Optimization of Transient Response Radiation of Printed Ultra Wideband Dipole Antennas (Using Particle Swarm Optimization Method)
Optimization of Transient Response Radiation of Printed Ultra Wideband Dipole Antennas (Using Particle Swarm Optimization Method)
Optimization of Transient Response Radiation of Printed Ultra Wideband Dipole Antennas (Using Particle Swarm Optimization Method)
2, JUNE 2007 9
Dept. of Electromagnetic Field, Czech Technical University, Technická 2, 166 27 Praha, Czech Republic
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract. In case of particular ultra wideband applica- European Telecommunications Standards Institute
tions (i.e. radar, positioning, etc.), it is crucial to know the (ETSI) and US Federal Communications Commission
transient responses of antennas. In the first part of the (FCC) defined the frequency mask, which determines the
paper, the optimization process searches for the dipole maximal radiated power of the ultra wideband signal. This
shape that accomplishes two required parameters i.e. a mask indicates the frequency band ranging from 3.1 to
good matching and a minimal distortion. The particle 10.6 GHz within which the ultra wideband signal is
swarm optimization method was used in the process of the transmitted with a maximum power. For the ultra wideband
dipole shape optimization. As a result, the optimized ultra signals, the first derivative (or higher) of the Gaussian
wideband dipole is perfectly matched. Moreover, it mini- impulse is mostly used.
mally distorts the applied signal. The second part of the
paper discusses the influence of the feeding circuit on
radiating parameters and on the dipole antenna matching. 1.2 UWB Antennas and Parameters
The ultra wideband antennas with a flat amplitude
and a linear phase of the transmission coefficient radiate
Keywords the applied impulse without any distortion. These antennas
are predominantly directional and could be used as meas-
Ultra wideband antennas, UWB, particle swarm urement antennas. To give an example of such type of
optimization, PSO, transient response radiation, antenna, we can mention the Vivaldi antenna, whose fi-
dipole feeding. delity of radiated and applied impulse is very high (0.969,
see [2]). However, the key advantage of the planar dipoles
is represented by the fact that they have omni-directional
1. Introduction radiation patterns, substantially smaller dimensions and
turn out to be more suitable for any communication de-
The ultra wideband (UWB) radio represents an vices, radars, positioning devices, etc. Moreover, the dipole
emerging technology that attracts attention of both, indus- antennas derivate the applied signal at the antenna port, [3],
try and academia. An antenna represents the indispensable [4]. Basic shapes of wideband dipoles, such as elliptical,
component of every radio system. Consequently, in this diamond and thick, are discussed in [3], [4], [5].
paper, the antenna is studied from the pulse radiation point
of view. Firstly, the required ultra wideband antenna In this paper, the optimization process searches for
should be perfectly matched to the feeding line. Secondly, the dipole shape, which meets the required parameters, i.e.
it could serve as a Gaussian impulse-shaping filter and, at a good matching and a minimal distortion of radiated
the same time, radiate impulses similar to the higher orders impulses.
of the Gaussian impulses.
wave electromagnetic field simulator CST Microwave results obtained by CST®), [4]. The part of the fitting func-
Studio®. tion that describes the distortion is evaluated as fidelity
from the derivative of the excitation impulse with the radi-
The discretization of the dipole structure is carried out
ated impulse. The excitation impulse is the second deriva-
by the following parameters: the dipole element length by
tive of the Gaussian impulse, see Fig. 2. The part of the
L, the shape by w0–w20 and the dipole parts gap by s, see
fitting function of the matching is evaluated as an average
Fig. 1.
of numbers (at each frequency) between zero (for the re-
w4
flection better then the required limit) and one (for the total
w18
w3
reflection) within the required frequency band.
w19
w20 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
18L/20
19L/20
L
0.2
4L/20
3L/20
0
2(3L/10-s)/3+s
(3L/10-s)/3+s
s
-0.2
w0 -0.4
w1
w2 -0.6
vn+1 = w * vn + c1 * rand () * ( pbest ,n − xn ) The values of the fitting functions are compared for
(1)
+ cc * rand () * ( g best − xn ), the serrated (original) and the smoothed dipole shapes in
Tab. 1. The simulations of these dipoles are performed
xn+1 = xn + Δt * vn . (2) with the 100 Ω non-physical feeding differential port. The
reflection coefficients for both dipole shapes are depicted
The evaluating of the fitting function consists of the in Fig. 3. The radiated impulses to the normal direction are
updating of discretization parameters of the dipole struc- shown in Fig. 4 for both dipole shapes. Fig. 5 shows the
ture, solving the transient analysis of the dipole structure in radiated impulses that go with the original as well as the
CST® and solving the fitting function (with the help of the dipole shapes smoothed to the side direction.
RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 16, NO. 2, JUNE 2007 11
-12
Matching 0.9854 0.9850
Fidelity – side
-14
0.9457 0.9381
radiation
-16
Fidelity – normal
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.9624 0.9666
radiation
f [GHz]
30
original shape
3. Dipoles with Real Feeding Circuits
smoothed shape
The feeding circuit represents an indispensable part of
20
all antennas and determines significantly antenna parame-
ters. The differential feeding port used for the excitation of
10
optimized dipoles in the previous chapter is a non-physical
port and was used only for the simplification of the opti-
s(t) [V/m]
0
mized structure and acceleration of the optimization
process. On the other hand, it is necessary to feed the opti-
-10
mized structures by a circuit that would be more suitable
and more satisfactory from the physical point of view. Two
-20 very different feeding circuits were used for the dipoles
feeding. These methods were designed to be used in
-30
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
printed structures.
t [ns]
30
original shape
smoothed shape
20
10
s(t) [V/m]
on the same microwave substrate, but on opposite sides. 0
The monopole ground plane is simultaneously the ground
plane of the microstrip line. The gap between the monopole -10
element and the ground plane is half as big as the dipole
elements gap. The advantage of this solution is simplicity -20
of the realization. But on the other hand, the reflection
coefficient of this solution is very sensitive to the antenna -30
mounting or holding. The different holding of the mono- 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
t [ns]
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
dipole and monopole are better then the level of -7 dB. It is -12
obvious that the mismatching at the level of -7 dB has an
insignificant influence on the fidelity of the radiated im- -14
0
measured
3.2 Performances of Dipoles with Feeding
-2
simulated
Circuits – Measurement
-4 The previously presented and tuned dipole with the
balun transformer and the monopole with the planar
-6 ground plane antennas were manufactured and measured.
S11 [dB]
-8
In the Fig. 15 the manufactured antennas are presented.
The comparison between the simulated and measured re-
-10 flection coefficient in case of the dipole antenna is depicted
-12
in Fig. 10, while the one in case of the monopole antenna is
shown in Fig. 11.
-14
The differences between the measurement and simu-
-16
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
lation for the dipole and monopole antennas are significant.
f [GHz] There are several factors that made rise to aforementioned
disconformities. The key ones follow - the connector body,
Fig. 11. Comparison of the reflection coefficient of the monopole the discontinuities of the feeding connector as well as the
with planar ground plane simulation (solid line) together
with the monopole measurement (dashed line).
feeding cable were not included in the antenna simulation.
1500
-10
-15 1000
-20
500
-25
-30 0
S21 [dB]
rx(t)
-35
-500
-40
-45 -1000
-50
-1500
-55
-2000
-60 0 0.5 1 1.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
t [ns]
f [GHz]
Fig. 12. Measurement of the transmission coefficient between the Fig. 14. Computed impulse transmission response between the
dipole with the balun transformer and the monopole with dipole and monopole in case of planar monopole
the planar ground plane – amplitude response. excitation carried out by the second derivative of
Gaussian impulse.
-1000
coefficient between the dipole and the monopole antenna is
-1500
presented in Fig. 13. The phase response is flat and linear
in the UWB frequency range with insignificant deviations.
