Mil 2022 23
Mil 2022 23
Mil 2022 23
INFORMATION
LITERACY
2ND SEMestER, AY 2022-2023
Prepared by:
MARIAN B. DICAWAN
SAIDA B. GUIVAC
JENNEFER V. MOSTRALES
RUTH B. PAYAKET
Noted by:
ALEJANDRO P. PABLICO
Principal
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
RF-LSH-003
COURSE GUIDE
A. Introduction
Media and Information Literacy is a core subject for grade 12 senior high school students across all
strands in the academic track.
The subject aims to provide you with the basic understanding of media and information as channels of
communication and tools for the development of individuals and societies. Through this subject, you will
be able to become creative and critical thinkers as well as responsible users and competent producers
of media and information.
To address the impact of the current health crisis on the basic education system in the country, the
Department of Education (DepEd) has released the following Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELCs) that you must acquire.
1. Describe how communication is influenced by media and information.
2. Identify the similarities and differences between and among media literacy, information
literacy and technology literacy.
3. Discuss responsible use of media and information.
4. Explain how the evolution of media from traditional to new media shaped the values
and norms of people and society.
5. Compare and contrast how one particular issue or news is presented through the
different types of media.
6. Contrast indigenous media to the more common sources of information such as library
internet.
7. Cite practical situation when to apply knowledge in intellectual property, copyright, and
fair use guidelines.
8. Create a campaign add to combat digital divide addictions and bullying.
9. Describe the impact of massive open online.
10. Present an issue in varied ways to disseminate information using the codes,
convention, and language of media.
11. Discuss the implication of media and information to an individual and the society.
12. Cite an example of an issue showing the power of media and information to affect
change.
13. Describe the different dimensions of the following: text information and media, visual
information and media, audio information and media, motion information and media,
manipulative information and media, multimedia information and media.
14. Analyze how different dimensions are formally and informally produced, organized,
and disseminated.
15. Evaluate a creative multimedia from living museum, electronic portfolio, others).
16. Produce a creative text based, visual based, audio based, motion based and
manipulative based presentation using design principle and elements.
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1. Manage your time. Properly schedule your reading assignments and activity accomplishments.
Have your planner or calendar of activities ready. Remember that you have other modules to
accomplish for this semester. Try to anticipate possible conflicts between personal and study
schedules and make appropriate adjustments. Be very conscious of your study schedule and
always remind yourself of deadlines.
2. Focus your attention. Make sure that you do things one at a time.
Read each material over and over until you are able to get the gist of the lesson.
3. Owe it to yourself. In doing the assessment tasks, whether formative or summative, target the
highest standards because you are a better learner. You have the knowledge and skills needed
to finish a quality work.
4. Work independently. It is expected that you work on the modules on your own. You can ask help
from others but do your best first.
5. Answer confidently. You are encouraged to dutifully follow instructions. You can answer more
confidently when you know that you are following instructions.
6. Motivate yourself. Whatever knowledge, skills, or values and insights you gain from this subject
will definitely be of help in your life and future plans. Enjoy what you do and everything else will
follow.
7. Submit on time.
STUDENTS, promptly upload your outputs to Genyo on the due dates of submission.
Referring to the Study Schedule, you are given a week to accomplish each task;
thereby if for instance PT #1 on Disconnected is of week 1 lesson, the due date is
within week 2.
8. Be patient. I shall provide feedback on your work to facilitate the learning. While waiting for my
feedback, you can continue working on the other activities in order not to miss any important part
of each module.
9. Contact me. If you would need further help or some clarification in any of the modules, please do
not hesitate to send me a message through FB Messenger within 8 a.m. – 4 p.m. on any day from
Mondays to Fridays; however, kindly be considerate when you get delayed replies as I may be
conducting a synchronous class.
Remember I am here to ensure that we go through the completion of this subject together.
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IV. Evaluation
Evaluation is a significant facet of learning. Without evaluation there is no learning. You will expect
your written works and performance tasks to be marked or graded.
There will be three (3) written works and three (3) performance tasks per grading period which are all
embedded in the modules. Each written work and each performance task is thirty (30) points. No
examinations will be conducted this semester.
There also are formative assessments in the modules which will not be submitted; however, they must
be accomplished for you to truly understand or appreciate the lessons. Remember that the right attitude
put into completion of tasks is more valuable than the grade acquired.
V. Additional Reminders/Guidelines
A. Manner of Submission
Upload accomplished tasks to Genyo – the Learning Management System of the Senior High School.
Tangible or physical (project) outputs are submitted in Image or JPG/JPEG format.
To accomplish most, if not all, of the tasks in the modules, you are encouraged to use a smart phone
and a desktop or laptop. You will need the following software applications: Word Processing,
Presentation, Publication, and Spreadsheet.
DepEd’s Revised Assessment and Grading Policy for Students in Basic Education
for Core Subjects:
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The following are the teachers who shall handle Media and information Literacy (MIL) for the second
semester of AY 2021-2022.
Please send your messages only to the assigned MIL teacher for your class.
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I fully understand that in submitting requirements in all my subjects, I follow the basic rules on
crediting sources and obtaining permission when using materials for academic purposes.
Hence, if I fail to do citation and acknowledgment of sources, it would merit an automatic
WARNING/ REPRIMAND and because of which I shall get a Conduct Grade of Needs
Improvement (NI) or Unsatisfactory (U) in that particular grading period when the offense was
committed.
