack in multithreaded

programming?
Yes, in multithreaded programming every thread maintains its own or separate stack
area in memory due to which every thread is independent of each other.
30) How is the safety of a thread achieved?
If a method or class object can be used by multiple threads at a time without any race
condition, then the class is thread-safe. Thread safety is used to make a program safe
to use in multithreaded programming. It can be achieved by the following ways:
○ Synchronization
○ Using Volatile keyword
○ Using a lock based mechanism
○ Use of atomic wrapper classes
31) What is race-condition?
A Race condition is a problem which occurs in the multithreaded programming when

various threads execute simultaneously accessing a shared resource at the same time.
The proper use of synchronization can avoid the Race condition.
32) What is the volatile keyword in java?
Volatile keyword is used in multithreaded programming to achieve the thread safety, as

a change in one volatile variable is visible to all other threads so one variable can be
used by one thread at a time.
33) What do you understand by thread pool?
○ Java Thread pool represents a group of worker threads, which are waiting for the
task to be allocated.
○ Threads in the thread pool are supervised by the service provider which pulls one
thread from the pool and assign a job to it.
○ After completion of the given task, thread again came to the thread pool.
○ The size of the thread pool depends on the total number of threads kept at
reserve for execution.
The advantages of the thread pool are :
○ Using a thread pool, performance can be enhanced.
○ Using a thread pool, better system stability can occur.
Concurrency Interview Questions
34) What are the main components of concurrency API?
Concurrency API can be developed using the class and interfaces of java.util.Concurrent
package. There are the following classes and interfaces in java.util.Concurrent package.
○ Executor
○ FarkJoinPool
○ ExecutorService
○ ScheduledExecutorService
○ Future
○ TimeUnit(Enum)
○ CountDownLatch
○ CyclicBarrier
○ Semaphore
○ ThreadFactory
○ BlockingQueue
○ DelayQueue
○ Locks
○ Phaser
35) What is the Executor interface in Concurrency API in Java?
The Executor Interface provided by the package java.util.concurrent is the simple

interface used to execute the new task. The execute() method of Executor interface is
used to execute some given command. The syntax of the execute() method is given
below.
void execute(Runnable command)
Consider the following example:
1. import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
2. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
3. import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
4. import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
5.
6. public class TestThread {
7. public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {
8. Executor e = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
9. e.execute(new Thread());
10. ThreadPoolExecutor pool = (ThreadPoolExecutor)e;
11. pool.shutdown();
12. }
13.
14. static class Thread implements Runnable {
15. public void run() {
16. try {
17. Long duration = (long) (Math.random() * 5);
18. System.out.println("Running Thread!");
19. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(duration);
20. System.out.println("Thread Completed");
21. } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
22. ex.printStackTrace();
23. }
24. }
25. }
26. }
Output
Running Thread!
Thread Completed
36) What is BlockingQueue?

The java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue is the subinterface of Queue that supports the
operations such as waiting for the space availability before inserting a new value or
waiting for the queue to become non-empty before retrieving an element from it.
Consider the following example.
1.
2. import java.util.Random;
3. import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
4. import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
5.
7.
9. BlockingQueue<Integer> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer>(10);
10.
11. Insert i = new Insert(queue);
12. Retrieve r = new Retrieve(queue);
13.
14. new Thread(i).start();
15. new Thread(r).start();
16.
17. Thread.sleep(2000);
18. }
19.
20.
21. static class Insert implements Runnable {
22. private BlockingQueue<Integer> queue;
23.
24. public Insert(BlockingQueue queue) {
25. this.queue = queue;
26. }
27.
28. @Override
30. Random random = new Random();
31.
32. try {
33. int result = random.nextInt(200);
35. queue.put(result);
36. System.out.println("Added: " + result);
37.
38. result = random.nextInt(10);
42.
43. result = random.nextInt(50);
47. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
48. e.printStackTrace();
49. }
50. }
51. }
52.
53. static class Retrieve implements Runnable {
54. private BlockingQueue<Integer> queue;
55.
56. public Retrieve(BlockingQueue queue) {
57. this.queue = queue;
58. }
59.
60. @Override
62.
63. try {
64. System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());
67. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
68. e.printStackTrace();
69. }
70. }
71. }
72. }
Output
Added: 96
Removed: 96
Added: 8
Removed: 8
Added: 5
Removed: 5
37) How to implement producer-consumer problem by using

BlockingQueue?
The producer-consumer problem can be solved by using BlockingQueue in the following
way.
1.
2. import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
3. import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
4. import java.util.logging.Level;
5. import java.util.logging.Logger;
6. public class ProducerConsumerProblem {
8. //Creating shared object
9. BlockingQueue sharedQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue();
10.
11. //Creating Producer and Consumer Thread
12. Thread prod = new Thread(new Producer(sharedQueue));
13. Thread cons = new Thread(new Consumer(sharedQueue));
14.
15. //Starting producer and Consumer thread
16. prod.start();
17. cons.start();
18. }
19.
20. }
21.
22. //Producer Class in java
23. class Producer implements Runnable {
24.
25. private final BlockingQueue sharedQueue;
26.
27. public Producer(BlockingQueue sharedQueue) {
28. this.sharedQueue = sharedQueue;
29. }
30.
31. @Override
33. for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
34. try {
35. System.out.println("Produced: " + i);
36. sharedQueue.put(i);
38. Logger.getLogger(Producer.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null,
ex);
39. }
40. }
41. }
42.
43. }
44.
45. //Consumer Class in Java
46. class Consumer implements Runnable{
47.
48. private final BlockingQueue sharedQueue;
49.
50. public Consumer (BlockingQueue sharedQueue) {
51. this.sharedQueue = sharedQueue;
52. }
53.
54. @Override
56. while(true){
57. try {
58. System.out.println("Consumed: "+ sharedQueue.take());
60. Logger.getLogger(Consumer.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null,
ex);
61. }
62. }
63. }
64. }
Output
Produced: 0
Produced: 1
Produced: 2
Produced: 3
Produced: 4
Produced: 5
Produced: 6
Produced: 7
Produced: 8
Produced: 9
Consumed: 0
Consumed: 1
Consumed: 2
Consumed: 3
Consumed: 4
Consumed: 5
Consumed: 6
Consumed: 7
Consumed: 8
Consumed: 9
38) What is the difference between Java Callable interface and
Runnable interface?
The Callable interface and Runnable interface both are used by the classes which
wanted to execute with multiple threads. However, there are two main differences
between the both :
○ A Callable <V> interface can return a result, whereas the Runnable interface
cannot return any result.
○ A Callable <V> interface can throw a checked exception, whereas the Runnable
interface cannot throw checked exception.
○ A Callable <V> interface cannot be used before the Java 5 whereas the Runnable
interface can be used.
39) What is the Atomic action in Concurrency in Java?
○ The Atomic action is the operation which can be performed in a single unit of a
task without any interference of the other operations.
○ The Atomic action cannot be stopped in between the task. Once started it fill
stop after the completion of the task only.
○ An increment operation such as a++ does not allow an atomic action.
○ All reads and writes operation for the primitive variable (except long and double)
are the atomic operation.
○ All reads and writes operation for the volatile variable (including long and double)
are the atomic operation.
○ The Atomic methods are available in java.util.Concurrent package.

