FRESHENER REPELLENT: An Experimental Research on the Effectiveness of

Ylang-ylang with Lantana and Eucalyptus Air Freshener in Repulsing

Dengue Causing Mosquitoes

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

St. John’s Academy, Inc.
Dinalupihan, Bataan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Research in Daily Life I, General Chemistry II, and
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Grade 11 STEM – St. Dominic
2019-2020

The Researchers
Guzman, Roshan Amanda R.
Tongol, John Matthew D.
Manalo, Angel Mhae G.
Indoc, Marc Jasper C.
Lee, Sedrick Josh A.

2020
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In today’s world, it is a requisite to have extreme care and strong attention to every detail

for the smallest and simplest things can cause the greatest dilemmas— like a tiny bite or sting

can actually lead to a dreadful malady, or worse, loss of life. The World Health Organization

(2019) defined dengue as a disease transferred through a sting of an infected mosquito from one

person to another. It is caused by a virus from the Flaviviridae family known as the dengue virus

(DENV). It has four classifications namely, DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4. The virus

is carried by female mosquitoes from the genus Aedes, predominantly of the species Ae. aegypti

and, in some cases, Ae. albopictus. The effects of the virus on humans can extend from simple

fever, acute flu-like symptoms, to severe dengue which may lead to excessive bleeding, organ

malfunction, plasma leakage, or demise.

According to Levy (2019), Cananga odorata, commonly known as Ylang-ylang, or the

“flower of flowers”, is a sweet-smelling bloom commonly found in Asia. The essential oil

extracted from this flower provides multifarious benefits such as immune and heart health

booster, mood enhancer, anxiety fighter, skin health preserver, natural energizer and hair care

product, aphrodisiac and social enhancer, digestive aid, and fighting parasites. Additionally, a
study conducted by Soonwera (2015) divulged that Ylang-ylang essential oil performs

oviposition deterrence, ovicidal, insecticidal, larvicidal, and adulticidal activities against Aedes

aegypti, Anopheles dirus, and Culex quinquefasciatus.

Lantana Camara, from the family Verbenaceae and genus Lantana, is a strong-smelling

shrub that grows in various areas such as thickets and waste places. This plant has been essential

in traditional herbal medicine due to its multitudinous pharmacological effects including

hepatoprotective effects, wound healing, antidiabetic, antimotility, anti-inflammatory,

antiurolithiatic, antifungal, antifertility, and cytotoxic activities. Moreover, it has antioxidant,

antimicrobial, and antibacterial activities that make it a more potent material for air fresheners.

Likewise, it has larvicidal and adulticidal activities which make it a probable mosquito repellent

(Kalita et. al., 2012).

In accordance with an article by Stuart (2019), Blue gum eucalyptus, scientifically known

as Eucalyptus globulus, is a fast-growing evergreen tree that can grow as high as fifteen meters,

or higher. Typically, it is grown in Australia, Africa, India, and Southern Europe. Various parts

of this plant can be used for different purposes. In particular, its leaves can be used as food

additives or converted to a medicinal herbal tea. Also, it can be used to repel insects through

burning or kill fleas through extraction. On the other hand, its wood can be utilized for

construction purposes, while its oil is used in fragrances, as well as in cough and cold medicines.

Moreover, Blue gum eucalyptus is beneficial in making papers, fiberboards, and particleboards.

Furthermore, studies show that it has antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, acaricidal, antioxidant,

anti-diabetic, antiplasmodial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

 The WHO (2019) stated that from nine countries experiencing severe dengue outbreaks

back in the 1970s, the number scaled up to more than a hundred countries last year, 2019. About

70% of the reported epidemics are from Asia, while the remaining are from Africa, America,

East Mediterranean, and Western Pacific.

According to the World Mosquito Program (2019), an approximate total of 390 million

dengue cases emerge across the globe yearly. Roughly 500, 000 of these instigate dengue

hemorrhagic fever, commonly known as severe dengue, which gives rise to an annual death of

more than 25, 000 individuals globally. Additionally, WMP stated that almost 40% of the world

population is now at risk of acquiring such disease.

Recently, a report by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) revealed that

exactly 2,733, 635 cases of dengue, with 1, 206 lives lost, arose in America this year, setting a

record as the highest annual dengue reports in American history. Most cases are from Brazil,

about 2,069,502 with 702 deaths, while the remaining are mainly from Belize, El Salvador,

Honduras, and Nicaragua. In the United States of America (USA), the US Centers for Disease

Control (CDC) released a Level 1 Travel Alert last October due to the 865 travel-related dengue

cases in the said country (Reiter, 2019).

