LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING

BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja

BSED English 2-A

to become discerning & lifelong

NATURE & IMPORTANCE OF learners develop fluency &
LANGUAGE confidence in oral language
abilities
● learning complex process of
discovery, collaboration, inquiry all ● reading & writing
facilitated by learning ○ powerful means of
communicating & learning
learning will never be possible w/o
language reading
○ accessing ideas, views,
● language symbol systems experiences of others
○ social & uniquely human ○ construct meaning
○ primary basis of all comm ○ develop thoughtful & critical
○ primary instrument of interpretations
thought
writing
LANGUAGE LEARNING ○ explore, shape, clarify own
thoughts
● active process ○ discover & refine ideas
● begins at birth & continues ○ compose & revise w/
throughout life increasing confidence & skil
● unconciously during infancy
● viewing & presenting
as shared responsibility of students ○ integral parts of
parents - teachers - community contemporary life
a. all students can be ○ understand ways in which
successful learners images & languages are
b. opp to learn language used to convey
occurs at home first a. ideas
c. responsibility of all teachers b. values
d. subject teachers c. beliefs
specialized sub & forms of
each sub viewing
e. language arts teachers ○ attending & comprehending
special role w/ focus on visual media
language - forms - function
& develop & apply strats for presenting
comprehending - ○ communicate info & ideas
composing - responsing through a variety of media
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS BRAJ KACHRU’S WORLD ENGLISHES
● listening & speaking ● braj kachru
○ people communicate to ○ indian linguist
understand ○ coined the term world
○ explore ideas & concept englishes
○ founder of international
oral language association of world
○ foundation of literacy englishes
○ carries community stories,
values, beliefs, traditions

1
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

● world englishes nativized varities ● developing national languages

of english around the world ○ used together w/ another
language
● inner circle ○ tagalog, bahasa, malaysia
○ english as native language
○ enl CLASSIFICATIONS OF NATIVE
○ norm-providing LANGUAGES
○ usa, uk, australia, new
zealand, canada ● major philippine languages
○ spoken by atleast 500k
● outer circle speakers
○ english as second lang ○ used as a medium of
○ esl instruction
○ norm-developing
○ phi, sri lanka, malaysia, 8 major phi languages
bangladesh, singapore a. cebuano
b. tagalog
● expanding circle c. ilonggo
○ english as foreign lang d. bikol
○ efl e. pampango
○ norm-dependent f. pangasinense
○ china, indo, korea, israel, g. ilokano
nepal, south america, japan h. waray

INTELLECTUALIZATION OF FILIPINO ● bilingual communities

○ 1 major + 1 minor language
● process in which language will be
used in all aspects of living ● minor philippine languages
○ ethnic minorities
● is not possible ○ only 35 recorded to exist

hindrances
a. adequacy of vocabulary
b. availability of instructional THEORIES IN FIRST LANGUAGE
materials ACQUISITION
c. multiplicity of languages
● first language
TYPES OF WORLD LANGUAGES ○ L1
○ mother tongue
● intellectualized languages for ○ lingua franca
wider communication ilwc ○ native language
○ international languages
○ beyond country of origin ● second language
○ english, spanish, french, ○ L2
german, arabic, portuguese
● acquisition unconscious
● confined, independent, & ● learning need schooling
intellectualized languages ciil
○ do not go outside their
national boundaries
○ nihongo, mandarin, hangul