40) What is lock interface in Concurrency API in Java?
The java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock interface is used as the synchronization

mechanism. It works similar to the synchronized block. There are a few differences
between the lock and synchronized block that are given below.
○ Lock interface provides the guarantee of sequence in which the waiting thread
will be given the access, whereas the synchronized block doesn't guarantee it.
○ Lock interface provides the option of timeout if the lock is not granted whereas
the synchronized block doesn't provide that.
○ The methods of Lock interface, i.e., Lock() and Unlock() can be called in different
methods whereas single synchronized block must be fully contained in a single
method.
41) Explain the ExecutorService Interface.
The ExecutorService Interface is the subinterface of Executor interface and adds the
features to manage the lifecycle. Consider the following example.
1.
2. import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
3. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
4. import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
5.
8. ExecutorService e = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
9.
10. try {
11. e.submit(new Thread());
12. System.out.println("Shutdown executor");
13. e.shutdown();
14. e.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
16. System.err.println("tasks interrupted");
17. } finally {
18.
19. if (!e.isTerminated()) {
20. System.err.println("cancel non-finished tasks");
21. }
22. e.shutdownNow();
23. System.out.println("shutdown finished");
24. }
25. }
26.
27. static class Task implements Runnable {
28.
30.
31. try {
32. Long duration = (long) (Math.random() * 20);
33. System.out.println("Running Task!");
34. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(duration);
36. ex.printStackTrace();
37. }
38. }
39. }
40. }
Output
Shutdown executor
shutdown finished
42) What is the difference between Synchronous programming

and Asynchronous programming regarding a thread?
Synchronous programming: In Synchronous programming model, a thread is assigned

to complete a task and hence thread started working on it, and it is only available for
other tasks once it will end the assigned task.
Asynchronous Programming: In Asynchronous programming, one job can be completed

by multiple threads and hence it provides maximum usability of the various threads.
43) What do you understand by Callable and Future in Java?
Java Callable interface: In Java5 callable interface was provided by the package
java.util.concurrent. It is similar to the Runnable interface but it can return a result, and it
can throw an Exception. It also provides a run() method for execution of a thread. Java
Callable can return any object as it uses Generic.
Syntax:
public interface Callable<V>
Java Future interface: Java Future interface gives the result of a concurrent process.
The Callable interface returns the object of java.util.concurrent.Future.
Java Future provides following methods for implementation.
○ cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning): It is used to cancel the execution of the

assigned task.
○ get(): It waits for the time if execution not completed and then retrieved the
result.
○ isCancelled(): It returns the Boolean value as it returns true if the task was
canceled before the completion.
○ isDone(): It returns true if the job is completed successfully else returns false.
44. What is the difference between ScheduledExecutorService

and ExecutorService interface?
ExecutorServcie and ScheduledExecutorService both are the interfaces of

java.util.Concurrent package but scheduledExecutorService provides some additional
methods to execute the Runnable and Callable tasks with the delay or every fixed time
period.
45) Define FutureTask class in Java?
Java FutureTask class provides a base implementation of the Future interface. The
result can only be obtained if the execution of one task is completed, and if the
computation is not achieved then get method will be blocked. If the execution is
completed, then it cannot be re-started and can't be canceled.
Syntax
public class FutureTask<V> extends Object implements RunnableFuture<V>
Core Java - OOPs: Polymorphism Interview Questions
101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism

and runtime polymorphism?
There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism.
S compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism
N
1 In compile-time polymorphism, In runtime polymorphism, call to an
call to a method is resolved at overridden method is resolved at runtime.
compile-time.
2 It is also known as static It is also known as dynamic binding, late
binding, early binding, or binding, overriding, or dynamic method
overloading. dispatch.
3 Overloading is a way to achieve Overriding is a way to achieve runtime
compile-time polymorphism in polymorphism in which, we can redefine
which, we can define multiple some particular method or variable in the
methods or constructors with derived class. By using overriding, we can
different signatures. give some specific implementation to the
base class properties in the derived class.
4 It provides fast execution It provides slower execution as compare to
because the type of an object is compile-time because the type of an object is
determined at compile-time. determined at run-time.
5 Compile-time polymorphism Run-time polymorphism provides more
provides less flexibility because flexibility because all the things are resolved
all the things are resolved at at runtime.
compile-time.
102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an
overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an
overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The
determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the
reference variable.
1. class Bike{
2. void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4. class Splendor extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}
7. Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting
8. b.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
Output:
running safely with 60km.
In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a

superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being
referred to by the reference variable.
More details.
103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?
No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data
members cannot be overridden. We can override the member functions but not the data
members. Consider the example given below.
1. class Bike{
2. int speedlimit=90;
3. }
5. int speedlimit=150;
7. Bike obj=new Honda3();
8. System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
9. }
Test it Now
Output:
90
More details.
104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic

binding?
In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time
whereas, in the dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at runtime.
Static Binding
1. class Dog{
2. private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
3.
5. Dog d1=new Dog();
6. d1.eat();
7. }
8. }
Dynamic Binding
1. class Animal{
2. void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
3. }
4.
5. class Dog extends Animal{
6. void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
7.
9. Animal a=new Dog();
10. a.eat();
11. }
12. }
More details.

1. class BaseTest
2. {
3. void print()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Test extends BaseTest
9. {
10. void print()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Test:print() called");
13. }
15. {
16. BaseTest b = new Test();
17. b.print();
18. }
19. }
Output
Test:print() called
Explanation
It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is

determined at runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that method is present in
the Base class. In this case, it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the
derived class method is called.
106) What is Java instanceOf operator?
The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares
the instance with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator
with any variable that has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following example.
1. class Simple1{
3. Simple1 s=new Simple1();
4. System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true
5. }
6. }
Test it Now
Output
true
An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends
Animal then object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or Animal class.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions
107) What is the abstraction?
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only

functionality to the user. It displays just the essential things to the user and hides the
internal information, for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the
message. You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery.
Abstraction enables you to focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.
AD
○ Abstract Class
○ Interface
More details.
108) What is the difference between abstraction and

encapsulation?
Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and
data into a single unit.
More details.
109) What is the abstract class?
A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be

extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can have abstract
methods, non-abstract methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the
final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the method.
Consider the following example.
1. abstract class Bike{

2. abstract void run();
3. }
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
7. Bike obj = new Honda4();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
Output
running safely
More details.
110) Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?
No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what
will be the output of the program?
1. abstract class Calculate
2. {
3. abstract int multiply(int a, int b);
4. }
5.
7. {
9. {
10. int result = new Calculate()
11. {
12. @Override
13. int multiply(int a, int b)
14. {
15. return a*b;
16. }
17. }.multiply(12,32);
18. System.out.println("result = "+result);
19. }
20. }
Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract
method multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The output of the program will
be:
AD
Output
384
112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?
No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation,
whereas we can't override the final method.
113) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?
No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all
of its methods are implemented.
114) What is the interface?
The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods.
It can be used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It is a mechanism to
achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not
method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. In other
words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java
Interface also represents the IS-A relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the
abstract class. However, we need to implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8,
we can have the default, static, and private methods in an interface.
More details.
115) Can you declare an interface method static?
No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static
and abstract together.
116) Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it
can't be implemented by any class.
117) What is a marker interface?
A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and
member functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker interfaces. The
marker interface can be declared as follows.
1. public interface Serializable{

2. }
118) What are the differences between abstract class and

interface?
Abstract class Interface
An abstract class can have a method body The interface has only abstract
(non-abstract methods). methods.
An abstract class can have instance An interface cannot have instance
variables. variables.
An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the
constructor.
An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static
methods.
You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.
The abstract class can provide the The Interface can't provide the
implementation of the interface. implementation of the abstract class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare an The interface keyword is used to
abstract class. declare an interface.
An abstract class can extend another Java An interface can extend another Java
class and implement multiple Java interface only.
interfaces.
An abstract class can be extended using An interface class can be implemented
keyword extends using keyword implements
A Java abstract class can have class Members of a Java interface are public
members like private, protected, etc. by default.
Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }
119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the

members in interfaces?
No, they are implicitly public.
120) When can an object reference be cast to an interface

reference?
An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements
the referenced interface.
121) How to make a read-only class in Java?
A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class
will have only getter methods which return the private property of the class to the main
method. We cannot modify this property because there is no setter method available in
the class. Consider the following example.
1. //A Java class which has only getter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college="AKG";
5. //getter method for college
6. public String getCollege(){
7. return college;
8. }
9. }
122) How to make a write-only class in Java?
A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-only class
will have only setter methods which set the value passed from the main method to the
private fields. We cannot read the properties of the class because there is no getter
method in this class. Consider the following example.
1. //A Java class which has only setter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college;
5. //getter method for college
6. public void setCollege(String college){
7. this.college=college;
8. }
9. }
123) What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?
There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?
○ By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or
write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.
○ It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id
which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter
method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter
methods.
○ It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to
access the data through the private data members.
○ The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
○ The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters.
So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.
AD
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions
124) What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It
provides access protection and removes naming collision. The packages in Java can be
categorized into two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many
built-in packages such as Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql, etc. Consider the
following example to create a package in Java.
1. //save as Simple.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }
More details.
125) What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names
defined in different packages. Packages also enable the developer to organize the
similar classes more effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the
classes present in java.io package are used to perform io related operations.
126) How to create packages in Java?
If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on
file->new->project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of the package. It will
create the project package containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are
using an editor like notepad for java programming, use the following steps to create the
package.
○ Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name
and save this file with your_class_name.java.
○
Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.
1. javac -d . your_class_name.java
○ The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the
present working directory.Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file
name, like following.
1. java package_name.class_name
127) How can we access some class in another class in Java?
There are two ways to access a class in another class.