According to a report from the Government of Thailand (2019), the number of dengue

patients blew up to 15, 000 with 13 deaths for the month of June alone. In total, precisely 44, 671

dengue cases and 62 deaths took place in the country from the beginning of the year until July

2019.
 On the other hand, there are 60, 000 citizens of Sri Lanka that are infected with DENV.

Moreover, death cases in relation to dengue peaked to eighty in the country last October, from a

total of fifty-eight in the preceding year (Xinhua, 2019).

Meanwhile, the News Desk (2019) stated that the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease

Control and Research (IEDCR) declared that Bangladesh has reached an appalling total of 100,

021 dengue fever cases with 121 lives lost since January until November 2019.

Santos (2019) reported that dengue cases in Southeast Asian countries augmented about

thrice of 2018’s, particularly, in Vietnam with 124, 571, Malaysia with 85, 270, and Singapore

with 10, 206 total dengue-related incidents as of August 2019, disclosed by the WHO. Even so,

among all countries in Southeast Asia, the Philippines experienced the most grievous outbreak

with 271, 480 dengue victims and 1, 107 death cases. For this reason, the Department of Health

(DOH) proclaimed that the country is suffering from a national dengue epidemic.

A Dengue Surveillance Report by DOH showed that dengue-related cases are mainly

from Western Visayas, with about 23, 330 in total. CALABARZON comes next with 16, 515,

followed by the Zamboanga Peninsula with 12, 317, Northern Mindanao with 11, 455, and

SOCCSKSARGEN with 11,803 incidents (Department of Health, 2019).

According to Datu (2019), 400 cases of dengue in a coal-fired power plant in Mariveles,

Bataan, where around 120 of these are Chinese workers, were reported earlier this year. The

Bataan Provincial Health Office (BPHO) also released a statement declaring 771 total dengue

cases and the death of a five-month-old boy in the province for the first half of 2019.

Dengue cases are also taking place in the municipality of Dinalupihan. A medical report

presented by Ms. Carolyn Yap, a Medical Technologist from Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial
Hospital , showed that there are 157 patients diagnosed with dengue for the month of October

alone. From these, 110 are admitted to the said hospital while the other forty-seven are not.

Additionally, the town received free dengue vaccination, popularly known as Dengvaxia,

wherein public elementary schools, including Dinalupihan Elementary School, participated.

Dengue outbreaks abruptly rose to a great height this year. In many regions around the

world, a shedload of dengue-related occurrences have been reported and a multitude of lives are

lost. Unfortunately, there is still no medicine invented to cure the aforementioned disease. In

relation to these, the researchers eagerly want to continue this study to have an extensive

understanding of the Dengue Virus and be able to contrive an Ylang-ylang air freshener

integrated with Lantana camara and Eucalyptus globulus that can repulse dengue-causing

mosquitoes

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is: The ability of Ylang-ylang with Lantana camara

and Eucalyptus globulus air freshener to repel Aedes mosquitoes.

Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:

1. How can Cananga odorata (Ylang-ylang) be described in terms of:

1.1 Oviposition Deterrence Activity

1.2 Ovicidal Activity

1.3 Larvicidal Activity

 1.4 Adulticidal Activity

1.5 Feed-deterrent Activity

1.6 Insecticidal Activity

1.7 Antibacterial Activity

1.8 Antimicrobial Activity

1.9 Antioxidant Activity

1.10 Harmonizing Effect

1.11 Toxicity Level

1.12 Availability

2. How can Lantana camara be described in terms of:

2.1 Larvicidal Activity

2.2 Insecticidal Activity

2.3 Adulticidal Activity

2.4 Antibacterial Activity

2.5 Antimicrobial Activity

2.6 Toxicity Level

2.7 Availability

3. How can Eucalyptus globulus be described in terms of:

 3.1 Larvicidal Activity

3.2 Insecticidal Activity

3.3 Antibacterial Activity

3.4 Antimicrobial Activity

3.5 Toxicity Level

3.6 Availability

4. How can Cocos nucifera (Coconut oil) be described in terms of:

4.1 Antibacterial Activity

4.2 Antioxidant Activity

4.3 Mosquito Repellent Activity

4.4 Volatility

4.5 Shelf life

5. How can the product be described in terms of:

5.1 Cost-efficiency

5.2 Span of effectivity

5.3 Rate of protection against mosquitoes

5.4 Ability to Purify or Cleanse the Air

5.5 Scent
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the product?

Significance of the Study

This experimental research will hopefully be able to produce a product which will be

beneficial for the community, specifically for:

Households. The end-product of this study can help repel mosquitoes carrying the DENV at

bay, reducing the risk of getting infected with the virus. Also, it is intended to reach areas where

mosquitoes tend to hide, making homes safer from dengue vectors. Correspondingly, it exudes a

refreshing scent that can provide an increased feeling of comfort and relaxation at home.

