SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

“UTILISING GUMAMELA LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE IN MAKING EDIBLE STRAW

A.Y:2022-202

A Research

Presented to

The Faculty of the Senior High School Basic Education

Southern Philippines Institute of Science and Technology

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirement for Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
Senior High School

Researchers
BAYOS, CARL SHANDELLE

MAY, 2023
 SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Innovative solutions have emerged from nature itself in the search for long-lasting and environmentally

responsible alternatives for plastic straws. The idea of using gumamela leaves (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) as an

alternative edible straw has intrigued researchers and enthusiasts alike. The colorful gumamela plant, well-

known for its lovely flowers and cultural significance in some areas, has the possibility of changing how we

consume beverages while reducing our environmental impact. Considering their unique traits, cultural

significance, and ecological advantages, this article investigates the theories and potential advantages of using

gumamela leaves as an edible straw. Implementing this innovative strategy may help us find a special and long-

lasting solution to the issue of single-use plastic waste while also honoring the wealthy.

The ecosystems of our planet and human health are both at risk from plastic pollution, which is a serious

environmental problem. Millions of single-use plastic straws are used and thrown away each year, making them

one of the most common types of plastic waste (Centre, 2023). Finding alternatives to traditional materials that

are sustainable and friendly to the environment has, therefore, become increasingly popular. Using the leaves of

the tropical plant gumamela, which is common in many places, as an edible straw is one creative idea that has

emerged. Gumamela leaves have potential advantages over conventional plastic straws, including being natural

and biodegradable, edible and secure, and high in antioxidants (GumamelallHibiscus Rosa-Sinensis

Linn./Hibiscus, China Rose Philippine Medicinal Herbs, Philippine Alternative Medicine at StuartXchange,
n.d.). In this study, we will explore the potential use of gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw, including

their environmental impact and potential health benefits. Using gumamela leaves as a straw alternative could

reduce plastic waste in the communities of Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1.

1.2 Background of the Study

Plastic pollution has emerged as a pressing global environmental concern, with single-use plastic items, such

as straws, contributing significantly to the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills and oceans. As awareness

of this issue grows, there is an increasing need for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic straws. One

potential solution lies in exploring natural, biodegradable materials that can serve as edible straws, thereby

reducing plastic waste and promoting environmentally friendly practices Visual Feature | Beat Plastic

Pollution, 2022).

Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is a tropical plant commonly found in many regions. It is known for its

lively flowers and has an abundant history of traditional medicinal and cultural uses. The gumamela leaves,

which are often missed, have recently attracted attention due to their potential as an alternative material for

edible straws (Wikipedia contributors, 2023).

This study aims to investigate the viability and potential benefits of utilizing gumamela leaves as an alternative

edible straw. By using the natural properties of gumamela leaves, such as their biodegradability and safety for

consumption, this research seeks to contribute to the development of sustainable alternatives to plastic straws.

The exploration of gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw is not only a matter of environmental value

but also holds potential socio-economic and cultural benefits. Embracing locally available and natural

resources can promote community interest, improve local industries, and highlight cultural practices that

utilize gumamela leaves for various purposes. Through a comprehensive examination of the physical and

chemical properties of gumamela leaves, as well as their sensory characteristics and consumer credibility, this

study aims to provide valuable insights into the possible and desired uses of gumamela straws. Additionally, it

seeks to evaluate the potential health benefits associated with consuming beverages through gumamela straws,
such as the transfer of nutrients or other active compounds. (Rd, 2023)

Ultimately, the findings of this research can contribute to the body of knowledge on sustainable alternatives to

plastic straws and offer practical solutions for reducing plastic waste in the food and beverage industry. By

promoting the use of gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw, this study seeks to support environmental

conservation efforts, foster sustainable practices, and contribute to the well-being of both ecosystems and

communities.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the use of gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw to the community of

Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1. The study sought to answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the residents?

a. Name

b. Age

c. Sex

2. What are the opinions of the residents about the newly implemented edible straws compared to the

traditional plastic straws?