2
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

THEORIES ● behaviorism emphasizes the

study of observable behavior &
● behavioristic approaches environmental factors that
● nativist approaches influence it
● cognitive approaches
● functional approaches ● operant conditioning association
between behavior & consequences
BEHAVIORISTIC APPROACHES
● skinner box aka operant
● language learning is primarily a conditioning chamber
result of observable behaviors, (rats/pigeons)
stimuli, & responses
NATIVIST APPROACHES
● more prominent in mid 20th cen
● ability to acquire language is
2 KEY BEHAVIORISTIC THEORIES inantely programmed into humans
● bf skinner’s operant ● children are born w/ natural
conditioning theory capacity for learning guided by
○ language is acquired universal grammar principles
through operant
conditioning process which 4 THEORIES
behaviors are shaped
through ● noam chomsky’s universal
a. reinforcement grammar theory all human
b. punishment languages share a common
underlying structure/grammar
○ children learn language by hardwired into the human brain
imitating speech of those ○ children are born with
around them & receiving innate knowledge of ug
reinforcement (+ or -) blueprint for grammatical
structure of any language
● imitation & reinforcement theory they are exposed to
○ children learn language by
imitating speech of adults ● innate language acquisition
receiving + reinforcement device (lad) we all have lad
○ lad is a hypothetical
○ language skills are cognitive mechanism or
gradually shaped & refined structure children are born
with
○ emphasized external ○ facilitate language acqui by
factors like (primary drivers processing linguistic input &
of language acquisition) extracting underlying
a. parental feedback gramm rules of language
b. social interaction
● critical period hypothesis critical
B.F. SKINNER period during which language
acquisition is most effective
● burrhus frederic skinner ○ before hitting puberty
● influential american psychologist, (12-13 yrs) best time to
behaviorist, author, inventor learn L2

3
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

● poverty of stimulus argument ● constructivist approaches

linguistic input children receive children actively construct
from environment is often language understanding by
insufficient & ambiguous interacting w/ their environment
○ despite, children acquire
language w/ remarkable ● social interactionist theories
speed & accuracy cognitive development & language
○ can only be explained by acquisition are intertwined
existence of innate ○ lev vygotsky’s sociocultu
language-related cognitive ral theory emphasize the
structures role of social interaction &
collaboration in language
environmental factors & social development
interactions play important roles
in language development ● statistical learning detecting
statistical patterns in their lingusitic
nature-nurture interaction more input
complex than nativist theories
suggest ● cognitive developmental
perspectives children’s language
COGNITIVE APPROACHES development is closely tied to their
cognitive development
● emphasize the role of cognitive ○ jean piaget
processes in how children acquire ○ cognitive abilities mature =
their native language language skills improve

● focus on mental processes & ● working memory & attention

mechanisms involved in language cognitive processes are crucial in
learning processing & retaining linguistic
information
9 APPROACHES
● innate mechanisms existence of
● universal grammar (ug) theory specific innate cognitive
humans are born w/ innate mechanisms
universal grammar that provides ○ domain-specific cognitive
framework for language acquisition mechanisms theory
○ proposed by noam humans evolved cognitive
chomsky structures dedicated to
language learning
● information processing theory
cognititve process involving FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES
encoding, storing, retrieving, &
manipulating linguistic information ● functional aspects of language
○ how children process & ● how children learn to use language
store linguisctic input for communication & expression

● connectionist models aka neutral 9 KEY ASPECTS & THEORIES

network models
○ strengthening & weakneing ● pragmatic development
of connections between appropriate language use in social
neurons situations

4
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

a. how to make requests ● theory of mind understand &

b. engage in convo attribute mental states such as
c. understand intentions of beliefs & intentions
others
10 STAGES IN CHILD LANGUAGE
○ pragmatics study of how ACQUISITION
language is used in social
contexts to convey ● provide a framework for
meaning understanding the progression of
language development
● social interaction interactions w/
caregivers & peers ● babbling stage 0-6 months
○ allow children to practice & ○ babbling producing
refine their language skills repetitive sequences of
consonant & vowel sounds
● communication intentions how ○ babbling universal &
children learn to convey their important precursor to
intentions through language speech development
including
a. how to request objects ● holophrastic stage 10-12 months
b. express desires ○ one-word stage
c. share info ○ use single words to convey
d. engage in cooperative entire ideas
communication
● two-word stage 18-24 months
● semantic development ○ combine 2 words to form
acquisition of word meanings simple phrases &
○ ability to convey meaning sentences
through sentences & ○ follow a telegraphic speech
discourse pattern & lack grammatical
complexity
● speech acts understanding the
illocutionary force of utterances ● telegraphic speech stage 24-30
○ speech act theory under months
umbrella of pragmatics ○ two-word combi + 1 more
○ language is simplified
● development of narrative skills ○ content words (nouns,
children acquire the ability to verbs)
construct narratives & tell stories ○ basic function words
○ understanding structure of
narratives to link events ● grammar & morphological
together development 2-3 years
○ more grammatically
● contextual understanding complex
understand & interpret language in ○ more function words
context ○ increased grammar
accuracy & complexity
● pragmatic errors as chldren learn
to use language in appropriate
social contexts
○ errors are normal part of
language development