To add, this cluster includes children, aged six to ten, who are classified as the most

vulnerable population to dengue. Compared to adults and young adults, children have a weaker

immune system which makes them more prone to acquiring the disease. Through this study, the

researchers will be able to develop an appropriate product for the vulnerable age group that will

provide them better protection against dengue. Consequently, this will lessen fatalities among

children due to the aforementioned disease.

Along with the previously stated benefits, the contents of this experimental research may

raise awareness among households, specifically, parents, as well. This will help them create their

own preventive program against dengue at home, minimizing the likelihood of dengue-related

cases from arising.

 Enclosed Public Accommodations. Mosquitoes can inhabit and breed in various places—

restaurants, hospitals, retail stores, and the like, are no exception. Be that as it may, such

occasions can be lessened or prevented. The Ylang-ylang with L. Camara and E. globulus air

freshener that is expected to be contrived by the end of this study will be of great use to enclosed

public accommodations. This product has the ability to repel Aedes mosquitoes; thus, the usage

of the product will curtail the habitation and reproduction of dengue causing mosquitoes on the

aforementioned places, prompting better health security to the public. Also, the end product of

this study is designed to perform antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiseptic, and antioxidant activities

which can improve the cleanliness and sanitation of public places. Therefore, the acquisition of

various diseases, such as dengue, can be moderated.

Schools. The health and safety of students, teachers, and other school personnel are two of

the main concerns in school. Hence, the implementation of preventive measures against viral

infections such as dengue is a must. This study can be beneficial in the implementation of such

as the contents of this research may provide them a brief background about the formerly

mentioned disease. This may also uplift consciousness about the instantaneous upsurge of

dengue-related cases globally among them, which can encourage them to be more cautious and

watchful of themselves.

Moreover, the result of this study can be used practically in the daily lives of students,

teachers, and other school personnel. The product can be placed inside classrooms, faculty

rooms, comfort rooms, and other enclosed school facilities to avert inhabitants and procreation of

dengue mosquitoes in school.

 Travelers. Travelers move from one place to another, making them more exposed to

numerous diseases such as dengue. They often make use of communal facilities like public

restrooms— which are ideal breeding places for mosquitoes. The use of Ylang-ylang with L.

camara and E. globulus air freshener will be beneficial in such situations as this can lessen or

diminish the spawning of mosquitoes, reducing the risks of dengue infections among travelers. In

parallel, this can also emanate a pleasant fragrance that can improve the smell of public

restrooms.

Additionally, they may also use the air freshener inside their vehicles. Oftentimes,

mosquitoes also propagate on the unlighted areas inside vehicles. Thus, the Ylang-ylang with L.

camara air freshener can be beneficial in conveyances as this can decrease propagation and

furnish protection on Aedes mosquitoes as well as provide long-lasting freshness along the drive.

Future Researchers. This experimental research may be used by future researchers as a

springboard on making their own study that is related to the discussed topic. Furthermore, related

matters that are not yet tackled in this study can be further explored by the researchers on their

future studies.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study employed the experimental method of research that focused on determining the

effectiveness of Ylang-ylang with L. camara and E. globulus air freshener in providing

protection against Aedes mosquitoes.

 The researchers choose forty (40) residents of Dinalupihan, Bataan, and forty (40) STEM

Senior High School students of St. John’s Academy, Inc. as their respondents. The researchers

choose them as their respondents for they are included in the target beneficiaries of this study. In

addition, the product of this experimental research is an air freshener, therefore, it will only be

useful in enclosed places such as houses and schools. Moreover, they specifically selected the

residents of Dinalupihan as part of their respondents due to the multitudinous dengue-related

cases reported in the said municipality. On the other hand, they considered the STEM students as

the other half of their respondents for they have more Sciences on their subjects including,

Chemistry, Biology, Disaster Readiness, and Risk Reduction, and Earth Science which are

related to the research topic.

Lastly, this experimental research focused on characterizing Cananga odorata (Ylang-

ylang), Lantana camara, and Eucalyptus globulus air freshener through their special properties,

toxicity, and availability; delineating Ylang-ylang with Lantana camara and Eucalyptus globulus

air freshener in terms of its cost-efficiency as well as its efficacy concerning its longevity and

extremity; and, the advantages and disadvantages of the product.