3. Does the edible straw help reduce the plastic waste problem?

4. What are the potential health benefits or risks associated with consuming beverages through gumamela

straws?
1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

● To determine the use of gumamela leaves as an edible straw.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

● to identify the demographic profile of the residents.

● to examine the perception of the Legian 2 residents of the gumamela edible straw as an

alternative.

● to determine the effectiveness of using alternative gumamela leaves as an edible straw in reducing

plastic waste.

● to identify any potential health benefits of drinking beverages made from gumamela leaves.

1.5 Hypothesis

Na: : Utilising gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw results in a higher level of sustainability of

plastic use and favourable health effects in the community.

N0: There is no significant difference in the suitability and acceptability of gumamela leaves as an alternative

edible straw compared to traditional plastic straws.

This study's importance lies in its potential to address a relevant problem and gain a deep understanding of use

of gumamela leaves as an edible straw alternative in the Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1 community. This

investigation seeks to provide insight into a previously understudied area and offer useful insight to the local

community by examining how the uses of gumamela leaves as an alternative effectively in terms of

environmental and health impact. The results of this study have effects for the researcher, the researcher’s family,

the community, and the local governments that may help formulate useful plans, laws, or approaches. The

findings of this study can also be used as a starting point for future research, allowing for more investigation and

advancements in the uses of gumamela as an alternative straw. Overall, this study's importance lies in its potential

to have a significant impact and fill a necessary gap in the existing body of knowledge and pave the way for

further advancements and improvements like Several studies have found that hibiscus tea may lower both systolic

and diastolic blood pressure.(Rd, 2023)

To the researcher. The study will be useful to me because it will enable me to change my perspective

on what I should do to help my country using the newly discovered information.

To the researcher’s family. This study may influence how the researcher's family uses edible plastic

straws instead of harmful plastics and could also encourage others to switch to more environmentally-

friendly alternatives.

To the community. The community will gain insights into how to properly manage plastic waste and

explore sustainable alternatives of gumamela leaves as an alternative straw. To reduce the reliance of

the community on plastic straws and decrease the negative impact on the environment, also, the

potential health benefits of gumamela leaves as an edible straw could provide a unique and nutritious

experience for consumers.

persuade them to adopt more environmentally friendly habits and lessen their reliance on single-use

plastics, the local government can organise campaigns, workshops, or educational programs.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The usage of gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw in Legian 2 is the only topic covered by this

research, which evaluates its effectiveness in terms of environmental and health factors in implementing the

alternative gumamela leaves as an edible straw and how it will benefit the neighbourhood. The respondents to

the study will be the total population of 17,848 of Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1. The research will use interviews

as the research tool and the clustered probability sampling method. Additionally, this study's time constraints

prevented it from completing the entire research project; only up to chapter 3 was assigned.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Effectiveness- Is where you have successfully achieved the desired result.

Edible straw- Refer to a kind of straw that is produced from edible based material.

Pollution free- A level that is no longer considered harmful.

Environment-Is a surrounding in which a human, animal, plant resides or functions.

Community- A different kind of group of people living in the same place.

The work focuses on the most developmental studies on reducing plastic waste from the 1970s to 2023. Plastic

waste is one of the biggest environmental problems in our communities. This shows the growth of plastic

waste over the years. From the 1950s to the 1970s, only a small amount of plastic was produced, and as a

result, plastic waste was relatively manageable. Yet the production of plastic more than tripled between the

1970s and the 1990s. A level increase it had in the previous 40 years. That is why, in 2001, the Philippines

enacted a landmark law, Republic 9003. The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2001 because of its

decentralized and community-centred approach to waste management. And it's one of the reasons gumamela

leaves straw must be implemented in Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1. The gumamela leaves straw is a plant-based

edible straw, and this might be effective, which will have a huge impact on the environmental system of the

community because gumamela leaves edible straws are a more sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to

traditional plastic and paper straws because the waste generated through plastic straws is difficult to recycle

Also, plastic straws are typically made from harmful chemicals made from polypropylene, a type of plastic

made from petroleum. A chemical made from polypropylene that affects estrogen levels. Unlike the gumamela

leaves, edible straw is healthier than plastic straw and can be made from various edible and biodegradable

materials. (Visual Feature | Beat Plastic Pollution, 2022)