○ By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either
we must use the fully qualified name of that class, or we must import the
package containing that class.
○ By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the
package that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.
128) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?
No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.
129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load
the package twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler
nor JVM complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load the class only once
no matter how many times you import the same class.
130) What is the static import?
By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to
qualify it with the class name.
More details.
Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know
any exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.
131) How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is
considered as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three types of
exceptions:
○ Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at
compile-time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.
○
Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at
runtime because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example,
ArithmaticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,
etc.
○
Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For
Example, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.
132) What is Exception Handling?
Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used

primarily to handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains the normal flow
of the program. There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked.
Here, the error is considered as the unchecked exception.
More details.
133) Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?
The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is
inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes
are given below:
134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and
Unchecked Exception?
1) Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known
as checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are
checked at compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g.,
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked
at compile-time.
More details.
135) What is the base class for Error and Exception?
The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.
136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a

catch block?
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be
followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exceptions are likely to
be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the
following example.
1. public class Main{

3. try{
4. int a = 1;
5. System.out.println(a/0);
6. }
7. finally
8. {
9. System.out.println("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
12. }
13.
Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero

rest of the code...

1. public class ExceptionHandlingExample {
2. public static void main(String args[])
3. {
4. try
5. {
6. int a = 1/0;
7. System.out.println("a = "+a);
8. }
9. catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
11. }
12. }
Output
ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has already
been caught
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
^
1 error
Explanation
ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after

Exception. Since Exception is the base class for all the exceptions, therefore, it must be
used at last to handle the exception. No class can be used after this.
138) What is finally block?
The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed
whether an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that finally block is
the block which is always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't
handle the exception, before terminating the program, JVM runs finally block, (if any).
The finally block is mainly used to place the cleanup code such as closing a file or
closing a connection. Here, we must know that for each try block there can be zero or
more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if
program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the
process to abort).
More details.
139) Can finally block be used without a catch?
Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch
block, therefore, we can use try block instead of catch. More details.
140) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?
Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by

causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).More details.
141) What is the difference between throw and throws?
throw keyword throws keyword
1) The throw keyword is used to The throws keyword is used to declare an
throw an exception explicitly. exception.
2) The checked exceptions cannot The checked exception can be propagated with
be propagated with throw only. throws
3) The throw keyword is followed The throws keyword is followed by class.
by an instance.
4) The throw keyword is used The throws keyword is used with the method
within the method. signature.
5) You cannot throw multiple You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public
exceptions. void method()throws IOException,
SQLException.
More details.

3. try
4. {
5. throw 90;
6. }
7. catch(int e){
8. System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);
9. }
10.
11. }
12. }
Output
Main.java:6: error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to Throwable

throw 90;
^
Main.java:8: error: unexpected type
catch(int e){
^
required: class
found: int
2 errors
Explanation
In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object,
The compiler will show an error since we can not throw basic data type from a block of
code.

1. class Calculation extends Exception
2. {
3. public Calculation()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");
6. }
7. public void add(int a, int b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));
10. }
11. }
14. try
15. {
16. throw new Calculation();
17. }
18. catch(Calculation c){
19. c.add(10,20);
20. }
21. }
22. }
Output
Calculation class is instantiated

The sum is 30
Explanation
The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block.
The add() of Calculation class is called with the integer values 10 and 20 by using the
object of this class. Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main class can
only be thrown in the case when the type of the object is throwable. To do so, we need
to extend the throwable class.
144) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.
145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if

parent class method doesn't throw an exception?
Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.
More details.
146) What is exception propagation?
An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops
down the call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception again
drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach
the very bottom of the call stack. This procedure is called exception propagation. By
default, checked exceptions are not propagated.
1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{
2. void m(){
3. int data=50/0;
4. }
5. void n(){
6. m();
7. }
8. void p(){
9. try{
10. n();
11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
12. }
14. TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
15. obj.p();
16. System.out.println("normal flow...");
17. }
18. }
Test it Now
Output:
exception handled
normal flow...
More details.

2. {
3. void a()
4. {
5. try{
6. System.out.println("a(): Main called");
7. b();
8. }catch(Exception e)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Exception is caught");
11. }
12. }
13. void b() throws Exception
14. {
15. try{
16. System.out.println("b(): Main called");
17. c();
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. throw new Exception();
20. }
21. finally
22. {
23. System.out.println("finally block is called");
24. }
25. }
26. void c() throws Exception
27. {
29. }
30.
32. {
33. Main m = new Main();
34. m.a();
35. }
36. }
Output
a(): Main called

b(): Main called
finally block is called
Exception is caught
Explanation
In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The
method b() prints some message and then call c(). The method c() throws an exception
which is handled by the catch block of method b. However, It propagates this exception
by using throw Exception() to be handled by the method a(). As we know, finally block is
always executed therefore the finally block in the method b() is executed first and prints
a message. At last, the exception is handled by the catch block of the method a().

1. public class Calculation
2. {
3. int a;
4. public Calculation(int a)
5. {
6. this.a = a;
7. }
8. public int add()
9. {
10. a = a+10;
11. try
12. {
13. a = a+10;
14. try
15. {
16. a = a*10;
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. a = a - 10;
20. }
21. }catch(Exception e)
22. {
23. a = a - 10;
24. }
25. return a;
26. }
27.
29. {
30. Calculation c = new Calculation(10);
31. int result = c.add();
32. System.out.println("result = "+result);
33. }
34. }
Output
result = 290
Explanation
The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class
constructor which is called while instantiating the class. The add method is called
which returns an integer value result. In add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20.
Then, in the first try block, 10 is again incremented by 10 to be 30. In the second try
block, a is multiplied by 10 to be 300. The second try block throws the exception which
is caught by the catch block associated with this try block. The catch block again alters
the value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the add() method returns
290 which is assigned to result. However, the catch block associated with the
outermost try block will never be executed since there is no exception which can be
handled by this catch block.
Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed
answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the
comment section.
149) What is String Pool?
String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the
strings. The main advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create a string
literal; the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the
pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool,
a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory
by avoiding the duplicacy.
150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?
The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is

immutable, i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't be changed.
Consider the following example for better understanding.
1. class Testimmutablestring{
3. String s="Sachin";
4. s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
5. System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
6. }
7. }
Test it Now
Output:
Sachin
More details.
151) Why are the objects immutable in java?
Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference
variables, all refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable changes the value of
the object, it will be affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are
immutable in java.
More details.
152) How many ways can we create the string object?
1) String Literal
Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:
1. String s="welcome";
Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If
the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the
string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool.
String objects are stored in a special memory area known as the string constant pool
For example:
1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance
2) By new keyword
1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable
In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory,
and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The variable s will
refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).
153) How many objects will be created in the following code?

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are
immutable.
More details.
154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?
To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists
already in the string constant pool).
More details.
155) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s = new String("Welcome");
Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).
More details.