 Notes in Chapter I

World Health Organization. (2019). Dengue and Severe Dengue. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

Levy. (2019). Ylang Ylang Boosts Heart Health, Moods and Energy. Retrieved from
https://draxe.com/essential-oils/ylang-ylang/

Soonwera. (2015). Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook.f. &
Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus
(Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-015-4699-1#citeas

Kalita., et. al. (2012). A Review on Medicinal Properties of Lantana camara Linn.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229150310_A_Review_on_Medicinal_
Properties_of_Lantana_camara_Linn

Stuart. (2019). Blue gum eucalyptus. Retrieved from

http://www.stuartxchange.org/Eucalyptus

World Mosquito Program. (2019). Dengue. Retrieved from

https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/learn/mosquito-borne-diseases/dengue

Reiter. (2019). The Americas Set An Unfortunate Dengue Record. Retrieved from
https://www.vaxbeforetravel.com/dengue-virus-usa-includes-both-locally-acquired-and-travel-
related-cases-during-2019

Government of Thailand. (2019). MOPH tackles Dengue Fever after 62 deaths

reported. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/moph-tackles-dengue-fever-after-
62-deaths-reported

Xinhua. (2019). Sri Lanka’s health ministry rings alarm bells over dengue outbreak.
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/08/c_138540006.htm

News Desk. (2019). Dengue epidemic on Bangladesh tops 100K cases in 2019.
Retrieved from http://outbreaknewstoday.com/dengue-epidemic-in-bangladesh-tops-100k-cases-
in-2019-57462/

Santos. (2019). Philippines: Worst dengue outbreak in years kills over a thousand.
Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/philippines-worst-dengue-outbreak-
years-kills-thousand-190917020550489.html

Department of Health. (2019). DOH DECLARES NATIONAL DENGUE

EPIDEMIC. Retrieved from https://www.doh.gov.ph/press-release/DOH-DECLARES-
NATIONAL-DENGUE-EPIDEMIC
 Datu. (2019). 120 Chinese workers among 400 dengue cases in Mariveles coal plant.
Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/nation/238087-chinese-workers-dengue-cases-
mariveles-bataan-august-2019
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the foreign and local related literatures and relative studies which

will be reviewed to attain a clearer perspective and direction in the conduct of the experimental

research and to arrive at an adequate background of the study. It includes the conceptual

framework as well as the assumption and hypothesis of the study.

2.1 Related Literature

The related literatures included here have a significant relationship with the present study

in the sense that it provides a framework and give direction to the investigation.

2.1.1 Air Purifying Ability of Eucalyptus globulus

According to Vincent (2013), Eucalyptus globolus has expectorant, mucolytic,

antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-infectious, and antiseptic properties which

are responsible for its ability to cure or cease respiratory infections and ailments. In particular,

she mentioned that the substance that enables the plant to have these properties is the eucalyptol

which is contained by E. globulus in high doses. Additionally, she denoted that other than the

previously stated properties, it also has the ability to cleanse the air, in terms of the unpleasant

odors and bacteria lingering through the air. This statement was strengthened by Dr. Jean Valnet,
M.D. who said that 2% of the E. globolus mixture was able to exterminate about 70% of bacteria

present in the air, specifically, Staphylococcus.

2.1.2 Mosquito-repellent Patch with Ylang-ylang

RadioNatin (2015) discussed the production of a mosquito-repellent patch with citronella,

lemongrass, and ylang-ylang essential oils. The patch works through the systematic time-delayed

release of the essential oils. Unleashed oils emit a scent that mosquitoes do not like, thus, making

it an effective device to avoid mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue.

2.1.3 Special properties of Lantana camara

Meanwhile, Fryer (2016) stated that there are also mosquito-repellency activities

observed in Lantana camara, commonly known as the Yellow Sage or Shrub Verbena. This

plant, when its leaves and/or branches are cut, bruised, or crushed, exudes a citronella-like aroma

that mosquitoes tend to keep away from. Also, she added that there are other people who have

already tried applying it on their skin and clothes. However, prior testing is advised as this can

probably cause skin irritations. Moreover, eating the fruits of this plant is not recommended as

some types of L. camara bear toxic fruits which can potentially bring harm to human health.

2.1.4 Availability of Ylang-ylang

Additionally, Iňigo (2016) stated that our country was the main supplier of ylang-ylang

before. However, this suddenly decreased but the government is already about to take actions to

revive the ylang-ylang production in the country. Aside from bringing back ylang-ylang

production, the movement also aims to aid climate change and provide a living for the Filipinos.
 In line with this, an article written from Sunday Punch (2017) reported that the Department

of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) assisted the people’s organization (POs) in

conducting the National Greening Program wherein more than 200, 000 seedlings of ylang-ylang

were planted by the members of the POs throughout the Second District of Pangasinan as part of

the Ylang-ylang propagation program which started last July 2016. More than hundreds of

hectares of public land were planted with ylang-ylang, particularly, 120 in Barangay Hacienda,

Bugallon town, more than a hundred in Sitio Mapita, Barangay Laoag, Aguilar town, and eighty

in Barangay Bantocaling, Mangatarem. But, the propagation of ylang-ylang will not be limited in

these areas and expansion to other locations is insight.