Signed: Conformed:
Signature over printed name of student Signature over printed name of parent/guardian
Noted by:
ALEJANDRO PABLICO
Principal
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1 Communication 9
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MODULE 1
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UNIT 1
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
Based on the pictures provided below, how would you best define
communication?
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EXPLORE
Examine each picture below. On the space provided, write V if it illustrates
verbal communication; if it is nonverbal, write NV and indicate the type of
nonverbal communication used.
Type of communication
(verbal/nonverbal)
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EXPLAIN
Communication is the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors
to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings,
etc., to someone else (http://www.merriam-webster.com). It is the exchange of
information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding
(http://dictionary.cambridge.org).
Communication is the process of transmitting information and common understanding
from one person to another. In this unit, we discuss the communication process, the barriers to
communication, and the ways to improve communication effectiveness (Lunenburg,2010 p.1).
TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
A. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of words to share information with other people. It therefore includes
both spoken and written communication. While we typically focus on speech while talking about verbal
communication, it’s important to remember that writing is also a form of verbal communication – writing
uses words, too!
What do you think is the difference between the following forms of communication?
Verbal communication is a powerful tool for communication but it is more powerful when paired with
listening and nonverbal communication.
B. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication refers to gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact (or lack
thereof), body language, posture, and other ways people can communicate without using language.
Here are some types of nonverbal communication and the effects they can have on the success of your
communication:
• Facial expressions
Facial expressions—happy, sad, angry—help you convey your message. Be aware of
your facial expression when you talk and particularly when you listen, which is when it’s
easy to forget.
• Gestures: When you speak, a gesture can make your message stronger. Pointing out
something you want your listener to look at more closely is an example of nonverbal
communication that makes your message understood. Motioning warmly toward a co-
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worker who deserves special recognition, making a fist to show frustration or anger, such
gestures help further engage your audience when you speak.
• Proximity: How close you are to your audience when you speak sends a nonverbal
message.
• Touch: Shaking an audience member’s hand, putting your hand on his shoulder: these
are nonverbal cues that can affect the success of your message. Touch communicates
affection, but it also communicates power.
• Eye contact: Making and maintaining eye contact with an audience when you’re verbally
communicating or listening communicates to the other party that you’re interested and
engaged in the conversation. Good eye contact often conveys the trait of honesty to the
other party.
• Appearance: Your clothing, hair, and jewelry are also a part of nonverbal communication.
ELABORATE
To understand better how communication works, here are some models as
discussed by communication scholar Denis Mcquail (2005) as cited by Sayuno
(2019).
1. TRANSMISSION MODELS describe communication as a one-way, linear
process. Here are some examples:
Harold Laswell’s Communication Model is relatively straightforward and tells that
communication originates from someone; then, the message flows through the channel,
may it be sound waves or light waves, and that someone on the other end receives the
message with a corresponding effect.
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It is evident among all the models that there are many ways of defining what communication
is or how it works. Perhaps, you have also observed that there are two distinct elements that
are intrinsically interconnected with the concept of communication—media and information.
These concepts are so intertwined that information is one of the reasons why
communication is done in the first place; and this information can be shared through media.
EVALUATE
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REFERENCES
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ANSWER KEY
Explore
1. V
2. V
3. NV – Gesture
4. V
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UNIT 2
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
In less than a minute, name the people who invented the following technology.
Start!
EXPLORE
While guessing who the inventors are, have you noted of anything?
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EXPLAIN
Media refers to the main means of communication, which people use to
disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages, and other
data. This includes physical and online newspapers and magazines, television,
radio, billboards, telephone, and Internet.
Over the years, media forms and the technology that come with them have
evolved dramatically. Now, take a look at the table below to further understand the
evolution of media.
Age Examples
People discovered fire, developed paper from • Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
plants, and forged weapons and tools with
• Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
stone, bronze, copper and iron.
• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
Dibao in China (2nd Century)
• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
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The Internet paved the way for faster • Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
communication and the creation of the social
network. People advanced the use of Explorer (1995)
microelectronics with the invention of • Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal
personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, (1999), Wordpress (2003)
image, sound and data are digitalized. We are • Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply
now living in the information age.
(2003), Facebook (2004)
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• Video: YouTube (2005)
• Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
ELABORATE
Indeed, communication is a vital part of human existence. Without
communication, life is miserable and boring. Today, communication could
be in the form of print, broadcast, or new media.
Almost all printed materials have electronic versions already. But opening a book and
flipping its pages are still enjoyable experiences.
Broadcast Media are the communication platforms, which are described through its
capability of distributing audio and video content to a wide array of audiences. This media comes
in the form of radio and television. Distribution of broadcast content are through analog,
telephone and satellite methods.
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The production of foreign films may be more advanced in terms of visual effects, given
their advanced technology. But these visual effects do not always translate to quality films.
Reserve a special place in your heart for low-budget but quality Filipino films, too.
New Media, the latest form of mass media, is described through its forms and technology
usage such as computers, internet, digital devices, video and online games, web and search
engines, social media and networking, digital information, telecommunication, mobile
telecommunication. This kind of media is characterized as fast, interactive, manipulated and
addictive. The most common kinds of new media are internet and social media.
The types of media can further be differentiated using the various categories: message type,
language, structure, format, audience, and reachability.