This another theory proves that depending on the material used for the edible straw like gumamela leaves,

edible straw has potential health benefits associated with consuming beverages through them. For instance, if

the edible straw is made from plant based material, it could introduce certain phytonutrients,antioxidants, or

other beneficial compounds into the drink. We are the third-largest contributor of plastic waste, which is a

problem if we implement the use of gumamela leaves edible straw in Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1. A problem

that cannot be addressed without individual and collective behavior changes. Because other people actually

care about their environment but for some they couldn't care less about what was happening around them

(Aruta, 2021).
1.9 Conceptual Framework

The input-process-output of this conceptual framework was used in carrying out this research on utilising

gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw in Legian 2, Car. Bag. 1. The input that underwent the procedure

or operation and became the output makes up the system of three frames.

PROCESS
INPUT Designing and
Collection of Planning: OUTPUT
data
Determining
Personal data: Interview
the impact of
Nam
Observatio edible straw by
e
Age n leaves that
Steps: Select implementing
Sex are in3.goodCase study
condition, the gumamela
have a vibrantData
color, leaves as an
The use of analysis
and are unblemished or alternative
gumamela edible straw
damaged-free. The
leaves as an
alternative gumamela leaves
should be washed and Gumamela
edible straw
rinsed. Use scissors to leaves as an
To identify the
use of edible trim and shape the alternative 3
Figure
straw to reduce leaves. Tie several edible straw
pollution gumamela strips
Materials: together by bundling
Gum them with twine or
amela clean string. Use a new
Figure 1
leaves piece of string or twine
Knif to bind several
e or gumamela strips
Figure 2
scissors together. Give the
Wat straws time to dry.
er When the gumamela
Opti leaf straws are
onal: completely dry, keep
string them in a clean, dry
or place until you're ready
twine
to use them.
Figure 1 displays the demographic profile of the respondents as well as each person's personal information.

Figure 2 depicts the designing and planning process for the study's tools, which include the research tools of the

interview and observation. According to the research, a case study research design will be used. Figure 3 shows

the analysis done to assess the impact of using gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw on the environment

and human health.

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This study focuses on the utilization and effectiveness of the gumamela plant in the production of dishwashing

liquid. Gumamela, also known as Hibiscus rosa sinensis, is a shrub cultivated as an ornamental plant in the

Philippines. It has colorful flowers and glossy green leaves.

The study acknowledges the common use of gumamela flowers in making bubbles and highlights its various

uses, including medicinal purposes. The researchers aim to explore the potential of gumamela in producing

dishwashing liquid, considering the tough stains and grease commonly encountered during dishwashing.

The study emphasizes the importance of dishwashing liquid in facilitating the removal of stains and grease from

kitchen tools. It suggests that gumamela, being an organic material readily available, could be transformed into

a useful and environmentally friendly alternative to commercial dishwashing liquids.

By examining the utilization of gumamela in dishwashing liquid production, the study aims to provide insights

into the feasibility and effectiveness of this organic material as a natural cleaning agent. The research highlights

the potential of using simple, locally sourced ingredients for everyday household tasks, promoting sustainability

and reducing reliance on conventional cleaning products.(Gumamela - Term Paper, n.d.)

focus. It appears to include snippets from studies or reports on different topics, such as the cultivation and uses

of gumamela (Hibiscus) flowers, the composition of perfumes, and a study on the nutrients present in "hugas-

bigas." However, due to the fragmented nature of the text, it is difficult to provide a concise summary or make

sense of the overall message. It is important to ensure that information is properly sourced, organized, and

presented in a clear and coherent manner to convey meaningful findings or insights.(Franklingottschalk, 2017)

According consolacion Y. Ragasaand Leslie Ann A. Rufino (2011) this study investigated the chemical

composition of air-dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., also known as gumamela. The study identified

the presence of 5,7,4'-trihydroxy flavanone (naringenin) and a mixture of hydrocarbons and squalene. The

structure of naringenin was determined through extensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Antimicrobial tests

revealed that naringenin had low activity against the bacterium S. aureus and fungi C. albicans and T.

