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    Les01 RW

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    The document discusses the architecture and components of Oracle Database. It describes the two main components as the database, which consists of physical structures like data and redo log files, and the instance, which contains memory structures like the system global area (SGA) and program global area (PGA). It also explains how SQL statements are processed, from parsing and binding to execution and fetching of results.

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    Les01 RW

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    Israa
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    The document discusses the architecture and components of Oracle Database. It describes the two main components as the database, which consists of physical structures like data and redo log files, and the instance, which contains memory structures like the system global area (SGA) and program global area (PGA). It also explains how SQL statements are processed, from parsing and binding to execution and fetching of results.

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    The document discusses the architecture and components of Oracle Database. It describes the two main components as the database, which consists of physical structures like data and redo log files, and the instance, which contains memory structures like the system global area (SGA) and program global area (PGA). It also explains how SQL statements are processed, from parsing and binding to execution and fetching of results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views21 pages

    Les01 RW

    Uploaded by

    Israa
    The document discusses the architecture and components of Oracle Database. It describes the two main components as the database, which consists of physical structures like data and redo log files, and the instance, which contains memory structures like the system global area (SGA) and program global area (PGA). It also explains how SQL statements are processed, from parsing and binding to execution and fetching of results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    Oracle Database Architecture: Overview

    Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Objectives

    After completing this lesson, you should be able to:


    • Describe the Oracle Database architecture and
    components
    • Make qualified decisions about your tuning
    actions

    1-2 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Oracle Database Architecture: Overview

    • The Oracle Database consists of two main


    components:
    – The database: physical structures
    – The instance: memory structures
    • The size and structure of these components
    impact performance.

    1-3 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Oracle Instance Management
    SGA

    Shared pool Streams pool Large pool

    Database Redo log


    Java pool
    buffer cache buffer

    System Process Database Log


    Monitor Monitor Writer Writer
    SMON PMON DBW0 LGWR
    Archived
    redo log
    files

    Check
    Archiver
    point Control Redo log ARC0
    CKPT Data
    file files
    files

    1-4 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Database Physical Structure

    Control files

    Data files Online redo log files

    Parameter file Password file Archive log files

    1-5 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Oracle Memory Structures

    PGA PGA PGA

    Server Server Server


    process 1 process 2 process 3

    SGA

    Shared pool Streams pool Large pool

    Database Redo log


    Java Pool
    buffer cache buffer

    1-6 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Automatic Shared Memory Management

    SGA

    Shared pool Fixed SGA Large pool

    Database Redo log


    Java pool
    buffer cache buffer

    Which size to choose?

    1-8 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Shared Pool

    • The shared pool consists of:


    – Data dictionary cache containing information on
    objects, storage, and privileges
    – Library cache containing information such as SQL
    statements, parsed or compiled PL/SQL blocks, and
    Java classes
    • Appropriate sizing of the shared pool affects
    performance by:
    – Reducing disk reads
    – Allowing shareable SQL code
    – Reducing parsing, thereby saving CPU resources
    – Reducing latching overhead, thereby improving
    scalability

    1-9 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Shared SQL Areas

    Cursor for Cursor for


    SELECT statement 2 SELECT statement 1

    SGA Shared SQL

    SELECT SELECT SELECT


    statement 1 statement 2 statement 1

    User A User B User C

    1 - 10 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Program Global Area (PGA)

    • PGA is a memory area that contains:


    – Session information
    – Cursor information
    – SQL execution work areas
    Sort area
    Hash join area
    Bitmap merge area
    Bitmap create area
    • Work area size influences SQL performance.
    • Work areas can be automatically or manually
    managed.

    1 - 11 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Automated SQL Execution Memory (PGA)
    Management

    • Allocation and tuning of PGA memory is simplified


    and improved.
    – Efficient memory allocation for varying workloads
    – Queries optimized for both throughput and
    response times
    • DBAs can use parameters to specify the policy for
    PGA sizing.

    1 - 13 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Connecting to an Instance

    User Server

    Oracle database

    User Server

    Client

    Application server Server

    User Server
    Browser

    1 - 14 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    SQL Statement Processing Phases

    Open Close

    Parse Bind Execute Fetch

    1 - 16 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    SQL Statement Processing Phases: Parse

    • Parse phase:
    – Searches for the statement in the shared pool
    – Checks syntax
    – Checks semantics and privileges
    – Merges view definitions and subqueries
    – Determines execution plan
    • Minimize parsing as much as possible:
    – Parse calls are expensive
    – Avoid reparsing
    – Parse once, execute many times

    1 - 17 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    SQL Statement Processing Phases: Bind

    • Bind phase:
    – Checks the statement for bind variables
    – Assigns or reassigns a value to the bind variable
    • Bind variables impact performance when:
    – They are not used, and your statement would
    benefit from a shared cursor
    – They are used, and your statement would benefit
    from a different execution plan

    1 - 19 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    SQL Statement Processing Phases:
    Execute and Fetch

    • Execute phase:
    – Executes the SQL statement
    – Performs necessary I/O and sorts for data
    manipulation language (DML) statements
    • Fetch phase:
    – Retrieves rows for a query
    – Sorts for queries when needed
    – Uses an array fetch mechanism

    1 - 20 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Processing a DML Statement

    Database SGA
    2 Database
    buffer cache
    1
    Data Redo log
    Server 3 buffer
    files process
    Shared pool
    UPDATE
    Control employees ...
    files
    4

    User
    Redo process
    log files

    1 - 21 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    COMMIT Processing
    Instance
    Database SGA
    Database
    buffer cache

    Data Redo log


    Server buffer
    files process
    Shared pool

    Control
    files

    User
    process
    Redo
    log files LGWR

    1 - 23 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Functions of the Oracle Query Optimizer

    The Oracle query optimizer determines the most


    efficient execution plan and is the most important step
    in the processing of any SQL statement.
    The optimizer:
    • Evaluates expressions and conditions
    • Uses object and system statistics
    • Decides how to access the data
    • Decides how to join tables
    • Decides which path is most efficient

    1 - 25 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Top Database Performance Issues

    • Bad connection management


    • Poor use of cursors and the shared pool
    • Bad SQL
    • Nonstandard initialization parameters
    • I/O issues
    • Long full-table scans
    • In-disk sorts
    • High amounts of recursive SQL
    • Schema errors and optimizer problems

    1 - 26 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Summary

    In this lesson, you should have learned about the


    Oracle Database architecture and various components
    that require tuning.

    1 - 28 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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