Message type Expressed in the forms Comes in verbal, aural Composed of electronic
of words, phrases, ,and visual content texts, hypertexts,
sentences, or photos, and videos
paragraphs
Language Uses technical and Utilizes technical, Employs less formal
passive language active, and and conversational
conversational shorter language
language
Reachability Offers a limited scope Offers a wider national Offers a wider reach
audience reach compared to print and
broadcast media
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EVALUATE
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REFERENCES
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ANSWER KEY
2. Philo Farnsworth
3. Martin Cooper
4. Charles Babbage
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UNIT 3
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
What do you think does this information imply?
EXPLORE
What are the applications that you frequently use for the following activities?
Paste or draw the corresponding icon in each box.
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EXPLAIN
Being literate means being able to identify, understand, interpret, create,
communicate, and compute using printed and written materials associated with
varying contexts. In addition, literacy involves a continuum of learning, wherein
individuals are able to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge and potential.
In this subject, there are three important literacies that you should consider to become a
responsible user and producer of media.
MEDIA LITERACY
This kind of literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge and
skills) necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies.
The Principles of Media Literacy
1. All media are constructions. One of the
most critical concepts in media literacy is
that the media do not present simple
external reality reflections. Instead, they
present productions, which have specific
purposes.
Image Source: Ping, A. (2016). Key concepts and
questions in media analysis.
https://www.slideshare.net/arnielping/mil-information-
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INFORMATION LITERACY
Information is a broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study,
experience, instruction, signals or symbols. Hence, information literacy is the ability to
recognize when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate
information in its various formats.
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Typology of Information
It is evident that our world is full of information. Hence, to be able to decrypt and understand the
information around us, it is good to consider the different types of information, which will make us a
better user and producer of information.
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
This is the ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly,
appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. Using these tools an individual can access,
manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information.
Students who possess technology literacy are able to utilize a variety of digital devices and
interfaces to communication, troubleshoot and problem solve in both academic and non-academic
surrounding.
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ELABORATE
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EVALUATE
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REFERENCES
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MODULE 2
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UNIT 1
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
Reflect Upon:
EXPLORE
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EXPLAIN
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Industrial design
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• a commentary;
• a news report;
• an artistic expression or artifact;
• scholarly and research works;
• a product of a time-shifting device such as a TV
program recorder;
• an information found through Web search engines.
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Creative Commons
The foremost legal protection we all have is enshrined in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution under the Bill of Rights. The foremost of these rights is Section 4
which states that:
“No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.”
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Intellectual Property Code (Republic Act No. 8293) – is the overall law protecting
copyrights and all kinds of intellectual property creations including patents and
trademarks. Fair Use is also discussed in this law. This law covers copyright holders and
punish violations in intellectual property infringements.
E-Commerce Law (Republic Act No. 8792)- the law the protects mostly financial and
commercial transactions online. It also covers hacking and illegal downloading of
copyrighted materials.
Optical Media Act (Republic Act No. 9239)- This law ensures the protection of specific
media products subjected to illegal duplication or piracy.
Anti- Camcording Law (Republic Act No.10088)- This law aims to prevent the illegal
video camera recording of movies currently shown in theaters, as evident in the
awareness campaigns they play before each movie in the country.
Cybercrime Law (Republic Act No. 10175) – This law covers all other online anomalies
such as identity theft, child pornography, data misuse, cybersquatting, and other
computer- related and internet- facilitated practices.
Censorship- the practice of suppressing material that is considered morally, politically, or
otherwise objectionable.
Movie & Television Review & Classification Board (MTRCB) – is the government body
where films and TV shows are submitted to be rated. Each rating will guide viewers of the
age- appropriateness of the media product’s content.
ELABORATE
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• Projects enable the joint • The joint effort of many actors leads
and simultaneous creation to a better outcome than any actor
of content by many end- could achieve individually.
users • From a corporate perspective, firms
• Wikis- Web sites which must be aware that collaborative
allow users to add, remove, projects are trending toward
and change text-based becoming the main source of
Collaborative content information for many consumers.
projects • Social bookmarking
application
• Special types of Web sites
that usually display date-
stamped entries in reverse • Many companies are already using
chronological order blogs to update employees,
• The social media equivalent customers, and shareholders on
of personal Web pages and developments they consider to be
can come in a multitude of important.
different variations, from • Customers who turn out to be
personal diaries describing dissatisfied with or disappointed by
the author’s life to the company’s offerings may decide
summaries of all relevant to engage in virtual complaints in the
information in one specific form of protest Web sites or blogs
content area which results in the availability of
• Usually managed by one potentially damaging information in
Blogs person only, but provide the online space.
possibility of interaction with
others through the addition
of comments
• From a corporate viewpoint, content
communities carry the risk of being
used as platforms for the sharing of
• Main objective of content copyright- protected materials.
communities is the sharing • While major content communities
of media content between have rules in place to ban and
users remove such illegal content, it is
• Exist for wide range of difficult to avoid popular videos being
different media types, uploaded only hours after they have
including text, photos, been aired on television.
videos, and PowerPoint • On the positive side, the high
presentations popularity of content communities
Content makes them a very attractive contact
Communities channel for many firms.
• Other firms rely on content
communities to share recruiting
videos, as well as keynote speeches
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REFERENCES
Aboga, F. & Agapay, R. (2017). Media and information literacy: transforming society through
student empowerment. TechFactors Inc.
Alagaran, J. Q. (2017). Media and information literacy: empower the discerning audiences.
Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
Revano, T. F. (2016). Media and information literacy for senior high school. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
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UNIT 2
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
Reflect Upon:
EXPLORE
5. Algorithms of Graphs
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EXPLAIN
Wearable Technologies
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3D Environment
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ELABORATE
Ubiquitous Learning
The word “Ubiquitous” came from the Latin world ubique, which means
“everywhere”. Ubiquitous Learning is the way of learning through the
objects that are present everywhere, more specifically associated with
technologies. It is also way of learning that is “situated and immersive”,
from going to the library to search for information, to search for information,
to search what your need through the internet, from having a traditional way
of learning, to a more advanced method.
Ubiquitous Learning or u- learning utilizes all forms of materials that may be
transferred to mobile devices via cable or wireless and be operated in these
mobile devices. These materials can be videos, audios, PowerPoint
presentations, or notes with embedded source data in them. U- learning
has shifted the learning paradigm from teacher-centered to learner-
centered. Students access instructional materials at different times from
different locations making them lifelong learners in that they are able to use
multiple devices to access and search for knowledge and information while
developing their search skills.
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EVALUATE
2nd Semester, 1st Grading
PERFORMANCE TASK #3 (30 pts.)
Sco
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REFERENCES
Aboga, F. & Agapay, R. (2017). Media and information literacy: transforming society through
student empowerment. TechFactors Inc.
Alagaran, J. Q. (2017). Media and information literacy: empower the discerning audiences.
Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
Revano, T. F. (2016). Media and information literacy for senior high school. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
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ANSWER KEY
Minefield of misinformation
Fake news or fact- back news
Youth activism
Extremist views
Disapproval and dissent views
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MODULE 3
INFORMATION
LITERACY
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UNIT 1
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
EXPLORE
The pictures above are examples of how typography is used in media. What do you think are the
contributions of text in media and communication?
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EXPLAIN
So what exactly is a text? Rouse (2015) defines a text as any human-readable
sequence of characters that can form intelligible words. In addition, text is a simple
and flexible format of presenting information or conveying ideas whether hand-
written, printed, or displayed on-screen; ergo, the term TEXT INFORMATION and
MEDIA.
In addition, text information and media suggest an easier and more flexible use in
terms of content production. Text is one of the elements of multimedia products
that can be combined with several other elements to present information and create an impression or
impact.
Remember that these days, texts are generated with the use of word processing technology. This means
that texts can be produced, edited and formatted depending on the goal: to entertain or to inform.
Consequently, these texts are kept in different file formats such as TXT, DOC, RTF, PDF and PS.
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A more exciting format than the document format because it supports text
formatting: bold, italics and underlining
As you have seen in the graphic organizer above, deciding on a file format for storage depends on how
you want to use the document.
Now, we proceed to how text could be presented in the different forms of media.
is used to express formality in texts. It is usually used for the body of text
books, newspapers and research manuscripts.
is used to express clear and direct meaning of the text. It is usually used for
road signage, building directory or nutrition facts in food packages.
is used for display and trade printing. It is usually used in wedding invitation
cards and other formal events.
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ELABORATE
Furthermore, audio is also an essential part of media. It is easy to see
the importance of audio in all of the media we used. When used
correctly, audio media is capable of setting the mood and improving
the media in which it is used. Some of the media may work without
any audio, but the majority of media these days depend on good
audio media in order to be interesting.
There are three main categories of audio formats: UNCOMPRESSED FORMATS, LOSSLESS
COMPRESSIONS FORMATS, LOSSY COMPRESSION FORMATS. Let us define these:
1. Uncompressed audio format is also known as Pulse-code modulation (PCM) format, which does
not use no compression. This means that all data in the audio file is available. Files with the
WAV audio file format is an example of this category.
2. Lossless Compressed Audio Format is a compressed format, but would retain all of the file’s
data. This type of audio format reduces the space of silence in the audio file. Files with WMA
and FLAC audio file formats make use of this format.
3. Lossy Compressed Audio Format compresses audio files even further and it results to some
loss of data as the compression algorithm eliminates redundant or unnecessary information and
simplifies data. MP3 files make use of this format.
It is also known as MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio layer III. This greatly reduces
the size of the file, but still retains the quality of an uncompressed audio file by
getting rid of unnecessary audio found in the audio file, especially audio that cannot
be heard by humans.
Windows Media Audio is a Microsoft file format for encoding digital audio
files similar to MP3. WMA files also follow lossy compressed audio format
and it is one of the competitors of the MP3 format.
Waveform Audio File Format is a file format that was developed by Microsoft
and IBM that uses lossless data compression. WAV files came with Windows
95 making it the standard audio format.
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Real Audio is a proprietary format, which means that its use is restricted. It
is used for streaming audio that enables you to play a digital audio file in
real-time or while it is being downloaded.
Audio can be produced and edited using many different software. In order for you to start your audio
editing days, here are some of the common audio editing packages and their features.
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EVALUATE
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REFERENCES
Cantor, O. L. (2016). Media and information literacy. Vibal Group, Inc.
[Photograph of a text icon]. ( 2020) Extension, file, format, paper, txt icon - Free download
(iconfinder.com)
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. (2nd Ed.) Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. ( 2018). Understanding media and information
literacy in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
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UNIT 2
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ENGAGE
Reflect on the following questions:
EXPLORE
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EXPLAIN
Visual media are symbols, pictures, icons, and signs that communicate
with one’s sense of sight, Oftentimes, some media rely heavily on an
image without the use of words. Therefore, it is but proper that we
understand what an image is. An image is a type of visual information that
you normally see as either pure black and white or grayscale having a
number of gray shades or color containing a number of color shades.
