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    A Karyotype

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    HOLA AHORA
    Karyotyping is the process of analyzing chromosomes under a microscope to determine an organism's chromosome number and identify any abnormalities. A karyotype displays chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and centromere position. Attention is paid to each chromosome's length, banding pattern, and any differences between sex chromosomes. Karyotypes are used to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomy, medicine, and evolutionary events.

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    A Karyotype

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    HOLA AHORA
    16 views2 pages
    Karyotyping is the process of analyzing chromosomes under a microscope to determine an organism's chromosome number and identify any abnormalities. A karyotype displays chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and centromere position. Attention is paid to each chromosome's length, banding pattern, and any differences between sex chromosomes. Karyotypes are used to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomy, medicine, and evolutionary events.

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    A karyotype

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    Karyotyping is the process of analyzing chromosomes under a microscope to determine an organism's chromosome number and identify any abnormalities. A karyotype displays chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and centromere position. Attention is paid to each chromosome's length, banding pattern, and any differences between sex chromosomes. Karyotypes are used to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomy, medicine, and evolutionary events.

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    16 views2 pages

    A Karyotype

    Uploaded by

    HOLA AHORA
    Karyotyping is the process of analyzing chromosomes under a microscope to determine an organism's chromosome number and identify any abnormalities. A karyotype displays chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and centromere position. Attention is paid to each chromosome's length, banding pattern, and any differences between sex chromosomes. Karyotypes are used to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomy, medicine, and evolutionary events.

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    A karyotype is a preparation of the complete set of metaphase

    chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism,


    sorted by length, centromere location and other features and for a
    test that detects this complement or counts the number of
    chromosomes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is
    prepared from photographs of chromosomes, in order to determine
    the chromosome, complement of an individual, including the
    number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
    Karyotypes describe the chromosome count of an organism and
    what these chromosomes look like under a light microscope.
    Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres,
    banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and
    any other physical characteristics. The preparation and study of
    karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.
    The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as
    karyology. The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a
    photomicrograph) in a standard format known as a karyogram or
    idiogram: in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for
    chromosomes of the same size.
    The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of an
    individual or a species is called the somatic number and is
    designated 2n. In the germ-line (the sex cells) the chromosome
    number is n (humans: n = 23). Thus, in humans 2n = 46.
    So, in normal diploid organisms, autosomal chromosomes are
    present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes.
    Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid
    cells have single copies.
    Karyotypes can be used for many purposes; such as to study
    chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomic relationships,
    medicine and to gather information about past evolutionary events
    (karyosystematics).
    Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Carl Wilhelm
    von Nägeli in 1842. Their behavior in animal (salamander) cells was
    described by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of mitosis, in 1882.
    The name was coined by another German anatomist, Heinrich von
    Waldeyer in 1888.
    The next stage took place after the development of genetics in the
    early 20th century, when it was appreciated that chromosomes (that
    can be observed by karyotype) were the carrier of genes. Lev
    Delaunay in 1922 seems to have been the first person to define the
    karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic
    chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents. The subsequent
    history of the concept can be followed in the works of C. D.
    Darlington and Michael JD White.
    Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the
    most basic question: how many chromosomes does a normal diploid
    human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47
    chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia, concluding an
    XX/XO sex determination mechanism. Painter in 1922 was not
    certain whether the diploid of humans was 46 or 48, at first favoring
    46, but revised his opinion from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted
    on humans having an XX/XY system. Considering the techniques of
    the time, these results were remarkable.

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