mentagrophytes. Furthermore, naringenin did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on human lung non-small cell

adenocarcinoma (A549) cells and normal Chinese hamster ovarian (AA8) cells.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 4% gumamela leaf extract ointment in the closure of

venous leg ulcers (VLUs) among patients in a dermatology outpatient department in the Philippines. Twelve

patients with confirmed venous leg ulcers were included in the study and instructed to apply the extract twice

daily for 12 weeks or until wound closure. The ulcer area size was evaluated at each visit, and safety was assessed

for possible adverse reactions. By the end of the study, 83.3% of patients achieved complete

This study highlights the various medicinal uses of gumamela flower, leaves, and roots. According to the

information provided by www.philippineherbalmedicine.org, gumamela is utilized in herbal medicine for its

expectorant, diuretic, emollient, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anodyne, and refrigerant

properties. The plant, also known as hibiscus, is commonly found in home gardens and comes in different colors

such as pink, purple, red, orange, white, and yellow. Gumamela is prepared as a decoction or tea to address

conditions like bronchitis, coughs, fever, dysentery, urinary and bladder infections, high blood pressure, and
constipation. Additionally, a poultice or paste made from mashed gumamela flowers is applied to alleviate

headaches, boils, swelling, abscesses, and mumps (Mendoza-Dayrit, 2019).

According to Yavagal et al. (2020) study emphasises the significant global usage of plastic straws and their

contribution to plastic waste. It proposes edible straws made from a material that resists the use of plastic straws,

providing a flavoured and sustainable option for reducing plastic straw consumption. Another research suggests

the environmental impact of single-use plastic items, including straws, and explores various alternatives. It

discusses sensory experiences and consumer preferences related to alternative straw materials, identifying

cornstarch straws as the closest sensory match to plastic straws (Jonsson et al., 2021). Huaibin et al. (2021) in

adhesives. The edible and microplastic-free nature of this straw provides a healthier and more eco-friendly

substitute for plastic and produces a new type of edible straw made from bacterial cellulose, which offers

improved mechanical performance and avoids the use of straws. But Wearing (2022) focuses on the broader

concept of edible straws made from different materials, such as pasta, rice, and seaweed. It highlights the

environmental benefits, health advantages, and fun aspects of using edible straws. Daley (2003) introduces a

nutritious edible straw made from a mixture of dry and wet ingredients, providing a unique and enjoyable

drinking experience. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the growing interest in finding sustainable

alternatives to plastic straws. Edible straws offer a range of benefits, including reduced plastic waste, improved

environmental sustainability, enhanced sensory experiences, and consumer appeal. The five literature findings

of the reviewed studies indicate that there is a clear need for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic straws

due to their significant contribution to global plastic waste. Edible straws emerge as a viable solution to address

this environmental concern.

Yavagal et al. (2020) proposes the use of edible straws made from a material that can resist the need for plastic

straws. This innovation not only provides a sustainable option but also introduces flavours to enhance the

drinking experience. By replacing plastic straws with edible alternatives, the study aims to reduce plastic straw
consumption and contribute to long-term sustainability. Emphasises the negative environmental impact of

single-use plastic items, including straws, and explores various alternatives. It recognizes the importance of

sensory experiences and consumer preferences when considering alternative materials. Cornstarch straws are

identified as the closest sensory match to plastic straws, suggesting that they can potentially provide a seamless

transition for consumers seeking alternatives (Jonsson et al., 2021). Huaibin et al. (2021) introduces a novel

edible straw made from bacterial cellulose, which offers improved mechanical performance and avoids the use

of adhesives. The key advantage of this edible straw is its microplastic-free nature, making it a healthier and

more eco-friendly substitute for plastic straws. The study highlights the potential of this innovation to provide a

satisfying and sustainable alternative.

Wearing (2022) broadens the scope by exploring edible straws made from various materials, such as pasta, rice,

and seaweed. It emphasises the environmental benefits, health advantages, and fun aspects of using edible straws.

This study underscores the versatility and appeal of edible straws as alternatives to traditional plastic straws.