5
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

● complex sentence stage 3-4 BRAINS BEHIND STAGES OF CHILD

years LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
○ more complex sentence
structures ● no single individual or researcher
○ language increasingly can be cred
adult-like in structure
● jean piaget
● vocabulary expansion 3-5 years ○ cognitive development
○ understand abstract
concepts ● noam chomsky
○ more specialized language ○ ug theory & critical period
were highly influetial in
● pragmatic & social language understanding cognitive
skills (through development) mechanisms underlying
○ understanding & using language development
language appropriately in
social contexts ● b.f. skinner
a. taking turns in ○ behaviorist & operant
convo conditioning played roled in
b. polite language early discussions of
c. adapting language development
communication to
diff social situations ● roger brown
○ conducted extensive
● metalinguistic awareness (late research on child language
childhood) development
○ ability to think about & (morphological & syntactic)
analyze language itself
○ language rules, spelling, ● eleanor maccoby & john martin
language mechanics ○ understanding social &
pragmatic aspects
● mature language (late childhood
to adolescence) ● jerome bruner
○ developed mature ○ social & cultural aspects
language skills
a. sophisticated convo field of child language acquisition is
b. express complex multidisciplinary
thoughts
c. use language for
various purposes
LANGUAGE AND THE BRAIN
(academic, social,
personal)

these stages are approximate & children

may progress through them at slightly
different rates

6
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

LANGUAGE AREAS IN THE BRAIN THE TIP OF THE TONGUE

PHENOMENON (TOT)

● unable to retrieve specific word or

piece of info despite the feeling of
knowing & very close to
remembering it
○ strong sense of familiarity
○ fascinating aspect of
human memory & cognition

KEY CHARACTERISTICS

● broca’s area ● partial recall cues

○ anterior speech cortex ○ intial letter
○ paul broca, 1860s ○ number of syllables
○ speech ○ meaning

● wernicke’s area ● frustration & effort

○ posterior speech cortex ○ spending time mentally
○ carl wernicke, 1870s searching for elusive word
○ speech comprehension
● resolution
● motor cortex ○ tot resolve on their own
○ penfield & roberts, 1959 ○ person stopped actively
○ muscle movement trying to recall it
○ articulatory muscles
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE
● arcuate fasciculus
○ bundle of nerve fibers ● aka speech errors / slip-ups
○ form connection of speech
& comprehension ● unintentional mistakes

● a person says something diff from

LOCALIZATION VIEW
what they intended to say
● word comprehend wernicke
a. make a long shory stort
● signal transferred via arcuate b. use door to open the key
fasciculus to broca
SLIPS OF THE EAR
● preparations to produce word
broca ● auditory / perceptual error

● signal sent to motor cortex to ● mishears / misinterprets

physically articulate the word
a. great ape
gray tape
SPEECH & HEARING ERRORS

● the tip of the tongue phenomenon b. flower

● slips of the tongue flour
● slips of the ear

7
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

LANGUAGE DISORDERS & DELAYS DIFFICULTY EXPRESSING THOUGHTS

AND NEEDS
● conditions that affect a person’s ● trouble expressing themselves
ability to understand, use, & leads to frustration
produce language
LACK OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
● language delay a child's language
development is slower than typical ● struggle with social communication
but catches up over time
REPETITION OF SOUNDS / WORDS
● language disorder more
persistent & significant impairment ● echolalia repeat sounds, words,
in language skills phrases they heard w/o
necessarily understanding
10 LANGUAGE DELAYS meaning

