Hci Reviewer

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HCI
- Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has undergone significant historical developments, with innovations ranging from early
mechanical interfaces to modern touchscreens and natural language processing.
MILESTONES OF HCI HISTORY
1. 1940's - 1950's: Punch Cards and Batch Processing

The earliest computers used punch cards for input, requiring users to prepare stacks of cards with holes
punched in specific patterns. This batch processing approach had limited interactivity.
2. 1960's : Text-based Interfaces

The development of text-based interfaces and programming languages allowed users to interact with
computers using commands. The concept of a command-line interface (CLI) emerged, enabling users
to input textual commands to execute tasks.
3. 1970's: Graphical User Interfaces (GUI’s)

Xerox PARC pioneered GUIs, introducing concepts like windows, icons, menus, and pointing devices. The
Alto computer, developed in this period, influenced the development of the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft
Windows in the 1980s.
4. 1980s: Mouse and WIMP (Windows, Icons, Mouse and Pointer)

The rise of the World Wide Web brought new challenges and opportunities for HCI. Designing websites and
web applications required consideration of navigation, layout, and usability for a global audience.
5. 2000s: Mobile and Touch Interfaces

Mobile devices became prevalent, leading to the development of touch interfaces. Apple's iPhone, released
in 2007, popularized multi-touch interactions and gestures as core HCI elements.
6. 2010s: Natural Language and Gestural Interfaces

Voice assistants like Siri and Google Assistant became mainstream, allowing users to interact with devices
using natural language. Gestural interfaces, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) gained traction.
7. Present and Beyond: AI-driven Interfaces

Current trends include AI-driven interfaces that personalize experiences, predictive text, and predictive user
interactions. HCI is becoming more adaptive and context-aware, with the integration of machine learning
and AI technologies.
INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF HCI
- The interdisciplinary nature of HCI is crucial in creating effective and user-friendly

interfaces.
Disciplines that contribute to HCI
1. Computer Science: HCI heavily relies on computer science for its technical
aspects, including software development, programming, and system
architecture
2. Cognitive Psychology: Understanding how users think, perceive, and process

information is essential in designing interfaces that align with users' mental
models. Cognitive psychology provides insights into human cognition,
memory, attention, and decision-making, helping designers create interfaces
that match users' cognitive processes
3. Design and Visual Arts: Principles from graphic design, industrial design, and
other visual arts play a crucial role in HCI. User interfaces need to be
aesthetically pleasing, intuitive, and visually engaging to enhance user
experience and usability.
4. Human Factors Engineering: This field focuses on optimizing the interaction

between humans and systems, considering human abilities, limitations, and
ergonomic factors. Human factors engineers contribute to the design of
interfaces that are comfortable, efficient, and safe for users
5. Social Sciences: Sociological and anthropological perspectives help HCI

researchers understand how cultural and social factors influence user
behaviors and preferences. This knowledge is important for designing
inclusive and culturally sensitive interfaces
6. Information Science: HCI involves managing and presenting information

effectively. Information science provides insights into organizing, searching,
and presenting information in ways that are meaningful and easy to navigate
for users
7. Ethnography and Anthropology: Researchers in HCI often use ethnographic

methods to observe and understand user behaviors in their natural contexts.
This helps designers create interfaces that cater to real-world user needs
8. Communication Studies: Effective communication between users and systems

is central to HCI. Communication theories guide the development of interfaces
that convey information clearly and facilitate smooth interaction
9. Usability Engineering: Usability experts contribute by conducting usability

testing and user studies to identify interface issues and areas for
improvement. This iterative process enhances the user-friendliness of
interfaces
10. Engineering and Industrial Design: These disciplines contribute to the physical
design of interactive devices, such as hardware interfaces, touchscreens, and
input devices, ensuring that they are ergonomic and user-friendly
11. Neuroscience: Understanding how the brain processes information and

responds to stimuli can lead to insights that improve the design of interfaces
and user experiences
Human Computer Interaction

- Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is the study of the interaction between humans
(users) and computers . It focuses on designing and improving the usability and user
experience of computer systems
Principles of Human Computer Interaction
1. Usability: The system should be useful, usable, and make people want to use
it. It should be functional, easy to use without errors, and attractive to the
organization
2. Consistency: Interfaces should maintain a consistent design. This means that

the design elements and interactions should be the same throughout the
system, making it easier for users to understand and navigate
3. Visibility: Interfaces should be easily understood by users, providing clear and

immediate feedback. Users should be able to see and understand what
actions they are performing and receive feedback on the outcome of those
actions
4. Know the Users and Understand the Task: Designers should have a deep
understanding of the users and their needs, as well as the tasks they are
trying to accomplish. This knowledge should inform the design decisions to
create a user-friendly system
5. Reduce Memory Load: Designers should aim to minimize the amount of

information users need to remember while interacting with the system.
Providing reminders and cues can help users maintain a productive user
experience
6. Naturalness: Interfaces and interactions should closely mimic and align with
how humans naturally communicate and interact with each other. This
principle aims to make the system feel intuitive and familiar to users
What Human Computer Interaction and Why it is important? In terms of our Daily Lives and
Industries/Businesses
 In our daily lives, HCI plays a crucial role in enhancing our experience with
technology. It ensures that the interfaces we interact with, such as mobile
apps, websites, and software, are user-friendly and intuitive. HCI principles,
such as usability and naturalness, help to create interfaces that are easy to
navigate, understand, and use. This improves our productivity, efficiency, and
overall satisfaction when using technology.
 In industries and businesses, HCI is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it

helps to design and develop user-friendly software and systems that meet the
needs and preferences of users. By understanding the users' requirements and
tasks, HCI ensures that the technology is usable and efficient, leading to
increased productivity and reduced errors.
BASIC CONCEPT OF TRANSACTION FLOW
 REFERS TO THE SEQUENCE OF INTERACTIONS AND EXCHANGES THAT TAKE

PLACE BETWEEN A USER AND A COMPUTER SYSTEM.
1. Initiation: The transaction flow begins when the user initiates an

interaction with the computer system. This could involve actions such
as launching an application, opening a website, or activating a device
2. Input: Once the interaction is initiated, the user provides input to the
system. This input can be invarious forms, including keyboard input,
mouse clicks, touch gestures, voice commands, or otherforms of
interaction.
3. System Processing: The system processes the user's input and

performs the necessary operations based on the input received. This
could involve computations, data retrieval, manipulation, or any other
relevant tasks
4. Feedback and Response: After processing the user's input, the system
provides feedback or a response to the user. Feedback can be in the
form of visual changes on the interface, auditory cues, haptic
feedback, or any other suitable means of communication
5. User Interpretation: The user interprets the feedback provided by the

system to understand the current state of the interaction. This
feedback helps the user gauge whether their action was successful or
if any adjustments are needed.
6. Decision-Making: Based on the feedback received, the user decides on

their next course of action. This decision could involve proceeding with
the current task, making adjustments to their approach, or choosing a
different action altogether.
7. The interaction between the user and the computer system often
involves multipleiterations. Users might refine their input based on the
system's responses, and the system might adjust its responses based
on user actions
8. Task Completion: The ultimate goal of the HCI transaction flow is to

help the user complete their intended task or achieve their desired
outcome. This could range from simple tasks like typing a message to
complex tasks like designing a digital artwork.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HCI

MILESTONES OF HCI HISTORY

1. 1940's - 1950's: Punch Cards and Batch Processing

2. 1960's : Text-based Interfaces

3. 1970's: Graphical User Interfaces (GUI’s)

4. 1980s: Mouse and WIMP (Windows, Icons, Mouse and Pointer)

5. 2000s: Mobile and Touch Interfaces

6. 2010s: Natural Language and Gestural Interfaces

7. Present and Beyond: AI-driven Interfaces

INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF HCI

- The interdisciplinary nature of HCI is crucial in creating effective and user-friendly

Disciplines that contribute to HCI

2. Cognitive Psychology: Understanding how users think, perceive, and process

4. Human Factors Engineering: This field focuses on optimizing the interaction

5. Social Sciences: Sociological and anthropological perspectives help HCI

6. Information Science: HCI involves managing and presenting information

7. Ethnography and Anthropology: Researchers in HCI often use ethnographic

8. Communication Studies: Effective communication between users and systems

9. Usability Engineering: Usability experts contribute by conducting usability

11. Neuroscience: Understanding how the brain processes information and

Human Computer Interaction

Principles of Human Computer Interaction

2. Consistency: Interfaces should maintain a consistent design. This means that

3. Visibility: Interfaces should be easily understood by users, providing clear and

5. Reduce Memory Load: Designers should aim to minimize the amount of

 In industries and businesses, HCI is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it

 REFERS TO THE SEQUENCE OF INTERACTIONS AND EXCHANGES THAT TAKE

1. Initiation: The transaction flow begins when the user initiates an

3. System Processing: The system processes the user's input and

5. User Interpretation: The user interprets the feedback provided by the

6. Decision-Making: Based on the feedback received, the user decides on

8. Task Completion: The ultimate goal of the HCI transaction flow is to

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