Daley (2003) presents a nutritious edible straw made from a mixture of dry and wet ingredients. This unique

approach adds a dimension of enjoyment to the drinking experience while providing a sustainable solution to

plastic straw waste.

Overall, the findings from these studies collectively demonstrate the increasing interest in finding sustainable

alternatives to traditional plastic straws. Edible straws offer a range of benefits, including reduced plastic waste,

improved environmental sustainability, enhanced sensory experiences, and consumer appeal. These findings

support the notion that edible straws can play a significant role in addressing the plastic waste problem and

promoting a more sustainable future. Further research and development in this field can help refine the

alternatives and promote their widespread adoption.

In conclusion, edible straws represent a promising solution to address the plastic waste problem associated with

traditional straws. They offer a sustainable and enjoyable way to consume beverages while reducing the reliance
on single-use plastics. Further research and development in this field can lead to the wider adoption of edible

straws as a mainstream alternative, contributing to a more sustainable future.

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This study focuses on making a sustainable straw alternative to plastic, for reducing our environmental

problem which is plastic waste among the community of Legian 2, Carsadang Bago 1. This study used a

qualitative method, case study approach and open-ended question.

3.2 Research Design

This study outlines a research plan that uses the case study approach to examine how gumamela leaves might

be used as an alternate material for crafting edible straws. We want to develop a comprehensive understanding

of the real-world applications and effects of this sustainable solution. To do this, we will be undertaking in-

depth research and observations. The case study of turning gumamela leaves into edible straws is the focus of

the research design stated here.

3.3 Research Methodology

The study used a qualitative method to better grasp the impact of utilisation of gumamela leaves as alternative

material for edible straw. And uses websites and platforms to gather information and search engines like

google.
3.4 Research Sampling Technique

The researcher uses the concept of simple random technique to gain access to a portion of Legian 2, Carsadang

Bago. 1. Population of 17,848 individuals, and each is to be chosen by chance, and to acquire the relevant data

collection and an accurate conclusion. To develop a complete understanding of the effect of implementing

gumamela leaves as an alternative edible straw as a sustainable solution.

3.5 Sources of Data

The gathering of the secondary source of data of this research, the researchers used:

● Interview Questionnaires

3.6 Participants of the Study

The researchers conduct an interview on the selected 100 individual participants in the community of Legian 2,

Carsadang Bago. 1.

3.7 Data Gathering Procedure

The fundamental tools used in qualitative research are open-ended questionnaires, and conducting interviews

and asking questions designed to determine an individual's environmental perceptions. This kind of approach

to gathering information can improve the functionality of the data gathered in this research.
3.8 Research Instruments

The researchers will be conducting an interview questionnaire. This interview has a set of questions that must

be answered by the participants of Legian 2, Carsadang Bago. 1. By posing open-ended questions to the

participants and engaging in dialogue with them, researchers can gather the necessary comprehensive

information. Part I of the research instrument is composed of assets that gathered populations personal

information, like their name, age, sex. Part II of the research instrument, the researcher will be asking the

following questions; (1) For you, are Gumamela straws safe for consumption? (2) Does the use of Gumamela

straws affect the taste or quality of the beverages? Part III of the research instrument consists of the questions

regarding the plastic waste problem; (1) How do edible straws contribute to reducing plastic waste? (2) How do

edible straws compare to traditional plastic straws in terms of environmental impact?

3.9 Data Analysis

The data was transcribed, coded, examined, interpreted, and checked after that. By reading the transcribed

questionnaires repeatedly, the researcher can improve his or her comprehension of the subject through the

process of transcription. Once all the data had been thoroughly transcribed, the data was then coded (see

appendix three). The applied codes are keywords, which are used to classify or arrange material and are

regarded as being a crucial component of qualitative research (Sarantakos, 1998). The information was then

examined, classified, and arranged into overarching themes and sub-themes that arose during the coding

process. The themes that surfaced were given a particular code in accordance. The analysis process then

involved emphasising any similarities and contrasts in the data and looking for any recurring patterns. By

double-checking the transcripts and codes as part of the data verification process, the researcher can either
confirm or revise previously formed hypotheses by ensuring their validity (Sarantakos, 1998).

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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