Core Java Interview Questions

What is Java?

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language, platform-

independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming language. It was
developed by James Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the platform as it
provides its own JRE and API.

What are the differences between C++ and Java?

The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.

Comparison
C++ Java
Index

Platform-
C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.
independent

Java is mainly used for application

C++ is mainly used for programming. It is widely used in
Mainly used for
system programming. window, web-based, enterprise and
mobile applications.

Java was designed and created as an

C++ was designed for interpreter for printing systems but later
systems and applications extended as a support network
Design Goal
programming. It was an computing. It was designed with a goal
extension of C of being easy to use and accessible to a
broader audience.

C++ supports the goto

Goto Java doesn't support the goto statement.
statement.

Java doesn't support multiple inheritance

Multiple C++ supports multiple
through class. It can be achieved by
inheritance inheritance.
interfaces.

Operator C++ supports operator Java doesn't support operator

Overloading overloading overloading.

Java supports pointer internally.

C++ supports pointers. You
However, you can't write the pointer
Pointers can write pointer program in
program in java. It means java has
C++.
restricted pointer support in java.
 Java uses compiler and interpreter both.
C++ uses compiler only. C++
Java source code is converted into
is compiled and run using the
bytecode at compilation time. The
Compiler and compiler which converts
interpreter executes this bytecode at
Interpreter source code into machine
runtime and produces output. Java is
code so, C++ is platform
interpreted that is why it is platform
dependent.
independent.

Call by Value
C++ supports both call by Java supports call by value only. There is
and Call by
value and call by reference. no call by reference in java.
reference

Structure and C++ supports structures and Java doesn't support structures and
Union unions. unions.

C++ doesn't have built-in

support for threads. It relies
Thread Support Java has built-in thread support.
on third-party libraries for
thread support.

Java supports documentation comment

Documentation C++ doesn't support
(/** ... */) to create documentation for
comment documentation comment.
java source code.

Java has no virtual keyword. We can

C++ supports virtual keyword
override all non-static methods by
Virtual Keyword so that we can decide whether
default. In other words, non-static
or not override a function.
methods are virtual by default.

Java supports unsigned right shift >>>

unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> operator that fills zero at the top for the
shift >>> operator. negative numbers. For positive numbers,
it works same like >> operator.

Java uses a single inheritance tree always

C++ creates a new because all classes are the child of Object
Inheritance Tree
inheritance tree always. class in java. The object class is the root
of the inheritance tree in java.

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.

Java is also an object-oriented language.

C++ is an object-oriented
However, everything (except
language. However, in C
Object-oriented fundamental types) is an object in Java. It
language, single root
is a single root hierarchy as everything
hierarchy is not possible.
gets derived from java.lang.Object.

List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

 Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes
easier to write the program in it.
 Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to
maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates
both data and behavior.
 Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the
Java program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode
(.class) which can be easily run on every machine.
 Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is
different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform
to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java
doesn't depend upon the operating system to be executed.
 Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides
the concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more secured.
 Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory
management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling,
etc. make it more robust.
 Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the
architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32
bit or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.
 Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for
the program execution.
 High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming
languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower
than a compiled language (e.g., C++).
 Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't
occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
 Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed
applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This
feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any
machine on the internet.
 Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It
means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native
languages, i.e., C and C++.

What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program.
JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM
is the specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is
compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native
code.
What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the
runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification which
specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by
Oracle and other companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform
dependent). It is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There are
three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java
Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java
applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM.
It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment

which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE +
development tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms
released by Oracle Corporation:

 Standard Edition Java Platform

 Enterprise Edition Java Platform
 Micro Edition Java Platform

How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime
constant pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays
a part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created
at the same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is
invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method invocation completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of
the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.
What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of

the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount
of time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the
instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is

executed. There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based. Java
provides the software-based platform.

What are the main differences between the Java platform and other platforms?

There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.

 Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware
platforms or software-based platforms.
 Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can
only have the hardware components.

What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code)
which is the intermediate language between source code and machine code. This bytecode is
not platform specific and can be executed on any computer.

Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java
and run by java classname Let's take a simple example:

1. //save by .java only

2. class A{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello java");
5. }
 6. }
7. //compile by javac .java
8. //run by java A

compile it by javac .java

run it by java A

Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.

What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter in
Java.

What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object
references.

What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the
method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.

 Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be
accessed by any class or method.
 Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-
class of this class, or within the same class.
 Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes,
methods, and variables are of default scope.
 Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed
within the class only.
What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The
static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are stored in the class
area, and we do not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is
used in the case, where we need to define variables or methods which are common to all the
objects of the class.

For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of
the college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name will be
defined as static.

What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

 Packages avoid the name clashes.

 The Package provides easier access control.
 We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the
package.
 It is easier to locate the related classes.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class
to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages of
modularity and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one
another to design applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-
oriented paradigm.

 Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

 Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object’s data
 Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities
from the user and show only functionality.
 Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
  The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python,
C#, etc.

What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an
instance of the class having the instance variables as the state of the object and the methods
as the behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword.

What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-

based programming language?

There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-
based language.

 Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based
language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and polymorphism.
 Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based
languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
 Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the
examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance
variable?

All object references are initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

What is the constructor?

The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize the
state of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is allocated
for the object. Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the default
constructor of the class is called. The name of the constructor must be similar to the class
name. The constructor must not have an explicit return type.

How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of constructors in
Java.

 Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any
value. The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with
the default values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on object
creation. A default constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if there is no
constructor defined in the class.
 Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can
initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say that
the constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized
constructors.

What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The java
compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in the class.

Does constructor return any value?

Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't use
an explicit return type with the constructor).

Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.

Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.

Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by
the constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. Consider the following
example.

What are the differences between the constructors and methods?

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.

Java Constructor Java Method

A method is used to expose the

A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object.
behavior of an object.

A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type.

The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.

The Java compiler provides a default constructor if you The method is not provided by the
don't have any constructor in a class. compiler in any case.

The method name may or may not

The constructor name must be same as the class name.
be same as class name.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

What is the static variable?

What is the static method?

 A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

 There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
 A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.
Why is the main method static?

Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main method
non-static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main() method which will
lead to the extra memory allocation.

Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.

What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?

Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."

What is the difference between static (class) method and instance method?

static or class method instance method

A method that is not declared as

1)A method that is declared as static is known as the
static is known as the instance
static method.
method.

2)We don't need to create the objects to call the static The object is required to call the
methods. instance methods.

3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be accessed in Static and non-static variables

the static context (static method, static block, and static both can be accessed in instance
nested class) directly. methods.

4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return For example: public void
n*n*n;} msg(){...}.

Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not the
object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there is no sense to
make the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show the
compiler error.

Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?

In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we
can directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely useless
therefore it is not allowed.

Can we declare the static variables and methods in an abstract class?

Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know that
there is no requirement to make the object to access the static context, therefore, we can
access the static context declared inside the abstract class by using the name of the abstract
class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the
various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties such
as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the
methods or constructors. It can also be returned from the method as the current class
instance.

What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.

  this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
 this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
 this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
 this can be passed as an argument in the method call.

 this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
 this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?

No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class object
and this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler error will be
shown. Consider the following example.

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public Test()
4. {
5. this = null;
6. System.out.println("Test class constructor called");
7. }
8. public static void main (String args[])
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }

Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a reference
variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that, it is unnecessary
to access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best practice to use this to
refer static members.

How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the class
with respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform constructor
chaining within the same class. Consider the following example which illustrates how can
we use this keyword to achieve constructor chaining.

1. public class Employee

2. {
 3. int id,age;
4. String name, address;
5. public Employee (int age)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. }
9. public Employee(int id, int age)
10. {
11. this(age);
12. this.id = id;
13. }
14. public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)
15. {
16. this(id, age);
17. this.name = name;
18. this.address = address;
19. }
20. public static void main (String args[])
21. {
22. Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");
23. System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" ad
dress: "+emp.address);
24. }
25.
26. }

Output

ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi

What are the advantages of passing this into a method instead of the current class
object itself?

As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to the
current class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this into a
method instead of the current class object.

 this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas
the current class object might not be final and can be changed.
 this can be used in the synchronized block.

What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior of
another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and Method Overriding. The
idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing
classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the
parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also.
Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child
relationship.

There are five types of inheritance in Java.

 Single-level inheritance
 Multi-level inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.

Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.

 Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the
method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation of the
method.
 Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.
 We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes
OOPs more realistic.
 Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived
class by making it private.
 Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding,
we can give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the base
class.

Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.

Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in
java. Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class inherits A and B
classes. If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from child class object,
there will be ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.
Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-time error
if you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or different, there will be a
compile time error.