Furthermore, visual information entails the use of visual media (that may or may not be accompanied
with audio/sound) in the form of photographs, motion picture, video recordings, graphic arts, visual aids,
and other displays that use pictorial representations.
https://linearbknossosmycenae.com/2014/01/15/progressive-
linear-b-level-4-2-livestock-syllabograms/
Statistical Visualizations refer to the study and creation of data using visual representation.
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Pictures are designs or representations made by various means such as painting, drawing or
photography.
Baguio City Guide. (2020). Saint Louis University Senior Hihg School
Building.https://www.baguiocityguide.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-
the-ongoing-slu-lhs-senior-high-enrollment/saint-louis-university-senior-high- Cablog, J.(2020). Seasoned.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/18464765345420
1964/
Graphic Designs refer to the art of combining text and pictures to communicate information.
Gate 39 Media Staff. (2018). The Importance of Design Contest. (N.d). Eye catching advertisement
Visual posters.https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/173670129357247879/
Contenthttps://www.gate39media.com/importanc
e-visual-content-infographic/
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With these examples, you were able to examine the facets of visual information and
media. It is true, therefore, that this is one of the most powerful dimensions of media since it
stimulates both intellectual and emotional responses.
Now, let us discuss the common visual media types. These are the ways by which you can
save visual information.
The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) can render the image exactly if the image has fewer than
256 colors. However, when the image contains more than 256 colors, the software that creates GIF
uses an algorithm to approximate the colors in the image within the available color palette. Second,
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG, JPG) can work by analyzing images discarding
kinds of information that the eye is least likely to notice. Unlike the GIF, JPEG is optimized for
photographs and similar continuous tone images that contain many, many colors. Third, Tagged
Image File Format (TIFF) is a very flexible format that is used for desktop publishing and graphic
design. It is used almost exclusively as a lossless image storage format that uses no compression at al.
Fourth, the Portable Network Graphic is usually used for digital art for it supports 24 bit color as a
foundation. Last, Bitmap (BMP) is an uncompressed proprietary format invented by Microsoft.
Most often than not, images found on Web sites are in GIF and JPG formats. The TIFF is not a
known image format because most Web browsers do not support it. PNG is much like a GIF
but is not a viable substitute for JPG because the latter allows for greater compression while
minimally reducing image quality.
The elements and principles of design are considered the foundations in creating a visual information.
These elements are likened to things that make up a painting, drawing and design. On the other hand,
the principles of design could be thought of what we do to the elements of design. The application of
the following principles will determine how successful the visual information will be.
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ELABORATE
Pictures or images when integrated in moving texts and graphics on a display
would be called as motion media and information. Motion media are a
combination of visual information and audio information. They appeal to the senses
of sight and sound so it is more impactful in delivering a message than forms that
use texts only or sounds only.
Motion information and media includes motion pictures and motion videos. Motion pictures are
recorded on celluloid film and are projected on a screen in cinema theatres. On the other hand, motion
videos are represented as electrical signals from video devices. Furthermore, motion videos are
transmitted as TV broadcast signals and recorded on magnetic media and played back using VCD,
DVD or USB.
COMMON MOTION MEDIA TYPES
Flash Video Format has been growing in popularity due to its cross-platform nature. It is
consistent and can be used equally well on personal computers and laptops.
Audio Video Interleave Format was developed by Microsoft. It stores data that can be encoded
in many different codecs and can contain both audio and video data.
Quicktime Format is a very common format that was developed by Apple. The format contains
separate tracks used for storing the video, audio, text and the effects of the file.
MP4 Format, also known as MPEG 4 Part 14 is mostly used to store audio and visual streams
online.
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Remember that these elements are used because of a purpose. Speed is used to compare
vitality versus sadness, or vigor versus solemnity. Direction happens when an object or person grows
or shrink in the motion picture. The growing picture may connote importance while otherwise for a
shrinking object. On the other hand, timing and transition contributes to the flow of the story.
Oftentimes, overlapping scenes happen in a motion picture, and at some point, one scene is
highlighted as compared to the other scenes, which may show its influence to the unfolding of events in
the storyline. These elements when used properly can give an everlasting impact to the audience.
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EVALUATE
People process visual information differently. Find out how this happens
according to various psychologists by examining the pictocharts from the article,
Seeing is Believing: 5 Studies about Visual Information Processing.
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REFERENCES
Cantor, O. L. (2016). Media and information literacy. Vibal Group, Inc.
Naldo, E. B. (2016) A simplified approach to media and information literacy for senior high school. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. (2nd Ed.) Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for senior high school. C&E
Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. (2018).Understanding media and information literacy
in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
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UNIT 3
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
Now that we are down on our last topic for this semester, it is time to evaluate our
skills regarding the dimensions of media.
EXPLORE
What are your thoughts
about manipulative
media and
multimedia?
EXPLAIN
Yuvienco (2017) states that the 21st educational system has focused
on both manipulative media and multimedia. These dimensions of media
had contributed to the emergence of blended learning.
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• Multimedia is nonlinear
Since multimedia uses a variety of media to relay the information, the author or user can freely navigate
from one point of presentation to another. This means that unlike some forms of media, the use of
multimedia is not restricted by the chronological or logical sequencing of content. Multimedia can
exploit the use of hypertexts or hyperlinks that can let the user jump from one link to the next ink.