2.
4. {
5. String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");
6. String b = "Sharma is a good player";
7. if(a == b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a == b");
10. }
11. if(a.equals(b))
12. {
13. System.out.println("a equals b");
14. }
15. }
Output
a equals b
Explanation
The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal
or not. Although both of the strings contain the same content, their references are not
equal because both are created by different ways(Constructor and String literal)
therefore, a == b is unequal. On the other hand, the equal() method always check for the
content. Since their content is equal hence, a equals b is printed.
2. {
4. {
5. String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";
6. String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");
7. s2 = s2.intern();
8. System.out.println(s1 ==s2);
9. }
10. }
Output
true
Explanation
The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case,
s1 is created by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using the String pool.
However, s2 is changed to the reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.
158) What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?
The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.
N String StringBuffer
o.
1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is
mutable.
2) The String is slow and consumes more The StringBuffer is fast and
memory when you concat too many strings consumes less memory when
because every time it creates a new instance. you cancat strings.
3) The String class overrides the equals() The StringBuffer class doesn't
method of Object class. So you can compare override the equals() method
the contents of two strings by equals() of Object class.
method.
159) What are the differences between StringBuffer and

StringBuilder?
The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.
N StringBuffer StringBuilder
o.
1) StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e.,
thread safe. It means two threads not thread safe. It means two threads
can't call the methods of StringBuffer can call the methods of StringBuilder
simultaneously. simultaneously.
2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than
StringBuilder. StringBuffer.
160) How can we create an immutable class in Java?
We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as
final. Consider the following example.
1. public final class Employee{

2. final String pancardNumber;
3.
4. public Employee(String pancardNumber){
5. this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;
6. }
7.
8. public String getPancardNumber(){
9. return pancardNumber;
10. }
11.
12. }
More details.
161) What is the purpose of toString() method in Java?
The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any
object, java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object. So
overriding the toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an
object, etc. depending upon your implementation. By overriding the toString() method of
the Object class, we can return the values of the object, so we don't need to write much
code. Consider the following example.
1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String city;
5.
6. Student(int rollno, String name, String city){
7. this.rollno=rollno;
8. this.name=name;
9. this.city=city;
10. }
11.
12. public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method
13. return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;
14. }
16. Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");
17. Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");
18.
19. System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()
20. System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()
21. }
22. }
Output:
101 Raj lucknow

102 Vijay ghaziabad
More details.
162) Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the

password?
String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password
into a string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone having the
memory-dump can extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using
CharArray allows us to set it to blank whenever we are done with the password. It avoids
the security threat with the string by enabling us to control the memory.
163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present

in a string?
Program:

2. {
4. {
5. String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";
6. String words[] = s.split(" ");
7. System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are :
"+words.length);
8. }
9. }
Output
The Number of words present in the string are : 10
164) Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.
There are the following classes and interfaces present in java.util.regex package.
○ MatchResult Interface
○ Matcher class
○ Pattern class
○ PatternSyntaxException class
165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary

characters?
Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The
metacharacters are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does not consider
them as the regular characters. To enable the regular expression engine treating the
metacharacters as ordinary characters, we need to escape the metacharacters with the
backslash.
166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A
password must start with an alphabet and followed by
alphanumeric characters; Its length must be in between 8 to 20.
The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^
represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that the first character must be an
alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9] represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the
length of the password must be in between 8 and 20.

1. import java.util.regex.*;
2. class RegexExample2{
4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4
5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5
6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6
7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7
8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8
9. }}
Output
true
false
false
false
true
Explanation
line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the
second character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more than 3 characters in
the string, line 7 prints false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it
contains more than 2 characters as well, line 8 prints true since the third character of
the string is s.
Core Java: Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions
168) What are the advantages of Java inner classes?
There are two types of advantages of Java inner classes.
○ Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all
the members (data members and methods) of the outer class including private.
○ Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code
because it logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.
○ Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.
169) What is a nested class?
The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or
interface. We use the nested class to logically group classes and interfaces in one place
so that it can be more readable and maintainable. A nested class can access all the
data members of the outer class including private data members and methods. The
syntax of the nested class is defined below.
1. class Java_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. class Java_Nested_class{
4. //code
5. }
6. }
7.
There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class.
The non-static nested class can also be called as inner-class
More details.
170) What are the disadvantages of using inner classes?
There are the following main disadvantages of using inner classes.
○ Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and
therefore increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some routine
operations for those extra classes which result in slower performance.
○ IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level
classes and therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner classes.
171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class)
used in Java?
There are mainly three types of inner classes used in Java.
Type Description
Member Inner A class created within class and outside method.
Class
Anonymous A class created for implementing an interface or extending class.
Inner Class Its name is decided by the java compiler.
Local Inner Class A class created within the method.

172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner
classes?
Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner
classes are the part of nested classes.
More details.
173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local
inner class?
No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.
More details.
174) How many class files are created on compiling the

OuterClass in the following program?
1. public class Person {
2. String name, age, address;
3. class Employee{
4. float salary=10000;
5. }
6. class BusinessMen{
7. final String gstin="£4433drt3$";
8. }
10. {
11. Person p = new Person();
12. }
13. }
3 class-files will be created named as Person.class, Person$BusinessMen.class, and

Person$Employee.class.
175) What are anonymous inner classes?
Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and
instantiated within an expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers to them.
Anonymous class cannot be static, and cannot define any static fields, method, or class.
In other words, we can say that it a class without the name and can have only one object
that is created by its definition. Consider the following example.
1. abstract class Person{

2. abstract void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnonymousInner{
6. Person p=new Person(){
7. void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. p.eat();
10. }
11. }
Test it Now
Output:
nice fruits
Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.
1. interface Eatable{
2. void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnnonymousInner1{
6. Eatable e=new Eatable(){
7. public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. e.eat();
10. }
11. }
Test it Now
Output:
nice fruits
176) What is the nested interface?
An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested
interface. It is static by default. The nested interfaces are used to group related
interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain. The external interface or class must
refer to the nested interface. It can't be accessed directly. The nested interface must be
public if it is declared inside the interface but it can have any access modifier if declared
within the class. The syntax of the nested interface is given as follows.
1. interface interface_name{
2. ...
3. interface nested_interface_name{
4. ...
5. }
6. }
7.
More details.
177) Can a class have an interface?
Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.
More details.
178) Can an Interface have a class?
Yes, they are static implicitly.
More details.
Garbage Collection Interview Questions
179) What is Garbage Collection?
Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is

performed for memory management. In other words, we can say that It is the process of
removing unused objects from the memory to free up space and make this space
available for Java Virtual Machine. Due to garbage collection java gives 0 as output to a
variable whose value is not set, i.e., the variable has been defined but not initialized. For
this purpose, we were using free() function in the C language and delete() in C++. In
Java, it is performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.
More details.
180) What is gc()?
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This
method is found in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly makes the
Java Virtual Machine free up the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be
utilized or reused. Consider the following example for the better understanding of how
the gc() method invoke the garbage collector.
1. public class TestGarbage1{

2. public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
4. TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
5. TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
6. s1=null;
7. s2=null;
8. System.gc();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
object is garbage collected
object is garbage collected
181) How is garbage collection controlled?
Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space
in the memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the System.gc() for
the garbage collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.
182) How can an object be unreferenced?
There are many ways:
○ By nulling the reference
○ By assigning a reference to another
○ By anonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:
1. Employee e=new Employee();
2. e=null;
2) By assigning a reference to another:

1. Employee e1=new Employee();
2. Employee e2=new Employee();
3. e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection
3) By anonymous object:
1. new Employee();
183) What is the purpose of the finalize() method?
The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to
perform cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects
that are created by new keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can
use the finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects).
The cleanup processing is the process to free up all the resources, network which was
previously used and no longer needed. It is essential to remember that it is not a
reserved keyword, finalize method is present in the object class hence it is available in
every class as object class is the superclass of every class in java. Here, we must note
that neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed. Consider the following
example.
1. public class FinalizeTest {