1. class A{
2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
3. }
4. class B{
5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
6. }
7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were
8.
9. Public Static void main(String args[]){
10. C obj=new C();
11. obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
12. }
13. }

Compile Time Error

What is aggregation?

Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the aggregate
class contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best described as a has-a
relationship.

What is composition?

Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition. When an
object contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist without the existence of
container object, then it is called composition. In other words, we can say that composition
is the particular case of aggregation which represents a stronger relationship between two
objects. Example: A class contains students. A student cannot exist without a class. There
exists composition between class and students.

What is the difference between aggregation and composition?

Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the strong
relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but the bike has an engine
(composition).

What is super in java?

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the immediate
parent class object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass, an instance of the
parent class is created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable. The super() is
called in the class constructor implicitly by the compiler if there is no super or this.

What are the main uses of the super keyword?

There are the following uses of super keyword.

 super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
 super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
 super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

What are the differences between this and super keyword?

There are the following differences between this and super keyword.

 The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this keyword
always points to the current class context.
 The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within
the derived class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to differentiate
between local and instance variables when passed in the class constructor.
 The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the
compiler will throw an error.

Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview Questions

What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create multiple

methods with the same name but different signature. We can achieve method overloading in
two ways.

 Changing the number of arguments

  Changing the return type

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is

performed to figure out the program quickly.

73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the return type in java?

In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the program due
to avoid the ambiguity.

Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method
overloading.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview Questions

What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its

parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime polymorphism and to
implement the interface methods.

Rules for Method overriding

 The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
 The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
 Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.

Can we override the static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not the object.
Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class whereas
instance method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in class area, and instance
gets memory in a heap.

Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.

Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.

Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading increases Method overriding provides the specific implementation

the readability of the program. of the method that is already provided by its superclass.

2) Method overloading occurs Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A
within the class. relationship between them.

3) In this case, the parameters

In this case, the parameters must be the same.
must be different.

Can we override the private methods?

No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is limited
to the class and we cannot access them outside of the class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions

What is the final variable?

In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize the final
variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that the final variable once
assigned to a value, can never be changed after that. The final variable which is not assigned
to any value can only be assigned through the class constructor.
What is the final method?

92) What is the final class?

If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.

Can we declare a constructor as final?

The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited. Constructors are
not ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare constructors as final. However,
if you try to do so, The compiler will throw an error.

Can we declare an interface as final?

No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be implemented by
some class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to make an interface final.
However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.
What is the difference between the final method and abstract method?

The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the abstract
method cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to give its definition.

What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and runtime

polymorphism?

There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism.

SN compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism

In compile-time polymorphism,
In runtime polymorphism, call to an overridden
1 call to a method is resolved at
method is resolved at runtime.
compile-time.

It is also known as static binding, It is also known as dynamic binding, late

2
early binding, or overloading. binding, overriding, or dynamic method dispatch.

Overriding is a way to achieve runtime

Overloading is a way to achieve
polymorphism in which, we can redefine some
compile-time polymorphism in
particular method or variable in the derived class.
3 which, we can define multiple
By using overriding, we can give some specific
methods or constructors with
implementation to the base class properties in the
different signatures.
derived class.

It provides fast execution because It provides slower execution as compare to

4 the type of an object is compile-time because the type of an object is
determined at compile-time. determined at run-time.

Compile-time polymorphism
Run-time polymorphism provides more
provides less flexibility because
5 flexibility because all the things are resolved at
all the things are resolved at
runtime.
compile-time.

What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an

overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an
overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The
determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the
reference variable.

What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?

In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time
whereas, in the dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at runtime.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions

107) What is the abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only

functionality to the user. It displays just the essential things to the user and hides the
internal information, for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the
message. You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery.
Abstraction enables you to focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.

 Abstract Class
 Interface

What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data
into a single unit.

What is the abstract class?

A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended

and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can have abstract methods, non-
abstract methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the final methods
which will force the subclass not to change the body of the method.

Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?

No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

Can you use abstract and final both with a method?

No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation,
whereas we can't override the final method.

Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of
its methods are implemented.

What is the interface?

The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It
can be used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It is a mechanism to
achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method
body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. In other words,
you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also
represents the IS-A relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class.
However, we need to implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we can have the
default, static, and private methods in an interface.

Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and
abstract together.

Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it
can't be implemented by any class.