On the other hand, Ferdz (2018) classified ylang-ylang as an indigenous tree in Indonesia,

Malaysia, and Philippines which has been a source of income for the people of Tarlac, also

known as the “Ylang-ylang Capital of the Philippines,” since the 1900s. He also added that the

essential oil extracted from the flowers of ylang-ylang is beneficial in the medical field as this

can be used as an antiseborrheic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, hypotensive, sedative, nervine, and aid

internal infections. Moreover, he also indicated that safety measures must be observed as this

could possibly cause unwanted side effects.

In accordance with the article from Sunday Punch, a report by Sotelo (2020) proved the

growth of the ylang-ylang industry in the Philippines as it revealed that 700 hectares of land in

different areas in Barangay Laoag were already cultivated with ylang-ylang seedlings.

2.1.5 Potential Organic Mosquito Mosquito Repellent

Moreover, Telpner (2017) wrote an article entitled, “Natural Bug Repellent Recipe,”

wherein she listed potential organic materials that can act as alternatives to chemical mosquito
repellants. Included in the list are citronella, clove, coconut oil, peppermint, witch hazel,

eucalyptus, and ylang-ylang. Particularly, she mentioned that results from a former study showed

that eucalyptus exhibits 100% larval protection against mosquitoes. In addition, it also performed

repellency on adult mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects. Likewise, ylang-ylang executes great

repellency behavior as it successfully provided 98% defense against mosquitoes, proved by a

previous study.

Similarly, in an article entitled, “12 Plants That Repel Those Pesky Mosquitoes,”

McIntosh (2020) specified potent mosquito repellents that can be found in nature. Two of these

are Eucalyptus globulus and Lantana Camara. In accordance with what is stated in the article, the

scent of the leaves of E. globulus has repellency activities against mosquitoes. On the other hand,

the extract from the flowers of Lantana camara diluted in coconut oil executed protection against

dengue mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and albopictus, for about two hours. Fortunately, the

formulation did not cause any harmful effects on humans.

2.1.6 Carrier Oil

Furthermore, UpNature (2017) denoted that carrier oils are characterized as substances that are

used to dilute or moderate essential oils. Contrastingly, carrier oils have low volatility compared

to essential oils which are highly volatile. This is one factor that makes carrier oils suitable as

diluents as they have the ability to modulate the duration of evaporation of essential oils, thus,

prolonging its efficacy. However, carrier oils are rich in fatty acids and natural nutrients which

affect their uses and curtails their shelf life. To add, the top twenty essential oils were delineated

and the first among them is the coconut oil. It is a widely known diluent which possesses
antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Also, about half of

coconut oil is comprised of lauric acid which enables it to have a longer shelf life.

2.1.7 Ylang-ylang Essential Oil

At last, the New Directions (2018) divulged that ylang-ylang has a wide variety of benefits, from

aromatherapy, to cosmetics, and medicinal applications. The article discussed that the aroma

from the essential oil of ylang-ylang is able to stabilize the mood as it is an anti-depressant which

is able to inhibit negativities, and, at the same time, has the ability to stimulate positivity among

individuals. Additionally, it has calming properties as it can relieve stress, anxiety, sadness,

tension, and sleeplessness. Moreover, its scent also has hypotensive and nervine properties which

regulate blood pressure and nerves, respectively. Furthermore, it enumerated the primary

components of ylang-ylang essential oil—linalool, geranyl acetate, germacrene-d, beta-

caryophyllene, benzyl acetate, geraniol, methyl p-cresol, methyl benzoate, geranyl acetate,

farnesene, and benzyl benzoate—along with their respective functions. Substances that are

known responsible for the antibacterial property of ylang-ylang essential oil are germacrene-d,

beta-caryophyllene, geraniol, methyl p-cresol, and farnesene. On the other hand, the

antimicrobial property is due to the presence of geranyl acetate, germacrene-d, and benzyl

benzoate. In addition, the antioxidant property is caused by the beta-caryophyllene, geraniol, and

farnesene constituents of the essential oil. Moreover, germacrene-d and benzyl benzoate are

accountable for the insecticidal properties of the essential oil. Furthermore, mood-stabilizing

properties of the essential oil from ylang-ylang are brought by linalool, germacrene-d, beta-

caryophyllene, benzyl acetate, methyl benzoate, geranyl acetate, and farnesene.

 In brief, the literatures shown above provided background information, involving special

properties as well as the availability, about the raw materials which will be used in creating the

end-product of this study. Since the main objective of the investigation is to develop an effective

organic repellent air freshener against dengue mosquitoes, the literatures are taken into

consideration.

2.2 Relative Studies

This section presents related studies with findings, conclusions, and recommendations

associated with the problem under investigation.