-2000
Furthermore, the computed impulse transmission response
between the dipole and monopole antenna can be seen in
Fig. 14. This impulse transmission response is obtained by
-2500
2 4 6 8
f [GHz]
10 12 14 16 the inverse Fourier transformation of the measured trans-
mission coefficient to an impulse response. Moreover, the
Fig. 13. Measurement of the transmission coefficient between the computed impulse transmission response, with the help of
dipole with the balun transformer and the monopole with impulse response, is solved as the convolution with the
the planar ground plane – phase response. excitation impulse (the second derivative of the Gaussian
14 P. ČERNÝ, M. MAZÁNEK, OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE RADIATION OF ULTRA WIDEBAND DIPOLE ANTENNAS
impulse). The fidelity of the computed impulse transmis- University in Prague in the frame of the research project of
sion with the excitation impulse equals to 0.8587. The the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech
ringing around the main parts of the impulse transmission Republic No. LC06071 Centre of quasi-optical systems
is caused mainly by the non-ideal flatness of the transmis- and terahertz spectroscopy. The measurement was sup-
sion coefficient amplitude response. But the main part of ported by the project Research in the Area of the Prospec-
the impulse has substantially larger amplitude than the tive Information and Navigation Technologies MSM
ringing, approximately ten times. On the other hand, the 6840770014.
impulse transmission response has not the same transient
response as the radiated impulse that has been discussed in
the previous parts of the paper. References
[1] Federal Communications Commission, First Order and Report,
Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules Regarding UWB
Transmission Systems, FCC 02-48, April 22, 2002.
[2] PIKSA, P., SOKOL, V. Small Vivaldi antenna for UWB. In
Proceedings of the Conference RADIOELEKTRONIKA 2005. Brno
(Czech Republic), 2005, p. 490-493.
[3] ČERNÝ, P., MAZÁNEK, M. Optimized ultra wideband dipole
antenna. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of
Applied Electromagnetics and Communications. Dubrovnik
(Croatia), 2005.
[4] ČERNÝ, P., MAZÁNEK, M., PIKSA, P., SOKOL, V., KOŘÍNEK,
T. Transient response optimization of ultra wideband antennas (using
particle swarm optimization). In Proceedings of the European
Conference on Antennas and Propagation. Nice (France), 2006, p.
Fig. 15. Photography of realized dipole and monopole antennas. 168.
[5] SCHANTZ, H. G. Bottom fed planar elliptical UWB antennas. In
Proceedings of the Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies.
4. Conclusion Reston (USA), 2003, p. 219-223.
The optimization using PSO method of the planar [6] ROBINSON, J., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y. Particle swarm optimization
ultra wideband dipole shapes has been performed and its in electromagnetics. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, 2004, vol. 52, no. 2, p. 397-407.
results have been presented and compared with the results
obtained by the analysis of the dipole shape, whose shape [7] KI-HAK KIM, YOUNG-JUN CHO, SOON-HO HWANG. Design of
a Band-rejected UWB planar monopole antenna with two parasitic
was smoothed from the optimized shape. The optimized
patches. In Proceedings of the Conference ISAP2005. Seoul (Korea),
and smoothed dipole shapes offer very good performance, 2005, p. 957-960.
see Tab. 1.
The smoothed dipole shape was used as the radiating
element for the dipole or monopole antennas expanded About Authors...
about the feeding circuits. In order to design the dipole
antenna, the balun transformer was used. In case of the Petr ČERNÝ (*1976) received his M.Sc. degree from the
monopole antenna, the direct microstrip feeding line and Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU) in 2001. Now
the planar ground plane for the monopole were used. he is working on his Ph.D. thesis that is focused on the
radio electronics. His research interest is in ultra wideband
These two antenna structures were analyzed, tuned
antennas and technology, measurement system and high-
and manufactured. The antennas are suitable for radiating
resolution terahertz spectroscopy. He is a member of IEEE.
and transmitting of the ultra wideband impulses, see results
in Tab 2. The results of measurements confirm the very Miloš MAZÁNEK (*1950) received his M.Sc and Ph.D.
good impulse radiation performances of these antennas. degrees from the CTU in 1974, and 1980 respectively. He
has been a head of the Dept. of Electromagnetic Field
(CTU) since 1997. He is a senior member of IEEE, the
Acknowledgements head of the Radioengineering Society and Radioengineer-
ing journal executive editor. His research interests are in
The research is a part of the activities of the Depart- the field of antennas, EMC, microwave radiometry and
ment of Electromagnetic Field of the Czech Technical propagation.