2. int j=12;
3. void add()
4. {
5. j=j+12;
6. System.out.println("J="+j);
7. }
8. public void finalize()
9. {
10. System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");
11. }
13. new FinalizeTest().add();
14. System.gc();
15. new FinalizeTest().add();
16. }
17. }
18.
184) Can an unreferenced object be referenced again?
Yes,
185) What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?
Daemon thread.
186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?
N final finally finalize

o.
1) Final is used to apply restrictions Finally is used to Finalize is used to
on class, method, and variable. place important perform clean up
The final class can't be inherited, code, it will be processing just
final method can't be overridden, executed whether an before an object is
and final variable value can't be exception is handled garbage collected.
changed. or not.
2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.
187) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?
Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime
class provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total and free memory, etc.
There is only one instance of java.lang.Runtime class is available for one java
application. The Runtime.getRuntime() method returns the singleton instance of
Runtime class.
188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?
By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method. Consider the following example.
1. public class Runtime1{

2. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
3. Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad
4. }
5. }
I/O Interview Questions
189) Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream

classes.
OutputStream Hierarchy
InputStream Hierarchy
190) What do you understand by an IO stream?
The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed
of bytes. In Java, three streams are created for us automatically.
○ System.out: standard output stream
○ System.in: standard input stream
○ System.err: standard error stream
191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class

hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the

InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream classes are
used to perform input-output of 8-bit bytes whereas the CharacterStream classes are
used to perform the input/output for the 16-bit Unicode system. There are many classes
in the ByteStream class hierarchy, but the most frequently used classes are
FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently used classes
CharacterStream class hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.
192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?
All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream
classes and CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are further divided into
InputStream classes and OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also
divided into Reader classes and Writer classes. The SuperMost classes for all the
InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream and for all the output stream classes is
java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the super-most class is
java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.
193) What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?
Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have
some primitive values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream class. You can write
byte-oriented as well as character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class.
However, for character-oriented data, it is preferred to use FileWriter than
FileOutputStream. Consider the following example of writing a byte into a file.
1. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
2. public class FileOutputStreamExample {
4. try{
5. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. fout.write(65);
7. fout.close();
8. System.out.println("success...");
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. }
11. }
Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading
byte-oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video, etc. You can
also read character-stream data. However, for reading streams of characters, it is
recommended to use FileReader class. Consider the following example for reading
bytes from a file.
1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. public class DataStreamExample {
4. try{
5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. int i=fin.read();
7. System.out.print((char)i);
8.
9. fin.close();
11. }
12. }
13.
194) What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and

BufferedOutputStream classes?
Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally

uses a buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write data directly into a
stream. So, it makes the performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class is
used to read information from the stream. It internally uses the buffer mechanism to
make the performance fast.
195) How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?
In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java
FilePermission class contains the permission related to a directory or file. All the
permissions are related to the path. The path can be of two types:
○ D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories
and files recursively.
○ D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files
within this directory excluding subdirectories.
Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with
read permission and a file of this directory is granted for write permission.
1. package com.javatpoint;
2. import java.io.*;
3. import java.security.PermissionCollection;
4. public class FilePermissionExample{
5. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
6. String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";
7. FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");
8. PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();
9. permission.add(file1);
10. FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");
11. permission.add(file2);
12. if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {
13. System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );
14. }else {
15. System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path
"+srg); }
16. }
17. }
Output
Read, Write permission is granted for the path D:\IO Package\java.txt

196) What are FilterStreams?
FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream
classes. FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data from a stream,
filters it, and pass the filtered data to the caller. The FilterStream classes provide extra
functionalities like adding line numbers to the destination file, etc.
197) What is an I/O filter?
An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually
altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another. Many Filter
classes that allow a user to make a chain using multiple input streams. It generates a
combined effect on several filters.
198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the
console?
In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.
○ Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping
System.in into an InputStreamReader and passing it into the BufferedReader. It
provides an efficient reading as the input gets buffered. Consider the following
example.
1. import java.io.BufferedReader;
2. import java.io.IOException;
3. import java.io.InputStreamReader;
4. public class Person
5. {
6. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
7. {
8. System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");
9. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));
10. String name = reader.readLine();
11. System.out.println(name);
12. }
13. }
○ Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using
a delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to read and
parse various primitive values. Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text
for string and primitive types using a regular expression. Java Scanner class
extends Object class and implements Iterator and Closeable interfaces. Consider
the following example.
1. import java.util.*;
2. public class ScannerClassExample2 {
4. String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";
5. //Create scanner with the specified String Object
6. Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);
7. System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());
8. //Change the delimiter of this scanner
9. scanner.useDelimiter("/");
10. //Printing the tokenized Strings

11. System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");
12. while(scanner.hasNext()){
13. System.out.println(scanner.next());
14. }
15. //Display the new delimiter
16. System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());
17. scanner.close();
18. }
19. }
20.
○ Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the
console. It provides methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the
password using the Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The
java.io.Console class is attached to the system console internally. The Console
class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the following example.
1. import java.io.Console;
2. class ReadStringTest{
4. Console c=System.console();
5. System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
6. String n=c.readLine();
7. System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
8. }
9. }
Serialization Interview Questions
199) What is serialization?
Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream.
It is used primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS technologies. It is mainly used
to travel object's state on the network (which is known as marshaling). Serializable
interface is used to perform serialization. It is helpful when you require to save the state
of a program to storage such as the file. At a later point of time, the content of this file
can be restored using deserialization. It is also required to implement RMI(Remote
Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possible to invoke the method of a Java
object on one machine to another machine.
More details.
200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?
A class can become serializable by implementing the Serializable interface.

201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base
class is implementing the Serializable interface?
It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to
implement the Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it directly, but the
serialization can be avoided by implementing the writeObject() or readObject() methods
in the subclass and throw NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the
following example.
1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
3. import java.io.IOException;
4. import java.io.NotSerializableException;
5. import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
6. import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
7. import java.io.Serializable;
8. class Person implements Serializable
9. {
10. String name = " ";
11. public Person(String name)
12. {
14. }
15. }
16. class Employee extends Person
17. {
18. float salary;
19. public Employee(String name, float salary)
20. {
21. super(name);
22. this.salary = salary;
23. }
24. private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException
25. {
26. throw new NotSerializableException();
27. }
28. private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException
29. {
30. throw new NotSerializableException();
31. }
32.
33. }
35. {
37. throws Exception
38. {
39. Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);
40.
41. System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);
42. System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);
43.
44. FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");
45. ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
46.
47. oos.writeObject(emp);
48.
49. oos.close();
50. fos.close();
51.
52. System.out.println("Object has been serialized");
53.
54. FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");
55. ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);
56.
57. Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();
58.
59. o.close();
60. f.close();
61.
62. System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");
63.
64. System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);
65. System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);
66. }
67. }
202) Can a Serialized object be transferred via network?
Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is
stored in the memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted over the network. We
can also write the serialized object to the disk or the database.
203) What is Deserialization?
Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is
the reverse operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and
primitive data written using an ObjectOutputStream.
2. class Depersist{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));
6. Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
7. System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
8.
9. in.close();
10. }
11. }
211 ravi
204) What is the transient keyword?
If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining
transient keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it is restored. More
details.
205) What is Externalizable?
The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in
a compressed format. It is not a marker interface.
206) What is the difference between Serializable and

Externalizable interface?
N Serializable Externalizable
o.
1) The Serializable interface does The Externalizable interface contains is not
not have any method, i.e., it is a a marker interface, It contains two
marker interface. methods, i.e., writeExternal() and
readExternal().
2) It is used to "mark" Java classes The Externalizable interface provides
so that objects of these classes control of the serialization logic to the
may get the certain capability. programmer.
3) It is easy to implement but has It is used to perform the serialization and
the higher performance cost. often result in better performance.
4) No class constructor is called in We must call a public default constructor
serialization. while using this interface.
Networking Interview Questions
207) Give a brief description of Java socket programming?
Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running
on different JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or
connectionless. Socket and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented
socket programming and DatagramSocket, and DatagramPacket classes are used for
connectionless socket programming. The client in socket programming must know two
information:
○ IP address of the server
○ port number
208) What is Socket?
A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides

the connection mechanism to connect the two computers using TCP. The Socket class
can be used to create a socket.
209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers
connect through TCP?
There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through
TCP.
○ The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port
number to which, the connection will be made.
○ After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of
ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client attempts to connect
to the server on the given port.
○ Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating

Socket class. The socket class constructor accepts the server port number and
server name.
○ The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the
specified name. If the connection is established, the client will have a socket
object that can communicate with the server.
○ The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket
on the server that is connected with the server.
210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between
client and server?
Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is
established.
File: MyServer.java
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyServer {
5. try{
6. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
7. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
8. DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
9. String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
10. System.out.println("message= "+str);
11. ss.close();
13. }
14. }
File: MyClient.java
3. public class MyClient {
5. try{
6. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
8. dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
9. dout.flush();
10. dout.close();
11. s.close();
13. }
14. }
211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into

a hostname like java.sun.com?
By InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName() where 192.18.97.39 is the

IP address. Consider the following example.
3. public class InetDemo{
5. try{
6. InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");
7.
8. System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());
10. }
11. }
12.
Reflection Interview Questions

212) What is the reflection?
Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at

runtime. The java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can be used to get
metadata, examine and change the runtime behavior of a class. The java.lang and
java.lang.reflect packages provide classes for java reflection. It is used in:
○ IDE (Integrated Development Environment), e.g., Eclipse, MyEclipse, NetBeans.
○ Debugger
○ Test Tools, etc.
213) What is the purpose of using java.lang.Class class?
The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:
○ Provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.
○ Provides methods to examine and change the runtime behavior of a class.
214) What are the ways to instantiate the Class class?
There are three ways to instantiate the Class class.
○ forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the
class dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you
know the fully qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for primitive
types.
○
getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It
should be used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with primitives.
○
the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible
to obtain a Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It can be used for
primitive data type also.

1. class Simple{
2. public Simple()
3. {
4. System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");
5. }
6. void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}
7. }
8.
9. class Test1{
11. try{
12. Class c=Class.forName("Simple");
13. Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();
14. s.message();
16. }
17. }
Output
Constructor of Simple class is invoked

Hello Java
Explanation
The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at
runtime. In this program, the instance of the Simple class is created.
216) What is the purpose of using javap?
The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays
information about the fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.
Syntax
javap fully_class_name
217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.
More details.
Miscellaneous Interview Questions
218)What are wrapper classes?
Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In
other words, we can say that wrapper classes are built-in java classes which allow the
conversion of objects to primitives and primitives to objects. The process of converting
primitives to objects is called autoboxing, and the process of converting objects to
primitives is called unboxing. There are eight wrapper classes present in java.lang
package is given below.
Primitive Type Wrapper class
boolean Boolean
char Character
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
219)What are autoboxing and unboxing? When does it occur?
The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding
wrapper class object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the process of converting
wrapper class object to primitive data type. For eg., integer to int. Unboxing and
autoboxing occur automatically in Java. However, we can externally convert one into
another by using the methods like valueOf() or xxxValue().
It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is
provided or vice versa.
○ Adding primitive types into Collection like ArrayList in Java.

○ Creating an instance of parameterized classes ,e.g., ThreadLocal which expect
Type.
○ Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and

another is provided in the method calling.
○ When a primitive type is assigned to an object type.
220) What is the output of the below Java program?

1. public class Test1
2. {
4. Integer i = new Integer(201);
5. Integer j = new Integer(201);
6. if(i == j)
7. {
8. System.out.println("hello");
9. }
10. else
11. {
12. System.out.println("bye");
13. }
14. }
15. }
Output
bye
Explanation
The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects
can only be created in the range -128 to 127. The operator == will not work for the value
greater than 127; thus bye is printed.
221) What is object cloning?
The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of
the Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be
implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement
Cloneable interface, clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. The
clone() method is defined in the Object class. The syntax of the clone() method is as
follows:
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
222) What are the advantages and disadvantages of object

cloning?
Advantage of Object Cloning
○ You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class
with a 4- or 5-line long clone() method.
○ It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are
applying it to an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent class,
implement Cloneable in it, provide the definition of the clone() method and the
task will be done.
○ Clone() is the fastest way to copy the array.
Disadvantage of Object Cloning

○ To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code,
like implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and
handling CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(), etc.
○ We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any
methods in it. We have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone() on
our object.
○ Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly

call Object.clone() from it.
○ Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control
over object construction.
○ If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses
should define the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent class.
Otherwise, the super.clone() chain will fail.
○ Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we

need deep cloning.
223) What is a native method?
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives
methods are sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.
224) What is the purpose of the strictfp keyword?
Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you
perform operations in the floating-point variable. The precision may differ from platform
to platform that is why java programming language has provided the strictfp keyword so
that you get the same result on every platform. So, now you have better control over the
floating-point arithmetic.
225) What is the purpose of the System class?
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources such as
standard input and output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities provided by System class
are given below.
○ Standard input
○ Error output streams
○ Standard output
○ utility method to copy the portion of an array
○ utilities to load files and libraries
There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static
inputstream in, and standard output stream.
226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow

copy in Java?
Object cloning.
227) What is a singleton class?
Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a
class singleton, we either make its constructor private or use the static getInstance
method. Consider the following example.
1. class Singleton{
2. private static Singleton single_instance = null;
3. int i;
4. private Singleton ()
5. {
6. i=90;
7. }
8. public static Singleton getInstance()
9. {
10. if(single_instance == null)
11. {
12. single_instance = new Singleton();
13. }
14. return single_instance;
15. }
16. }
18. {
20. {
21. Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();
22. System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);
23. first.i=first.i+90;
24. Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();
25. System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);
26. }
27. }
28.
228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at
command-line.
Program
1. class A{
3.
4. for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
5. System.out.println(args[i]);
6.
7. }
8. }
1. compile by > javac A.java
2. run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc
Output
sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc
229) Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?
The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.
230) Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?
The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.
231) What are peerless components?

The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring has its
libraries, so it does not use resources from the Operating System, and hence it has
lightweight components.
232) is there is any difference between a Scrollbar and a

ScrollPane?
The Scrollbar is a Component whereas the ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane

handles its events and performs its scrolling.
233) What is a lightweight component?
Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call to obtain the
graphical units. They share their parent component graphical units to render them. For
example, Swing components, and JavaFX Components.
234) What is a heavyweight component?
The portable elements provided by the operating system are called heavyweight
components. AWT is limited to the graphical classes provided by the operating system
and therefore, It implements only the minimal subset of screen elements supported by
all platforms. The Operating system dependent UI discovery tools are called
heavyweight components.
235) What is an applet?
An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic
content. It is embedded in the webpage and runs on the client side. It is secured and
takes less response time. It can be executed by browsers running under many
platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os, etc. However, the plugins are required at
the client browser to execute the applet. The following image shows the architecture of
Applet.
When an applet is created, the following methods are invoked in order.
○ init()
○ start()
○ paint()
When an applet is destroyed, the following functions are invoked in order.
○ stop()
○ destroy()
236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an
applet as well as an application?
Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.
Internationalization Interview Questions
237) What is Locale?
A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. This

object can be used to get the locale-specific information such as country name,
language, variant, etc.
2. public class LocaleExample {
4. Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();
5. //Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale
6.
7. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
8. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
9. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
10. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
11. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
12. System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
13. System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
14.
15. }
16. }
Output:
United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US
238)How will you load a specific locale?
By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.
Java Bean Interview Questions
239) What is a JavaBean?
JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming language,

designed to be manipulated visually by a software development environment, like
JBuilder or VisualAge for Java. t. A JavaBean encapsulates many objects into one
object so that we can access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it provides the
easy maintenance. Consider the following example to create a JavaBean class.
1. //Employee.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{
4. private int id;
5. private String name;
6. public Employee(){}
7. public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}
8. public int getId(){return id;}
9. public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}
10. public String getName(){return name;}
11. }
240) What is the purpose of using the Java bean?
According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean

encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can access this object from
multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance.
241) What do you understand by the bean persistent property?
The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the properties, fields,
and state information are saved to or retrieve from the storage.
RMI Interview Questions
242) What is RMI?
The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create the
distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke methods on an object
running in another JVM. The RMI provides remote communication between the
applications using two objects stub and skeleton.
243) What is the purpose of stub and skeleton?
Stub
The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests are
routed through it. It resides at the client side and represents the remote object. When
the caller invokes the method on the stub object, it does the following tasks:
○ It initiates a connection with remote Virtual Machine (JVM).
○ It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual Machine
(JVM).
○ It waits for the result.
○ It reads (unmarshals) the return value or exception.
○ It finally, returns the value to the caller.
Skeleton
The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the incoming
requests are routed through it. When the skeleton receives the incoming request, it does
the following tasks:
○ It reads the parameter for the remote method.
○ It invokes the method on the actual remote object.
○ It writes and transmits (marshals) the result to the caller.
244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?
There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.
○ Create the remote interface.
○ Provide the implementation of the remote interface.
○ Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects
using the rmic tool.
○ Start the registry service by the rmiregistry tool.

○ Create and start the remote application.
○ Create and start the client application.
245) What is the use of HTTP-tunneling in RMI?
HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup to work
within the firewall environment. It handles the HTTP connections through the proxy
servers. However, it does not allow outbound TCP connections.
246) What is JRMP?
JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific,

stream-based protocol which looks up and refers to the remote objects. It requires both
client and server to use Java objects. It is wire level protocol which runs under RMI and
over TCP/IP.
247) Can RMI and CORBA based applications interact?
Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP.
Core Java: Data Structure interview questions
248) How to perform Bubble Sort in Java?
Consider the following program to perform Bubble sort in Java.
1. public class BubbleSort {

3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
5. {
6. for (int j=0;j<10;j++)
7. {
8. if(a[i]<a[j])
9. {
10. int temp = a[i];
11. a[i]=a[j];
12. a[j] = temp;
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");
17. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
18. {
19. System.out.println(a[i]);
20. }
21. }
22. }
Output:
Printing Sorted List . . .

7
9
10
12
23
34
34
44
78
101
249) How to perform Binary Search in Java?
Consider the following program to perform the binary search in Java.
2. public class BinarySearch {
4. int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
5. int item, location = -1;
6. System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. item = sc.nextInt();
9. location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);
10. if(location != -1)
11. System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);
12. else
13. System.out.println("Item not found");
14. }
15. public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)
16. {
17. int mid;
18. if(end >= beg)
19. {
20. mid = (beg + end)/2;
21. if(a[mid] == item)
22. {
23. return mid+1;
24. }
25. else if(a[mid] < item)
26. {
27. return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
28. }
29. else
30. {
31. return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
32. }
33. }
34. return -1;
35. }
36. }
Output:
Enter the item which you want to search

45
the location of the item is 5
250) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?
Consider the following program to perform selection sort in Java.
1. public class SelectionSort {

3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. int i,j,k,pos,temp;
5. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
6. {
7. pos = smallest(a,10,i);
8. temp = a[i];
9. a[i]=a[pos];
10. a[pos] = temp;
11. }
12. System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");
13. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
14. {
15. System.out.println(a[i]);
16. }
17. }
18. public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)
19. {
20. int small,pos,j;
21. small = a[i];
22. pos = i;
23. for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
24. {
25. if(a[j]<small)
26. {
27. small = a[j];
28. pos=j;
29. }
30. }
31. return pos;
32. }
33. }
Output:
printing sorted elements...

7
9
10
12
23
23
34
44
78
101
251) How to perform Linear Search in Java?
Consider the following program to perform Linear search in Java.
1. import java.util.Scanner;
2.
3. public class Leniear_Search {
5. int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};
6. int item,flag=0;
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. System.out.println("Enter Item ?");
9. item = sc.nextInt();
10. for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)
11. {
12. if(arr[i]==item)
13. {
14. flag = i+1;
15. break;
16. }
17. else
18. flag = 0;
19. }
20. if(flag != 0)
21. {
22. System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);
23. }
24. else
25. System.out.println("Item not found");
26.
27. }
28. }
Output:
Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ?
22
Item not found
252) How to perform merge sort in Java?
Consider the following program to perform merge sort in Java.
1. public class MyMergeSort

2. {
3. void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)
4. {
5.
6. int l = mid - beg + 1;
7. int r = end - mid;
8.
9. intLeftArray[] = new int [l];
10. intRightArray[] = new int [r];
11.
12. for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)
13. LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];
14.
15. for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)
16. RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];
17.
18.
19. int i = 0, j = 0;
20. int k = beg;
21. while (i<l&&j<r)
22. {
23. if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])
24. {
25. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
26. i++;
27. }
28. else
29. {
30. arr[k] = RightArray[j];
31. j++;
32. }
33. k++;
34. }
35. while (i<l)
36. {
37. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
38. i++;
39. k++;
40. }
41.
42. while (j<r)
43. {
44. arr[k] = RightArray[j];
45. j++;
46. k++;
47. }
48. }
49.
50. void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)
51. {
52. if (beg<end)
53. {
54. int mid = (beg+end)/2;
55. sort(arr, beg, mid);
56. sort(arr , mid+1, end);
57. merge(arr, beg, mid, end);
58. }
59. }
60. public static void main(String args[])
61. {
62. intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
63. MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();
64. ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);
65.
66. System.out.println("\nSorted array");
67. for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)
68. {
69. System.out.println(arr[i]+"");
70. }
71. }
72. }
Output:
Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101
253) How to perform quicksort in Java?
Consider the following program to perform quicksort in Java.
1. public class QuickSort {

3. int i;
4. int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
5. quickSort(arr, 0, 9);
6. System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");
7. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
8. System.out.println(arr[i]);
9. }
10. public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)
11. {
12.
13. int left, right, temp, loc, flag;
14. loc = left = beg;
15. right = end;
16. flag = 0;
17. while(flag != 1)
18. {
19. while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))
20. right--;
21. if(loc==right)
22. flag =1;
23. elseif(a[loc]>a[right])
24. {
25. temp = a[loc];
26. a[loc] = a[right];
27. a[right] = temp;
28. loc = right;
29. }
30. if(flag!=1)
31. {
32. while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))
33. left++;
34. if(loc==left)
35. flag =1;
36. elseif(a[loc] <a[left])
37. {
38. temp = a[loc];
39. a[loc] = a[left];
40. a[left] = temp;
41. loc = left;
42. }
43. }
44. }
45. returnloc;
46. }
47. static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)
48. {
49.
50. int loc;
51. if(beg<end)
52. {
53. loc = partition(a, beg, end);
54. quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);
55. quickSort(a, loc+1, end);
56. }
57. }
58. }
Output:
The sorted array is:

23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101
254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list

containing n nodes.
Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.
1. public class CountList {