2.2.1 Special Properties Eucalyptus globolus

Magno and Penicilla (2011) revealed that Eucalyptus globulus, along with Psidium

guajava, Mangifera indica, Carmona retusa, Citrus sinensis, and Allium sativum have

components which makes them potent antibacterial compounds which may be completely

deployed in the future. In particular, the ethanol and acetone extracts of E. globulus are second to

guava as the most compelling antibacterial agent in the conducted study. Also, they added that a

past study by Ghalem and Mohamed (2008) divulged that the essential oils extracted from the

leaves of two species of Eucalyptus, namely, E. globulus and E. camaldulensis, were able to

perform antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. To add, chemical constituents of E.

globulus, specifically, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenes, found in the ethanolic
extracts of its shoots were known to be the ones accountable for the antibacterial property of this

plant.

Likewise, a study by Nair, Shetty, N., and Shetty, V. (2014) have also examined

Eucalyptus globulus. The examination focused on determining the larvicidal activity of

Eucalyptus globulus and Centella asiatica leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles

stephensi. Extracts withdrawn from the leaves of the previously mentioned plants where, hexane,

diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and methanol. These are individually examined by exposing Ae.

aegypti and An. stephensi for twenty-four hours on the extracts. At the end of the experiment,

they are able to conclude that the hexane extract of Eucalyptus globulus and Centella asiatica has

the highest potency in modulating mosquito reproduction. In contrast to the larvicidal activity of

methanolic extracts from L. camara, methanol extracted from E. globulus exhibited the lowest

efficacy.

2.2.2 Special properties of Lantana camara

On the other hand, Almarez et. al. (2013) divulged that Lantana camara crude leaf extract

is able to perform antibacterial activity against some types of bacteria. The antibacterial property

of the crude extract is identified through the Kirby Bauer method. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus

subtilis, which are gram-positive bacteria, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli,

which are gram-negative, on the other hand, are used in determining the ability of the leaf extract

to kill bacteria. The tests done by the researchers showed no effect on Gram-negative bacteria.

Conversely, crude extracts from the leaves of L. camara exhibited antibacterial activities against

Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis.

 Likewise, the effectiveness of Lantana camara as a larvicide is determined through an

experimental study by Llorera et. al. (2014). However, the results of the experimentation

divulged that methanol extracts from the leaves of Lantana camara are not as effective as

larvicides as it provided only 60% larvicidal activity at 4mg/mL concentration. This opposes

previous studies conducted by other researchers which showed 100% mortality rate against Ae.

aegypti mosquitoes. Consequently, the researchers tried to identify possible errors of the

performed experimentation that may have caused differences in the results of similar studies. The

first factor that may have affected the examination is the failure to identify the species of the

mosquitoes used in the experiment. Second, only leaf extracts are used, whereas extracts from

different parts of the plant are used in the previous researches. To add, the researchers suggested

the use of flower extracts as it has greater larvicidal activity compared to the extracts of its

leaves.

Contrastingly, an assessment by Elumelai et. al. (2015) regarding the larvicidal activity of

Lantana camara aculeate against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex

quinquefasciatus through a bioassay disclosed that L. camara aculeate can be a possible

mosquito reproduction moderator. The results have shown that the plant extracts executed high

levels of larvicidal activity against the three species of mosquitoes after twenty-four hours of

exposure, even at low doses. In particular, the methanol extracts of the plant performed the

greatest larvicidal activity exhibiting 100% mortality rate at 150 parts per million (ppm)

concentrations against fourth instar larvae of all three.

Similar to the study by Almarez et. al., Balala et. al. (2015) revealed that results from the

examination of the extracts of Lantana camara have shown that the leaf ethanolic fraction and

essential oil has antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. In particular, the secondary metabolite
of terpenoids—monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, sesquiterpenes humulene epoxide,

and 1,8-cineole—found in the essential oil of L. camara were the substances responsible for its

antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of the essential oil is due to its

hydrophobicity which causes division among the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria

of a bacteria. Aside from this, it also cause ions and other constituents to leak which, as a result,

kills the bacteria. Likewise, α- pinene and β-pinene affect the ions through the intervention of its

transport process prompted by the toxic effects on the structure and functions of the membrane

on account of its obstructed cellular integrity. To add, gram posivitve bacteria showed greater

vulnerability as these have weaker layer of protection than that of gram negative bacteria.

2.2.3 Special properties of Ylang-ylang

An experimental research conducted by Phasomkusolsil and Soonwera (2015) revealed

that ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils can be

potential mosquito repellents as they executed superb protection against Aedes aegypti and Culex

quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. To prove this, they performed a laboratory repellent biological

assay (bioassay) wherein they tested ylang-ylang (C. odorata) and lemongrass (C. citratus)

essential oils diluted in three different carrier oils— coconut oil, olive oil, and soybean oil.

