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Data were obtained from secondary sources and content analysis done. This paper critically
evaluates this programme and makes suggestions for improved implementation. We examine how
activists have coined these notions and built demands around them. In fact, youths within the area,
by association of various ethnic militia groups, have become restive in their bid for greater control of
their natural resources. This study utilized the combination of Modernization and Dependency
theories to explain the activities of shell oil exploration and economic development of the Ogoni
community. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers The
Militancy in the Oil Rich Niger Delta: Failure of the Federal Government of Nigeria Suraju A Aminu
For years, the people of the Niger Delta were at logger-head with the Nigerian government. The
findings revealed that not all the communities studied were involved in company-community
conflicts. Results showed that the level of community awareness to environmental issues is very
high, as they accessed vital information about their environment through different sources on a
regular basis. Adobe Express Go from Adobe Express creation to Issuu publication. The analysis
revealed that the frustration of the people of the Niger Delta resulting from the failure of the
Nigerian government to satisfy their socioeconomic needs led them into and escalated the orgy of
violence witnessed in the region. Following the Amnesty offered by former President Yar’Adua in
2009 to over 20,000 armed fighters, an uneasy quiet has settled over the area. Analysing the 2009
Amnesty in the Niger Delta Emma Elizabeth Hooper The Niger Delta has some of the largest oil
fields in the world. To achieve this aim, the objectives were to determine the level of community
awareness to environmental issues and how these communities understand the consequences of
pollution on their environment. Conflict could be seen as a situation characterized by confrontation
and hostilities to secure strategic objectives among people with incompatible interests. In the
Nigerian case as well as other fragile states, an engagement with federalism as a tool for conflict
management, post-conflict reconstruction and for guaranteeing stability is essential. A conclusion
was reached to the effect that Nigerian government is largely responsible for the orgy of violence in
the region. The Niger Delta crisis is a clear reflection of natural resource governance failure the state
is facing. The objective of this study was to examine the reasons for this situation. We publish in
both English and English translations. Coming off the backdrop of peaceful struggles of the Ogoni
peoples considered to be largely ineffectual in achieving the desired objectives, ethnic groups have
embraced militancy as a means to force the government and oil-multinationals reckon with their
dema. It is against this back drop that the paper is advocating a democratic solution to the Nigerian
crisis located in the Niger Delta region. The objective of this study was to examine the reasons for
this situation. The problem of development in the Niger Delta is identified as one of
underdevelopment: it results from the fact that external interests in collaboration with local forces
have fostered and are sustaining a relationship based upon exploitation with the peoples of the Niger
Delta. The analysis revealed that the frustration of the people of the Niger Delta resulting from the
failure of the Nigerian government to satisfy their socioeconomic needs led them into and escalated
the orgy of violence witnessed in the region. This prompted the Nigerian state to intermittently
launch attacks on the militants. Specifically, the frustration was caused by the devastation of the
environment of the region, pervasive poverty and underdevelopment, legislations of
disempowerment and subjugation, inability to control the crude oil resource and suppression of the
people by the machinery of the state. As a result, the region has become a veritable laboratory for all
sorts of interventionist and conflict resolution mechanisms. All these including the present amnesty
program are woefully inadequate to bring about durable peace to the region because they are all
devoid of the much needed democratic ingredients. The study also determines existing mechanism
for management of conflict over oil spills and gas flares in two selected communities: Bodo and K-
Dere in Rivers State. In the multinational quest for the controlof the petroleum resources in the Niger
Delta region, different theories of ownership were advanced. The implications of the Niger Delta
crises are too far-reaching to be ignored.
