K. S.

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
#14, Raghuvanahalli, Kanakapura Main Road, Bengaluru-5600109

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
&
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
(21RMI56)

LITERATURE REVIEW & CASE STUDY REPORT

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

USN :
SEM/YEAR :
DATE OF SUBMISSION :
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Background :-

Now a days there is great demand for electric vehicles due to its advantages related to pollution
and use of energy. Electric vehicles uses electric motor instead of internal combustion engines.
Two types of motors are used in electric bike are brushed motor and brushless motor. This electric
motor gets electric charge from batteries. Electric charge is been generated from several sources
(i.e solar energy by installing the solar panel or by wall charging which is provided in house) there
by making use of conventional resources. Batteries provided in EV consist of set of cells
connected to each other to provide proper amount of voltage to system as well as to propelled the
vehicle. Variation in batteries depend upon voltage, number of cells, weight etc and type of usage
decides the life of battery. Electric vehicle doesn’t produce any Exhaust gases there by helping to
reduce the pollution. Up to date large number of research work is been done on Electric Vehicle in
industries. In 2009 China manufactured 22.2 million units and became world's leading
manufacturer.

1.1CLASSES OF ELECTRIC BIKES:-

The classes are defined as:

• A “class 1 electric bicycle,” or “low-speed pedal-assisted electric bicycle,” is a bicycle equipped

with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling, and that ceases to provide
assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour.

• A “class 2 electric bicycle,” or “low-speed throttle-assisted electric bicycle,” is a bicycle

equipped with a motor that may be used exclusively to propel the bicycle, and that is not capable
of providing assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour.

• A “class 3 electric bicycle,” or “speed pedal-assisted electric bicycle,” is a bicycle equipped with
a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling, and that ceases to provide
assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 28 miles per hour, and is equipped with a
speedometer.

All classes limit the motor’s power to one horsepower. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of
class 1, 2, and 3 e-bikes. The three-tier classification system includes two main types of e-bikes:
pedal-assisted bicycles and throttle-assisted bicycles. A rider must pedal a pedal-assisted bicycle to
engage the electric motor, whereas a rider uses a handlebar-mounted throttle to engage the electric
motor .
 1.2APPLICATION:-

E-bikes have a number of applications as personally owned bicycles, in bike share

fleets, for urban freight delivery, as adaptive bicycles that meet the needs of riders
with different abilities, and as mountain bikes. E-bikes are generally charged
using standard household power or, in the case of bike share systems, at docking
stations.

1.3Summary of the literature review:

Accessibility • E-bikes are commonly used • Empirical and

by older adults and people observational approaches
with physical limitations that are necessary to confirm
make riding a traditional survey findings.
bike difficult.
• Investigating strategies to
• People with physical better integrate adaptive e-
limitations are more likely to bikes into bike share fleets,
use e-bikes for recreation including understanding the
and exercise than for needs of users with
commutes. disabilities and how to
design, finance, and operate
• Design characteristics,
programs.
including lightweight
construction, stepthrough
frame, and tricycle style
bikes can help enable the
accessibility of e-bikes.

Equity • The high upfront cost of e- •Examining the factors that

 bikes is a barrier to e-bike contribute to the gender
ownership and ridership. discrepancy among ebike
riders.
• Some shared e-bike
operators provide alternative • Examining the
means of access for effectiveness of policies
unbanked individuals or targeted at increasing e-bike
those without a smartphone, ridership among
such as “text-to-unlock” traditionally underserved
features. populations.

• E-bike enforcement bans • Examining whether

vary nationwide. There are stigmas or fears of
concerns that lower-income harassment discourage e-
individuals and minorities bike ridership among certain
may be disproportionately groups.
burdened by these policies.

Trail Infrastructure and • Only one primary study has • Further understanding
Environment been conducted on Class 1 e- degradation of natural
mountain bike (e-MTB) surfaces from different
impacts on natural surface classes of e-bikes and how
trails, which initially e-MTBs affect surrounding
suggested that there was not wildlife.
a significant difference in
• Determining the specific
soil displacement between e-
impacts of ebikes on plant
MTBs and traditional
life in comparison to other
mountain bikes.
methods of travel on natural
• Research on mountain surface trails.
bike impacts shows that their
• Better understanding the
presence can disturb wildlife
risk of combustion of e-bike
and impact ecosystems; e-
batteries and the possible
MTB impacts are expected
fire damage in forested
to be similar but limited
environments.
research is available.
Energy and Emissions • Environmental impacts of • Location-specific analysis,
e-bikes are driven by particularly in the U.S.
emissions associated with context, is needed to
both producing and validate modeled increases
using/charging e-bikes. in e-bike mode share and
determine environmental
• E-bikes have lower
benefits.
lifecycle greenhouse gas and
air pollutant emissions than • Exploring the longevity of
internal combustion engine lithium ion batteries, which
vehicles, but higher has implications for
emissions than traditional environmental impacts
bicycles. The extent of associated with their
environmental benefits of e- production and end-of-life
bikes depends on mode shift management.
behavior, degree of ebike
• Novel energy storage and
market penetration, and
battery recycling approaches
attributes of electricity
are needed to improve
generation.
battery performance and
minimize environmental
impacts.

Safety • Research has not found • Understanding whether e-

significant differences bike crash rates are growing
between the behavior of faster than e-bike ownership
traditional bicycle riders and rates or whether the
e-bike riders. increased number of e-bike
crashes is simply the result
• Average speeds for e-bikes
of increased e-bike
are faster than traditional
ownership.
bicycles. However, this may
be due to ebikes having • Studying the difference in
higher uphill speeds. safety risks between e-bike
classifications.
• E-bike riders tend to be
older and have a higher rate • Understanding risk factors
of single-bicycle crashes; contributing to battery fire
 men have a higher rate of risks.
crashing than women while
women have a higher rate of
suffering a serious injury.

Physical Activity and • E-bikes have a lower • Better understanding the

Health threshold for physical health effects of riding an e-
exertion than traditional bike in comparison to other
bicycles, but they require methods of exercise and
enough exertion to meet micromobility modes
recommended heart rate through longer term
intensities for exercise. observational studies.

• Understanding the health

impacts by demographic,
especially for older adults.

1.4. Existing Research on E-bikes:-

This section provides a summary of literature on e-bikes across the following topic areas:
ridership trends, safety, physical activity and health, accessibility, equity, trail infrastructure
and environment, energy and emissions, and freight use cases. This literature review includes
academic journal articles as well as reports published by research organizations, governments,
and nonprofit organizations. It reflects articles published through September 2020. Many of
the findings in the literature review are derived from surveys of e-bike riders and their results
may be subject to self-selection bias.

Reference
1. Jana Dittmann, Petra Wohlmacher, Klara Nahrstedt, “Multimedia and Security
using Cryptographic and watermarking algorithm”, IEEE Multimedia, Oct-Dec
2001, 1070-986X/01/$10.00, 2001 IEEE, 54-65.
2. Radovan Ridzo, Dušan Levický, “Multimedia security and multimedia content
protection”, 51st International Symposium ELMAR-2009, Zadar, Croatia, September
2009, pages 105-108, 28-30.

CASE STUDY TITLE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE PROBLEM

3. DISPUTE

4. ANALYSIS

5. CASE JUDGEMENT

6. CONCLUSION

REFERENCE