● limited vocabulary DIFFICULTY W/ PRONUNCIATION

● difficulty forming sentences
● limited use of pronouns ● childls speech is less clear or
● difficulty following directions intelligible
● difficulty expressing thoughts &
needs LIMITED USE OF TENSES & GRAMMAR
● lack of social interaction
● repetition of sounds/words ● appropriately use proper verb
echolalia tenses, plurals, other grammatical
● difficulty w/ pronunciation structures
● limtied use of tenses & grammar
● difficulty w/ storytelling & narrative DIFFICULTY W/ STORYTELLING &
skills NARRATIVE SKILLS

● struggle to tell a coherent story,

LIMITED VOCABULARY
provide details, organize thoughts
● smaller & less varied vocabulary logically when sharing experiences
than other children of the same or events
age
REMEMBER
● struggle to name everyday objects,
animals, colors ● language development is a
gradual process
DIFFICULTY FORMING SENTENCES
● variability exists among children
● trouble putting words together to
form coherent sentences ● consult a pediatrician or speech
pathologist if delays persist in
● shorter or less complex sentences multiple aspects of language deve

LIMITED USE OF PRONOUNS ● early intervention & therapy can

be highly effective
● overuse of certain pronouns
● avoid using pronouns altogether

8
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

8 LANGUAGE DISORDERS ● conduction aphasia

○ difficulty repeating words &
● aphasia phrases
● dyslexia
● stuttering DYSLEXIA
● voice disorders
● selective mutism ● learning disability affects ability to
● verbal dyspraxia read, write, spell despite having
● autism spectrum disorder (asd) above-average intelligence
communication challenges
● global developmental delay ● lifelong condition & cannot be
cured
APHASIA
STUTTERING
● communication disorder affects
person’s ability to speak, ● aka stammering
understand language, read, write
● disruptions in the normal flow of
● caused by damage to brain speech
○ stroke
○ brain injury a. repetition of sounds,
○ neurological condition like syllables, words
alzheimer’s disease b. prolongation of sounds
c. involuntary pauses &
TYPES OF APHASIA blocks

● broca’s aphasia TYPES OF STUTTERING

○ difficulty in forming
grammatically correct ● developmental stuttering
sentences ○ most common type
○ limited vocabulary & ○ starts in childhood
struggle w/ speech fluency ○ can be outgrowed w/
maturity
● wernicke’s aphasia
○ can produce speech but ● neurogenic stuttering
language may be ○ damage / abnormalities in
nonsensical / contain the brain
made-up words a. stroke
○ difficulty understanding b. head injuries
language c. neurological
disorders
● global aphasia
○ most severe form ● psychogenic stuttering
○ affects all aspects of ○ psychological factors
language: speaking, ○ emotional stress
understanding, reading,
writing VOICE DISORDERS

● anomic aphasia ● dysphonia general term for voice

○ word-finding abilities disorders (changes in pitch,
○ naming objects / finding loudness, vocal quality
right words in convo

9
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING
BSEE24 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

a. hoarseness CHILDHOOD BILINGUALISM

b. vocal nodules
c. vocal cord paralysis ● exposed to & acquires proficiency
in 2 or more languages during
SELECTIVE MUTISM early years of development

● an anxiety disorder ● common & natural phenomenon in

many parts of the world
● consistent inability to speak in
specific social situations or w/
certain people 2 kinds

● remain silent / exhibit minimal ● simultaneous bilingualism

speech when expected to speak exposed to & learn 2 languages
simultaneously from birth
VERBAL DYSPRAXIA
● sequential bilingualism
● aka childhood apraxia of speech 1 language first & later exposed
(cas) and learn another language

● difficulty planning & coordinating

movements needed for speech benefits
production
● cognitive benefits
● unintelligeble speech & struggle to a. improved problem-solving
articulate words correctly skills
b. greater metalingusitic
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) awareness
COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES c. better multitasking abilities
● language & communication ● cultural & communication
difficulties in benefits
a. delayed speech ○ foster appreciation for
development different cultures
b. limited use of gestures ○ facilitate communication w/
c. challenges in social broader range of people
communication
d. understanding non-literal
language challenges

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY ● language mixing

○ mix words / grammar
● delay in multiple developmental
areas
● vocabulary development
a. language
○ smaller vocab than
b. motor skills
monolingual peers
c. cognitive development
● language dominance
○ proficiency over another
language due to exposure
& context

10