Results disclose that ylang-ylang (C. odorata) essential oil adulterated with coconut oil provided

the highest percentage of protection against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, exhibiting 98.9%

protection for about eighty-eight minutes. However, due to high volatility of herbal essential oils,

ylang-ylang (C. odorata) executed lower rate of repellency activity compared to N,N-Diethyl-m-

toluamide (DEET), a common chemical ingredient in commercially available mosquito

repellants, which yielded 98.5% protection for roundabout 155 minutes repellency against Ae.

aegypti, exceeding the ideal repellency time which is 120 minutes. In line with this, ylang-ylang
(C. odorata) essential oil is classified only as a feed-deterrent rather than a repellent against Ae.

aegypti mosquitoes. The research recommends further experimentation and development to

lengthen its efficacy and improve its repellent activity. Nevertheless, the aforementioned organic

repellents are still more preferable as they are less toxic to humans, animals, and nature.

Similarly, a research study entitled “Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata

(Lamk.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.),

Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)” effectuated by

Soonwera (2015), examined the oviposition deterrence, ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal, and

repellent activities of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil diluted in soybean oil through

multiple bioassays. The outcomes of the experiment revealed that ylang-ylang (C. odorata)

essential oil executed 99.4% oviposition deterrence at 10% concentration; 83.2% ovicidal

activity at both 5% and 10% concentration; 54% mortality against third instar larvae, 46% on

fourth instar larvae, and 48% on pupae after a day of exposure at 10% concentration; 96%

adulticidal activity also at 10% concentration; and 66% repellency at 10% concentration, against

Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

Withal, a similar study by Mutiara et. al. (2018), confirmed that ylang-ylang (Cananga

odorata) combined with citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) exhibit excellent repellency against

Aedes aegypti. According to them, the main constituents of the essential oil extracted from

ylang-ylang (C. odorata) flowers are linalool and eugenol, which are aromatic compounds

abhorred by mosquitoes. In addition, they stated that ylang-ylang (C. odorata) essential oil has

the potentiality to modulate mosquito egg reproduction of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, in accordance

with a previous study. They also identified the drawback of the material due to its low stability,

volatility, and solubility in water. To ameliorate these, they combined the essential oils to a
cornstarch-based thixogel— (1) ylang-ylang (C. odorata) essential oil with cornstarch-based

thixogel, (2) citronella (C. nardus) essential oil with cornstarch-based thixogel, and (3) ylang-

ylang (C. odorata) and citronella (C. nardus) essential oils with cornstarch-based thixogel—

which are examined through testing. The results of the examination showed that the mixture of

the essential oils provided the highest rate of protection as it created a synergistic effect leading

to increased efficacy. Moreover, it manifested better repellency against Ae. aegypti as this

enhanced the oils’ consistency which led to prolonged vaporization and effectivity, with no signs

of skin irritations on humans. Thus, cornstarch-based thixogel can be considered as a potent

device to administer essential oils as mosquito repellants.

2.2.4 Potency of Essential Oils as Repellents

Forbye, Lee (2018) studied the efficacy of essential oils as repellents against blood-

sucking insects, particularly, mosquitoes. He specified that essential oils were mainly comprised

of citronellol, citronellal, α-pinene, and limonene which are substances responsible for the

repellent activities of such oils. In addition, linalool and eucalyptol are compounds that are also

commonly found in essential oils that have the ability to activate the odorant receptor of a

mosquito. Moreover, he particularized technologies that are being used to surge the effectiveness

of essential oil-based mosquito repellents. First among these is the combination of two or more

essential oils to create a synergistic effect, leading to increased efficacy of the essential oils

against mosquitoes. Second, the formulation technology development which responds to the

primary pitfall of essential oils— their high volatility. This involves the enhancements on the

consistency of the materials to prolong its evaporation period; in particular, cream-based,

polymer mixture-based, and petroleum jelly-based formulations were set as examples.

Furthermore, microencapsulation was also revealed to be able to lengthen the repellency

behavior of essential oils as this contains the oils, preventing them to dissipate easily.

Correspondingly, Zanthoxylum limonella in glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin was known to

have improved repellent duration due to microencapsulation.

To sum up, the information withdrawn from the previously presented experimental

researches provided evidence of the applicability of the chosen raw materials of the product,

Lantana camara, Eucalyptus globolus, and Ylang-ylang, as probable mosquito repellants. These

are considered highly relevant for these may guide the researchers in making enhancements on

the materials, resulting in a well-crafted product by the end of this study.