What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and
member functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker interfaces. The
marker interface can be declared as follows.

1. public interface Serializable{

2. }
What are the differences between abstract class and interface?

Abstract class Interface

An abstract class can have a method body

The interface has only abstract methods.
(non-abstract methods).

An interface cannot have instance

An abstract class can have instance variables.
variables.

The interface cannot have the

An abstract class can have the constructor.
constructor.

The interface cannot have static

An abstract class can have static methods.
methods.

You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.

The abstract class can provide the The Interface can't provide the
implementation of the interface. implementation of the abstract class.

The abstract keyword is used to declare an The interface keyword is used to

abstract class. declare an interface.

An abstract class can extend another Java An interface can extend another Java
class and implement multiple Java interfaces. interface only.

An abstract class can be extended using An interface class can be implemented

keyword extends using keyword implements

A Java abstract class can have class members Members of a Java interface are public
like private, protected, etc. by default.

Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in interfaces?

No, they are implicitly public.

What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

 By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only
or write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.
 It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id
which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter
method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter
methods.
 It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to
access the data through the private data members.
 The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
 The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters.
So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions

What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides

access protection and removes naming collision. The packages in Java can be categorized
into two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many built-in
packages such as Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql, etc.

What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names
defined in different packages. Packages also enable the developer to organize the similar
classes more effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the classes present
in java.io package are used to perform io related operations.

Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know
any exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is
considered as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three types of
exceptions:

 Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at
compile-time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.

 Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at
runtime because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example,
ArithmaticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,
etc.

 Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For
Example, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.

What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used

primarily to handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains the normal flow
of the program. There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here,
the error is considered as the unchecked exception.

Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?

The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is
inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes
are given below:

134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?

1) Checked Exception

The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known
as checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are
checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g.,
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked
at compile-time.

What is the base class for Error and Exception?

The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.

Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?

It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be
followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exceptions are likely to
be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method.

What is finally block?

The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed
whether an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that finally block is
the block which is always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't
handle the exception, before terminating the program, JVM runs finally block, (if any).
The finally block is mainly used to place the cleanup code such as closing a file or
closing a connection. Here, we must know that for each try block there can be zero or
more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if
program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the
process to abort).

Can finally block be used without a catch?

Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch
block, therefore, we can use try block instead of catch.

What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

1) The throw keyword is used to The throws keyword is used to declare an
throw an exception explicitly. exception.

2) The checked exceptions cannot The checked exception can be propagated with
be propagated with throw only. throws

3) The throw keyword is followed

The throws keyword is followed by class.
by an instance.

4) The throw keyword is used The throws keyword is used with the method
within the method. signature.

5) You cannot throw multiple You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public
exceptions. void method()throws IOException, SQLException.

Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method

doesn't throw an exception?

Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

What is exception propagation?

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops
down the call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception again drops
down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very
bottom of the call stack. This procedure is called exception propagation. By default,
checked exceptions are not propagated.

Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed
answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the
comment section.
What is String Pool?

String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings.
The main advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create a string literal; the
JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a
reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new
string instance is created and placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by
avoiding the duplicacy.

What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?

The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is

immutable, i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't be changed. Consider
the following example for better understanding.

1. class Testimmutablestring{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. String s="Sachin";
4. s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
5. System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
6. }
7. }

Output:

Sachin

Why are the objects immutable in java?

Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference
variables, all refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable changes the value of
the object, it will be affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are
immutable in java.
How many ways can we create the string object?

1) String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If
the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the
string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool.
String objects are stored in a special memory area known as the string constant pool For
example:

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance

2) By new keyword

1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory,
and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The variable s will
refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).

How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";
3. String s3="Welcome";

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are
immutable.

Why java uses the concept of the string literal?

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists
already in the string constant pool).
How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s = new String("Welcome");

Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?

The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.

No. String StringBuffer

The StringBuffer class is

1) The String class is immutable.
mutable.

The String is slow and consumes more memory The StringBuffer is fast and
2) when you concat too many strings because every consumes less memory when you
time it creates a new instance. cancat strings.

The String class overrides the equals() method of The StringBuffer class doesn't
3) Object class. So you can compare the contents of override the equals() method of
two strings by equals() method. Object class.

What are the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?

The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.

No. StringBuffer StringBuilder

StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not

thread safe. It means two threads can't thread safe. It means two threads can call
1)
call the methods of StringBuffer the methods of StringBuilder
simultaneously. simultaneously.

StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than

2)
StringBuilder. StringBuffer.
Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the password?

String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into
a string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone having the memory-dump
can extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to
set it to blank whenever we are done with the password. It avoids the security threat with
the string by enabling us to control the memory.

Garbage Collection Interview Questions

What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is performed

for memory management. In other words, we can say that It is the process of removing
unused objects from the memory to free up space and make this space available for Java
Virtual Machine. Due to garbage collection java gives 0 as output to a variable whose
value is not set, i.e., the variable has been defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we
were using free() function in the C language and delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed
automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

What is gc()?

The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This
method is found in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly makes the Java
Virtual Machine free up the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be
utilized or reused. Consider the following example for the better understanding of how
the gc() method invoke the garbage collector.

How is garbage collection controlled?

 Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space
in the memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the System.gc() for
the garbage collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.

What is the purpose of the finalize() method?

The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to
perform cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects
that are created by new keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can
use the finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects).
The cleanup processing is the process to free up all the resources, network which was
previously used and no longer needed. It is essential to remember that it is not a reserved
keyword, finalize method is present in the object class hence it is available in every class
as object class is the superclass of every class in java. Here, we must note that neither
finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed.

186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?

No. final finally finalize

Final is used to apply restrictions on

Finally is used to place Finalize is used to
class, method, and variable. The
important code, it will perform clean up
final class can't be inherited, final
1) be executed whether processing just before
method can't be overridden, and
an exception is an object is garbage
final variable value can't be
handled or not. collected.
changed.

2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.

Wewb Service Interview Questionsavatpoint ServicesAppium

How you build Object Repository in your project?

In Selenium, we call objects as locators (such as ID, Name, Class Name, Tag Name, Link
Text, Partial Link Text, XPath, and CSS). Object repository is a collection of objects. One of
the ways to create Object Repository is to place all the locators in a separate file (i.e.,
properties file). But the best way is to use Page Object Model. In the Page Object Model
Design Pattern, each web page is represented as a class. All the objects related to a particular
page of a web application are stored in a class.

What is Page Object Model in Selenium?

Page Object Model (POM) is a Design Pattern which has become popular in Selenium Test
Automation. It is widely used design pattern in Selenium for enhancing test maintenance and
reducing code duplication. Page object model (POM) can be used in any kind of framework
such as modular, data-driven, keyword driven, hybrid framework etc. A page object is an
object-oriented class that serves as an interface to a page of your Application Under
Test(AUT). The tests then use the methods of this page object class whenever they need to
interact with the User Interface (UI) of that page. The benefit is that if the UI changes for the
page, the tests themselves don’t need to change, only the code within the page object needs
to change. Subsequently, all changes to support that new UI is located in one place.

What is Page Factory?

We have seen that ‘Page Object Model’ is a way of representing an application in a test
framework. For every ‘page’ in the application, we create a Page Object to reference the
‘page’ whereas a ‘Page Factory’ is one way of implementing the ‘Page Object Model’.

What is the difference between Page Object Model (POM) and Page Factory?

Page Object is a class that represents a web page and hold the functionality and members.
Page Factory is a way to initialize the web elements you want to interact with within the
page object when you create an instance of it.

What are the advantages of Page Object Model Framework?

Code reusability – We could achieve code reusability by writing the code once and use it in
different tests.

Code maintainability – There is a clean separation between test code and page specific
code such as locators and layout which becomes very easy to maintain code. Code changes
only on Page Object Classes when a UI change occurs. It enhances test maintenance and
reduces code duplication.

Object Repository – Each page will be defined as a java class. All the fields in the page
will be defined in an interface as members. The class will then implement the interface.

Readability – Improves readability due to clean separation between test code and page
specific code

How to connect a Database in selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We could only
interact with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.
We use JDBC Driver to connect the Database in Selenium (While using Java Programming
Language).

How to create and run TestNG.xml?

In TestNG framework, we need to create TestNG XML file to create and handle multiple
test classes. We do configure our test run, set test dependency, include or exclude any test,
method, class or package and set priority etc in the XML file.

Where you have applied OOPS in Automation Framework?

Class
Object
Abstraction – Implementing POM in different class
Interface – Webdriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
Inheritance
Polymorphism - Method Overriding, Method Overloading
Encapsulation – Implementing method in POM