2.
3. //Represent a node of the doubly linked list
4.
5. class Node{
6. int data;
7. Node previous;
8. Node next;
9.
10. public Node(int data) {
11. this.data = data;
12. }
13. }
14.
15. //Represent the head and tail of the doubly linked list
16. Node head, tail = null;
17.
18. //addNode() will add a node to the list
19. public void addNode(int data) {
20. //Create a new node
21. Node newNode = new Node(data);
22.
23. //If list is empty
24. if(head == null) {
25. //Both head and tail will point to newNode
26. head = tail = newNode;
27. //head's previous will point to null
28. head.previous = null;
29. //tail's next will point to null, as it is the last node of the list
30. tail.next = null;
31. }
32. else {
33. //newNode will be added after tail such that tail's next will point to
newNode
34. tail.next = newNode;
35. //newNode's previous will point to tail
36. newNode.previous = tail;
37. //newNode will become new tail
38. tail = newNode;
39. //As it is last node, tail's next will point to null
40. tail.next = null;
41. }
42. }
43.
44. //countNodes() will count the nodes present in the list
45. public int countNodes() {
46. int counter = 0;
47. //Node current will point to head
48. Node current = head;
49.
50. while(current != null) {
51. //Increment the counter by 1 for each node
52. counter++;
53. current = current.next;
54. }
55. return counter;
56. }
57.
58. //display() will print out the elements of the list
59. public void display() {
60. //Node current will point to head
63. System.out.println("List is empty");
64. return;
65. }
66. System.out.println("Nodes of doubly linked list: ");
67. while(current != null) {
68. //Prints each node by incrementing the pointer.
69.
70. System.out.print(current.data + " ");
71. current = current.next;
72. }
73. }
74.
76.
77. CountList dList = new CountList();
78. //Add nodes to the list
79. dList.addNode(1);
84.
85. //Displays the nodes present in the list
86. dList.display();
87.
88. //Counts the nodes present in the given list
89. System.out.println("\nCount of nodes present in the list: " +
dList.countNodes());
90. }
91. }
Output:
Nodes of doubly linked list:

12345
Count of nodes present in the list: 5
255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum

value node from a circular linked list.
Consider the following program.

1. public class MinMax {
2. //Represents the node of list.
3. public class Node{
4. int data;
5. Node next;
6. public Node(int data) {
8. }
9. }
10.
11. //Declaring head and tail pointer as null.
12. public Node head = null;
13. public Node tail = null;
14.
15. //This function will add the new node at the end of the list.
16. public void add(int data){
17. //Create new node
18. Node newNode = new Node(data);
19. //Checks if the list is empty.
21. //If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.
22. head = newNode;
23. tail = newNode;
24. newNode.next = head;
25. }
26. else {
27. //tail will point to new node.
28. tail.next = newNode;
29. //New node will become new tail.
30. tail = newNode;
31. //Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.
32. tail.next = head;
33. }
34. }
35.
36. //Finds out the minimum value node in the list
37. public void minNode() {
39. //Initializing min to initial node data
40. int min = head.data;
43. }
44. else {
45. do{
46. //If current node's data is smaller than min
47. //Then replace value of min with current node's data
48. if(min > current.data) {
49. min = current.data;
50. }
51. current= current.next;
52. }while(current != head);
53.
54. System.out.println("Minimum value node in the list: "+ min);
55. }
56. }
57.
58. //Finds out the maximum value node in the list
59. public void maxNode() {
61. //Initializing max to initial node data
62. int max = head.data;
65. }
66. else {
67. do{
68. //If current node's data is greater than max
69. //Then replace value of max with current node's data
70. if(max < current.data) {
71. max = current.data;
72. }
73. current= current.next;
74. }while(current != head);
75.
76. System.out.println("Maximum value node in the list: "+ max);
77. }
78. }
79.
81. MinMax cl = new MinMax();
82. //Adds data to the list
83. cl.add(5);
84. cl.add(20);
85. cl.add(10);
86. cl.add(1);
87. //Prints the minimum value node in the list
88. cl.minNode();
89. //Prints the maximum value node in the list
90. cl.maxNode();
91. }
92. }
Output:
Minimum value node in the list: 1

Maximum value node in the list: 20
256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between

the sum of the odd level and even level nodes of a Binary Tree.
Consider the following program.
1. import java.util.LinkedList;
2. import java.util.Queue;
3.
4. public class DiffOddEven {
5.
6. //Represent a node of binary tree
7. public static class Node{
8. int data;
9. Node left;
10. Node right;
11.
12. public Node(int data){
13. //Assign data to the new node, set left and right children to null
15. this.left = null;
16. this.right = null;
17. }
18. }
19.
20. //Represent the root of binary tree
21. public Node root;
22.
23. public DiffOddEven(){
24. root = null;
25. }
26.
27. //difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels
of binary tree
28. public int difference() {
29. int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;
30.
31. //Variable nodesInLevel keep tracks of number of nodes in each level
32. int nodesInLevel = 0;
33.
34. //Variable currentLevel keep track of level in binary tree
35. int currentLevel = 0;
36.
37. //Queue will be used to keep track of nodes of tree level-wise
38. Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
39.
40. //Check if root is null
41. if(root == null) {
42. System.out.println("Tree is empty");
43. return 0;
44. }
45. else {
46. //Add root node to queue as it represents the first level
47. queue.add(root);
48. currentLevel++;
49.
50. while(queue.size() != 0) {
51.
52. //Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of
elements in queue
53. nodesInLevel = queue.size();
54.
55. while(nodesInLevel > 0) {
56. Node current = queue.remove();
57.
58. //Checks if currentLevel is even or not.
59. if(currentLevel % 2 == 0)
60. //If level is even, add nodes's to variable evenLevel
61. evenLevel += current.data;
62. else
63. //If level is odd, add nodes's to variable oddLevel
64. oddLevel += current.data;
65.
66. //Adds left child to queue
67. if(current.left != null)
68. queue.add(current.left);
69. //Adds right child to queue
70. if(current.right != null)
71. queue.add(current.right);
72. nodesInLevel--;
73. }
74. currentLevel++;
75. }
76. //Calculates difference between oddLevel and evenLevel
77. diffOddEven = Math.abs(oddLevel - evenLevel);
78. }
79. return diffOddEven;
80. }
81.
83.
84. DiffOddEven bt = new DiffOddEven();
85. //Add nodes to the binary tree
86. bt.root = new Node(1);
87. bt.root.left = new Node(2);
88. bt.root.right = new Node(3);
89. bt.root.left.left = new Node(4);
90. bt.root.right.left = new Node(5);
91. bt.root.right.right = new Node(6);
92.
93. //Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes
94. System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level
nodes: " + bt.difference());
95. }
96. }
Output:
Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: 11

Core Java - Basics of Java Interview Questions

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Core Java - Basics of Java Interview Questions

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Core Java: Basics of Java Interview Questions

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language,

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

Comparison C++ Java

Platform-indep C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

system programming. programming. It is widely used in

window, web-based, enterprise and

systems and applications an interpreter for printing systems

programming. It was an but later extended as a support

extension of C programming network computing. It was

language. designed with a goal of being easy

to use and accessible to a broader

Multiple C++ supports multiple Java doesn't support multiple

inheritance inheritance. inheritance through class. It can be

achieved by interfaces in java.

Operator C++ supports operator Java doesn't support operator

Overloading overloading. overloading.

Pointers C++ supports pointers. You Java supports pointer internally.

C++. program in java. It means java has

restricted pointer support in Java.

Interpreter is compiled and run using both. Java source code is

the compiler which converts converted into bytecode at

source code into machine compilation time. The interpreter

code so, C++ is platform executes this bytecode at runtime

dependent. and produces output. Java is

interpreted that is why it is platform

Union unions. unions.

support for threads. It relies

on third-party libraries for

Documentation C++ doesn't support Java supports documentation

comment documentation comment. comment (/** ... */) to create

documentation for java source

keyword so that we can can override all non-static methods

decide whether or not by default. In other words,

override a function. non-static methods are virtual by

shift >>> operator. >>> operator that fills zero at the

top for the negative numbers. For

positive numbers, it works same

like >> operator.

Inheritance C++ creates a new Java uses a single inheritance tree

child of Object class in java. The

object class is the root of the

inheritance tree in java.

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with

Object-oriented C++ is an object-oriented Java is also an object-oriented

language. However, in C language. However, everything

language, single root (except fundamental types) is an

hierarchy is not possible. object in Java. It is a single root

hierarchy as everything gets derived

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment

○ Standard Edition Java Platform

○ Micro Edition Java Platform

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is

○ Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the

11) What is classloader?

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of

2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent

3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension

12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

1. //save by .java only

compile it by javac .java

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then

It is empty, but not null.

16) What is the default value of the local variables?

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

○ Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by

○ Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be

18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

○ Packages avoid the name clashes.