• Multimedia is interactive
Interactivity allows the user to control, combine and manipulate media. Furthermore, this permits the
user to embed hyperlinks, drop downs menus or clickable tabs/ buttons in order to navigate other points
within and outside the multimedia presentation. In education, multimedia can create an environment
within the presentation where the learner can give inputs and ask the system to provide certain outputs
or feedback.
Our generation is said to be the experts of multimedia. Hence, understanding the positive and negative
sides of multimedia would make us become more skilled in using this form of media.
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Now that you have understood the facets of multimedia, let us now discuss manipulative media.
Manipulative media is defined as any material, program, or application that people use to
formulate new information to aid learning through the use, analysis, evaluation, and production
of interactive and hands-on media. The use of manipulatives is constructivists because
students are actively engaged in discovery during the learning process. Therefore,
manipulative media is important in learning since it involves the stimulation of senses, which
produces better learning retention.
Manipulative media is otherwise known as interactive media, which means that the media
engage the user and interact with him or her in a way that non-interactive media do not. Some
examples include Web sites and video games. Social media is a kind of interactive media
because they use graphics and texts that allow the sharing of information between users. Video
games are also considered examples of interactive media or manipulative media because the
players or users are able to control and respond to visual and sound cues on the screen that
are generated by a computer program.
Furthermore, here are the criteria for consideration of manipulative-based media and information for the
integration to the lesson:
• Quality of material
• Development of the material
• Knowledgeable facilitator or teacher
Take note that manipulative media are any objects that allow students to explore an idea in an active
and hands-on approach. Its main aim is to let the students or users connect ideas and symbols to
physical objects, which will promote a better understanding.
ELABORATE
This is a reinforcement of the terms discussed in your unit 1 -4. Be reminded that multimedia
uses text, visuals and audio. Ergo, here are the elements of multimedia and manipulative media.
TEXT is used a headlines, subtitles, and slogans. Its purpose is to
express specific information or reinforce information in other media.
GRAPHICS may it be still or static pictures typically accompany text to
illustrate the point or ideas the text makes.
ANIMATION happens when certain figures or images are manipulated to
appear as moving images. It can also include interactive effects allowing visitors
to engage with the animation action using their mouse and keyboard.
AUDIO is a multimedia application that uses dialogue, recorded narration, music and sound
effects.
VIDEO is a medium used for recording, copying, playback and broadcasting.
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EVALUATE
2nd Semester, 2nd Grading
WRITTEN WORK #1 (30 Pts.)
86
2nd Semester, 2nd Grading
PERFORMANCE TASK #2 (30 Pts.)
88
REFERENCES
Are we living in a computer simulation? (n.d.).
https://www.google.com/search?q=simulation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi9_8TJmdntAhXrwIsBHQNcBOEQ
cCegQIABAA&oq=simulation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIHCA AQsQMQQzICCAAyBAgAEEMyBAg
AEEMyBAgAEEMyAggAMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDUL1jWL1jYO1zaABwAHgAgAG1AYgBtQGSA
QMwLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=coDdX73-
FuuBr7wPg7iRiA4&bih=754&biw=1536#imgrc=C7L7IAK-4vwR0M
Naldo, E. B. (2016) A simplified approach to media and information literacy for senior high school. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. (2nd Ed.) Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for senior high school. C&E
Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. (2018). Understanding media and information
literacy in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
REFERENCES
Are we living in a computer simulation? (n.d.).
https://www.google.com/search?q=simulation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi9_8TJmdntAhXrwIsBHQNcBOE
Q cCegQIABAA&oq=simulation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIHCA
AQsQMQQzICCAAyBAgAEEMyBAg
AEEMyBAgAEEMyAggAMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDUL1jWL1jYO1zaABwAHgAgAG1AY
gBtQGSA
QMwLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=
coDdX73-
FuuBr7wPg7iRiA4&bih=754&biw=1536#imgrc=C7L7IAK-
4vwR0M
Cantor, O. L. (2016). Media and information literacy. Vibal Group, Inc.
Naldo, E. B. (2016) A simplified approach to media and information literacy for senior
highschool. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. (2nd Ed.) Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for
senior high school. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. (2018). Understanding
media and information literacy in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing
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MODULE 4
Media messages are curated from codes
and conventions which are reckoned as
part and parcel of media languages.
These codes and conventions are
embedded in genres which are used to
cluster media texts.
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UNIT 1
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
ENGAGE
Recall your encounter with the following instances of media
exposure:
a. The types/themes of news story headlines;
b. The types/themes of print advertisement or TV commercials;
c. The genres/plots/themes of films;
d. The themes of reality-based programs; and
e. The trends in social media platforms (e.g., viral videos,
memes, etc…)
What can you say about the form and content of the messages that the
media forms above relay to audiences? Are there any consistent
patterns that characterize these messages?
EXPLORE
What is media language? Orbelar (2009) as cited in Bautista and Ignacio (2016)
state that media language is a method, which consists of signs and symbols, utilized
by information producers to convey meanings to their audiences. According to
Revano (2016), the different types of media languages are visual language, aural
language, written language, and non-verbal language.