Conceptual Framework

I P O Model
 Input Process
Ylang-ylang
o Oviposition
Deterrence
o Ovicidal Activity · Pre-assessment
o Larvicidal Activity Questionnaires
o Adulticidal Activity
o Feed-deterrent · Further Research A potent mosquito
Activity About the Raw Materials repellent air freshener that
o Insecticidal Activity has the ability to deter
o Antibacterial Activity · Data Analysis Aedes mosquitoes as well
o Antimicrobial as subdue the egg
Activity · Extraction of essential
production of dengue
o Antioxidant Activity oils through Hydrosteam
vectors while it
o Harmonizing Effect Distillation
simultaneously cleanses
o Toxicity Level
· Gelatinization and freshens the air within
Lantana Camara
o Larvicidal Activity enclosed spaces.
o Insecticidal Activity · Experimentation
o Adulticidal Activity
o Antibacterial Activity
o Antimicrobial
Activity

Output
 The figure shows the conceptual design of the study. The researchers used the Input,

Process, Model (IPO) model for the conduct of their study.

The first frame shows the input of the study: (1) Ylang-ylang, (1.1) Oviposition

Deterrence, (1.2) Ovicidal Activity, (1.3) Larvicidal Activity, (1.4) Adulticidal Activity, (1.5)

Feed-deterrent Activity, (1.6) Insecticidal Activity, (1.7) Antibacterial Activity, (1.8)

Antimicrobial Activity, (1.8) Antioxidant Activity, (1.9) Harmonizing Effect, (1.10) Toxicity

Level, (2) Lantana Camara, (2.1) Larvicidal Activity, (2.2) Insecticidal Activity, (2.3)

Adulticidal Activity, (2.4) Antibacterial Activity, (2.5) Antimicrobial Activity, (2.6) Toxicity

Level, (3) Eucalyptus globulus (3.1) Larvicidal Activity (3.2) Insecticidal Activity (3.3)

Antibacterial Activity, Antimicrobial Activity, (3.5) Toxicity Level, (4) Coconut Oil, (4.1)

Antibacterial Activity, (4.2) Antioxidant Activity, (4.3) Insecticidal Activity, (4.4) Volatility, and

(4.5) Shelf Life.

 The second frame displays the process of the study that they are going to employ: (1) Pre-

assessment Questionnaires, (2) Further Research About the Raw Materials, (3) Data Analysis,

(4) Extraction of essential oils through steam distillation, (5) Gelatinization, and (6)

Experimentation.

Lastly, the third frame indicates the output of the study which is a potent mosquito

repellent air freshener that can deter Aedes mosquitoes as well as subdue the egg production of

dengue vectors while it simultaneously cleanses and freshens the air within enclosed spaces.

Assumption

The researchers assume that the combination of the potential organic mosquito repellents,

Ylang-ylang, Lantana camara, and Eucalyptus globolus, will make an effective air freshener

repellent against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus that has the ability to hamper mosquito-

biting occurrence as well as its ovicidal growth. Also, they surmise that it will be able to reach

mosquitoes’ breeding places while concomitantly providing a fresh, purifying scent throughout

the room.

Hypothesis

Correspondingly, they hypothesize that errors in measurements, particularly in the dosage

of the essential oils, may induce toxic effects on air quality and human health, such as skinn

irritations and respiratory problems, for these are abundant with chemical substances which may

be harmful to humans once they get exposed in large quantities of such substances.

Definition of Terms
 This part of the chapter gives the readers a clearer understanding on the words or group

of words that may be encountered in reading the study. The following terms are conceptually and

operationally defined.

Dengue. It is an acute infectious disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes, caused by

Flavivirus (a form of dengue virus) with headache, extreme joint pain, and rash. Operationally,

this is the main problem of the study.

DENV. A positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family of Flaviviridae, genus

Flavivirus, which causes dengue. This can be classified into four types: DENV-1, DENV-2,

DENV-3, and DENV-4. In this study, this refers to the cause of dengue which is the main

problem of the investigation.

Dengue Outbreaks. These refer to the uncontrollable occurrence of dengue infections

within a large number of people in an area. Operationally, these are one of the impacts of the

main problem that this study is trying to resolve.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Also known as severe dengue, it is a syndrome

characterized by abdominal pain, bleeding, and circulatory collapse. In this study, it signifies the

intensified form of the main problem, dengue.

Freshener. It is an instrument used to cleanse or freshen something. For instance, it can

be used to cover up or banish unpleasant odors in the air. As used in this study, it refers to the

product that is expected to be created by the end of the inquiry.

 Repellant. It is a device that provides protection against insects or other pests, such as

mosquitoes, by disturbing their senses; commonly, their sense of smell. In this study, this is the

main function of the product to be contrived towards the end of the investigation.
 Notes in Chapter II

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Fryer. (2016). Repel Mosquitoes with These Plants, Part 1: Citronella, Lemongrass, and
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Iňigo. (2016). Bringing back the glory of the PH Ylang-ylang. Retrieved from
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