Visual language broadly Aural language refers to diegetic Written language Non-verbal language
refers to codes and sound/non-diegetic sounds that pertains to text language refers to body languages
effects used in television help create a scene’s environment, that generates meaning. (e.g., gestures, facial
and film, e.g., camera atmosphere, and mood. Texts allow the publication expression, etc… The
movements and angles to present a story in a meaning received by the
convey the meaning of particular way. audience is seen through
the story or scene. how the actors use their
Diegetic sounds are raw sounds in
body.
audio-video materials (e.g., voices,
footsteps, etc…) while
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Click this link for you further to understand the difference between diegetic sounds and non-
diegetic sounds.
EXPLAIN
Indeed, genre helps readers and viewers to understand a media message. However,
genre is not fixed or static; hence, there are factors that may influence how media messages
can be interpreted. The factors include:
• One’s role in the society, i.e., a student may interpret the message differently
compared to someone who is a working adult;
• Group purposes – one’s reason for consuming the message affects his
understanding of it, i.e., when one watches for entertainment, he tends to be less
critical of the hidden intention of the message;
• Professional and organizational preferences A media and information
and prerequisites – one’s biases toward the literate person has a specific
message may affect his interpretation of it; and mindset for each genre. This
• Cultural constraints – the culture one belongs ensures that the
to may have a different way of looking at things communication is properly
compared to other cultures.
achieved.
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Media Conventions
The information presented in the table are common conventions used in film and print
media.
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ELABORATE
When you think of media messages, you may consider different types of
news or various forms of advertisement as examples of these because they
provide a venue for the transfer of a message through a medium. According
to a book entitled Understanding Media and Culture, “media messages can
range from overt statements to vague expressions of cultural values.”
Disagreements over the content of media messages certainly exist, but the
fact remains that mass media have long been used to persuade and create an impact on an
individual and the society. The following information briefly presents some implications of media
messages to an individual and the society.
Propaganda and Propaganda is a visual presentation used to change public attitudes about a
Persuasion particular person or subject. For instance, political parties and candidates use the
media to present information to the public, to shape public opinion, and to gain public
support.
Media and Behavior Media messages may affect people’s behavior positively or negatively. People may
acquire healthy lifestyle or explore aspects of identity like gender, sexuality, and
relationships. Meanwhile, media texts may trigger issues concerning body image,
health, lifestyle, etc…
Media and Sex In many types of media, sexual content—and its strong emotional message—can be
prolific. This exposure, according to researches, may have negative or positive
impacts on people.
Media and Culture Media sends messages that reinforce cultural values. Some advertisements can
reinforce cultural stereotypes that marginalize certain groups.
New Media and Society The Internet and other digital forms of communication have had a large effect on
society. These platforms provide easy access to a plethora of information that may
provide literacy.
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Look at the advertisements below. How does each advertisement use propaganda to persuade
target costumers? What cultural values or stereotypes are portrayed in the two advertisements?
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EVALUATE
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REFERENCES
Bautista, A. P. Jr. & Ignacio, J. M. R. (2016). Media and information literacy in the 21st century. Brilliant
Creations Publishing, Inc.
Infinigeek. (2020). 8 tools and gadgets all content creators should have. https://infinigeek.com/8-tools-
and-gadgets-all-content-creators-should-have/
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UNIT 2
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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ENGAGE
EXPLORE
Codes are systems of signs that are put together to create arbitrary
meaning (Fiske, 1987). Bautista and Ignacio (2016) explain that
codes consist of signs that have meaning and the meaning is
dictated by agreed rules of interpretation. However, they argued that
codes cannot guarantee that a media message will mean the same for all types of audiences,
albeit being deemed as guide for interpreting media messages. The message is still subject to
misinterpretation due to factors like culture, personal biases, and level of knowledge.
EXPLAIN
In the field of media, there is a long list of typologies of codes, but for
everyday consumption of media messages, the common codes will
be discussed in this lesson as they are more practical at the moment.
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Codes
A. Symbolic Codes
Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Pierce used the terms signifier (denotation) and
signified (connotation) in their discussion of semiotics, which is deemed as the study of signs
and symbols.
Each of the pictures below has one denotation which explains the information presented
in its literal sense. However, several connotations can be extracted from each image.
Connotation/Signified – romance;
love; passion
Denotation/Signifier – a
closed/clenched and raised fist
Connotation/Signified – solidarity;
support; against oppression
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There are codes embedded in objects, setting, body language, clothing, and color. These
codes suggest or connote, rather than explicitly state the meaning of a media message. The
understanding of the message may depend on the receiver of the message. For instance, in
soap opera scene, you may see a character dressed in black and crying while seated on a chair
and caressing an object of importance to her. Because of your familiarity with the cultural
symbolism of wearing black, you will begin to think that a character very dear to the one crying
has passed away. Another example is when a drinking glass suddenly slips from the hand of a
character which connotes a premonition that danger looms or trouble awaits. Symbolic codes
are very effective in suggesting meaning because they utilize your sense of imagination and rely
on your familiarity with cultural signs and symbols.
Color has a huge psychological impact on audience, both in print and moving image.
Color is often an element that a creator will rely on to convey ideological meaning for the
audience. Color grading as an editing technique has a psychological effect on an audience’s
reading of a narrative. By manipulating color, the creator suggests a preferred reading of the
text.
In film, color is used to set the tone of the scene before any of the actors have even
muttered a word of dialogue. Red denotes passion, power, love, and danger. Pink signifies
femininity, innocence, and beauty. Yellow is associated with joy, naivety, and insanity. Blue
symbolizes isolation and calmness.
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Another important symbolic code used by film/theatre producers or directors to add depth
and meaning to media contents is mise-en-scène. Mise-en-scène [mēz ˌän ˈ s en] is a French term
that means everything within the frame. The following constructs are deemed as the four aspects
of mise-en-scène.
Setting
These are the elements within the frame that function to depict space, place, and time period.
Costume and Make-Up
Costume and make-up express character situation, mood, or consciousness.
Costume can play important motivating and causal roles in the narrative.
Make-up functions to define and articulate character.
Lighting
Lighting conveys texture.
Lighter and darker areas within the frame help create the overall composition of each shot, guiding our attention within the frame.
In film, mise-en-scene helps one understand the meaning of the story by carefully
evaluating the cinematographic elements (lighting, camera angle, camera shots, color scheme,
etc.), character elements (blocking, acting, wardrobe, costume, make-up, etc.), or set design
(props, decor, etc.). In a stage play, mise-en-scene pertains to every element that is set on stage.
It allows the audience to construe the meaning of the play by looking into the interplay of different
elements such as setting, props, costume, hairstyle, make-up, wardrobe, characterization,
acting, lighting, color scheme, etc…
Look for the link below, and watch the short video about the essence of mise-en-scène in
film-making. The clip is entitled What is Mise-en-scene in Film?
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/mise-en-scene/
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B. Technical Codes
Technical codes refer to the equipment or materials that are used to tell the story in a media text
such as camera angles and techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting, and exposure. The type of film
shot or the manner of capturing a scene or even the way the scenes are spliced and put together through
editing suggests a particular meaning.
1. Camera Shots. A camera shot is the amount of space that is seen in one shot or frame. Camera
shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of a film's setting, characters and themes, making them
very important in shaping meaning in a film.
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2. Camera Angles. The angle of the camera is the angle from which the image is viewed. The
camera angle can have a major impact on how the audience will perceive a character, object,
or place.
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-camera-shots/
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perspective.
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3. Camera Movements. Composers of films also use camera movement to shape meaning.
The following are some examples of common camera movements and how they can be used
to shape meaning in films.
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C. Written codes
Written codes refer to the use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions,
speech bubbles, among others). The use of language style and layout also express meaning. In
newspapers, for instance, the layout speaks about the degree of importance of a news story with
respect to other news stories. Typically, newspaper editors follow the inverted “S” of news layout
because the mode by which people read would be from left to right and from the upper fold of
the newspaper down to the lower fold. Captions, titles, taglines, and other language
elements are also utilized in a way that may suggest a meaning. This is more often dictated by
editorial principles and policies of a news agency or organization.
Look at the following examples of print media. Take note of how the language style and
textual layout of each publication conveys the intended messages.
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EVALUATE
2nd Semester, 2nd Grading
PERFORMANCE TASK # 3 (30 Pts.)
CULMINATING TASK
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REFERENCES
Bautista, A. P. Jr. & Ignacio, J. M. R. (2016). Media and information literacy in the 21st century. Brilliant
Creations Publishing, Inc.
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UNIT 3
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
ENGAGE
What is people media? Who do you think are deemed as people media?
EXPLORE
People media refers to an assembly of people with a common interest of
becoming the main means of mass communication. Stone (n.d.) mentions that
people media consists of people who communicate certain information towards
an audience. It also refers to people who appear in different forms of media like
TV, radio, and print media for the same purpose. There are two types of people
media: people as media and people in media. The Venn diagram below will
explicate the difference between the two.
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
EXPLAIN
Carballo (2018) explains that people media is known as the assembly of
people with common interest where they become the main means of mass
communication. In other words, people are media themselves since they
have the ability for mass communication. People as media is classified into
the following constructs: opinion leaders, citizen journalism, social journalism,
and crowdsourcing. On the other hand, people in media are the print
journalists, photojournalists, broadcast journalists, and multimedia journalists.
PEOPLE AS MEDIA
1. Opinion Leaders
- They are knowledgeable and respected in their
field, with views that carry significance to the
community.
- They are sources of viable interpretation of
messages for lower-end media users.
- They interpret rather than copy media content,
and they actively share it with the public. Cision. (2018). A screenshot of Stephen King’s tweet. [Online Image].
https://www.cision.com/2018/07/influencers-vs-opinion-leaders/
- Their opinions are accepted by a group.
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2. Citizen Journalism
- People without professional journalism training
can use the tools of moderns technology and
Internet to create, augment, or fact-check media on
their own or in collaboration with others.
3. Social Journalism
- Social journalism is a fusion of professional
journalists, contributors, and readers.
- Social journalists are essentially professional
journalists or “paid and unpaid contributors and
readers.”
- Journalists use social media platforms to make
their content available to more people.
4. Crowdsourcing
- It is the practice of obtaining needed services,
ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a
large group of people especially form the online
community.
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PEOPLE IN MEDIA
1. Print Journalists
2. Photojournalists
3. Broadcasts journalists
4. Multimedia journalists
ELABORATE
Since people media are generally deemed as individuals involved in the
production and dissemination of media contents, they are expected to
emulate dedication, passion, sociability, respect, trust, creativity, and
dynamism. Magpile (2016) succinctly describes people media as:
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EVALUATE
2nd Semester, 2nd Grading
WRITTEN WORK # 3 (30 Pts.)
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REFERENCES
Magpile, C. M. (2016). Media and information literacy (Enhancing education through effective
communication). Inteligente Publishing, Inc.
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