The effects of all these were the disruptions of oil and gas production, reduced national revenue,
withdrawal of foreign capital, kidnapping of expatriate oil company staff and so on. These agitations,
no doubt, reduced crude oil production and had adverse effect onthe national economy. Despite the
abundant oil wealth, there has been unimaginable mass poverty and negligible development in the
region. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry,
preview is currently unavailable. The oil sector accounts for approximately 95 percent of Nigeria’s
export earnings and over 80 percent of federal government revenue, but for nearly two decades the
delta has been mired in conflict and violence that threatens human security and the national
economy. The development areas would have the mandate to ensure urgent infrastructural and socio-
economic transformation of the Niger Delta. Almost 50 years of exploration has resulted in
widespread environmental degradation in the form of land, surface and ground water pollution. For
the data generated through survey method both descriptive and correlational statistical tools were
used this include simple percentage for the secondary data, simple descriptive technique otherwise
known as document analysis were used. Articles Get discovered by sharing your best content as bite-
sized articles. Indeed, in virtually every socioenvironmental conflict, a variety of valuation languages
is deployed. The article holds that the touted successes of the Programme are founded not in its
viability in aiding the resolution of the structural and individual level conflict drivers but arising in
part from a state-sponsored private reward system and on the other part, drawing from the prevailing
political context and bolstered by identity motivated conscious actions. Following the Amnesty
offered by former President Yar’Adua in 2009 to over 20,000 armed fighters, an uneasy quiet has
settled over the area. Rather than make progress, she is caught in a cycle of debilitating conflict
imposed on her by what appears to be the struggle of various sections of the Nigerian elite to
appropriate control of public resources. In 1957, when oil was discovered at Oloibiri in today’s
Balyelsa State of Nigeria, the British enacted the Mineral Ordinance Act which vested all the
minerals in Nigeria in the British Crown. In the process, the people decide to come up in arms to
claim their right and thus ensues conflict between the two, because the Niger Delta is at the
crossroads of Nigeria’s political economy presently. More fundamentally, these valuation contests
also highlight opposite visions and values about local development, between on one hand (lower-
income) locals and on the other, the state and corporate sectors. In this chapter, we shall examine the
remarkable developments associated with the advent of Atlantic commerce in the Niger Delta,
especially the socio-economic changes it brought to the coastal communities who dominated the trade
as middlemen. On the one hand, it is a relatively large country-the most populous in Africa, with
abundant human and natural resources; while on the other hand, it has a high rate of income
inequality, with two-thirds (70%) of its population living in poverty (CBN, 1999), although the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) states that it has declined progressively to 54% as of 2005 (IMF,
2007). Specifically, the study investigates why environmental degradation has been a basic factor in
the Niger Delta political instability; and, if environmental restoration can be an essential condition
for the return of political stability in the Niger Delta. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet
faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. You can download the
paper by clicking the button above. These gaps have been responsible for the non-cohesion that has
become part of, and which have engendered violence and conflict in the region. Analysing the 2009
Amnesty in the Niger Delta Emma Elizabeth Hooper The Niger Delta has some of the largest oil
fields in the world. The analysis revealed that the frustration of the people of the Niger Delta
resulting from the failure of the Nigerian government to satisfy their socioeconomic needs led them
into and escalated the orgy of violence witnessed in the region. The limitations of the study were
highlighted and the need for future research direction was also suggested. It concludes by
highlighting certain factors imperative for sustainable development within the region. We adopted a
qualitative research design, and relied on primary and secondary sources of data. Both quantitative
(survey) and qualitative (focus group discussion) methods of data collection were employed. Data
were obtained from secondary sources and content analysis done. Download Free PDF View PDF
POLITICS OF AMNESTY AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA'S NIGER DELTA
Osah Goodnews This work examines the Government's Amnesty Programme and other strategies
adopted in the Niger Delta since 1958 as a conflict management mechanism to tackle the conflict in
the region and how to sustain the amnesty-induced peace.
Against this background the Federal Government initiated an Amnesty programme in 2009. It argues
that the pattern of engagement by ex-militants in the political process undermines the deepening of
democracy and endangers sustainable peace and development in the Niger Delta. It is therefore
recommended that with the increasing level of environmental pollution in Ogoniland; the necessary
laws on environmental protection should be adequately enforced against further pollution of the
environment, and immediate environmental remediation should be carried where pollution has
occurred. The conflict which has affected oil production in Nigeria. More Features Connections
Canva Create professional content with Canva, including presentations, catalogs, and more. In this
paper, we explain the contexts in which such notions have arisen, providing definitions of a wide
array of concepts and slogans related to environmental inequities and sustainability, and explore the
connections and relations between them. In spite of the bombardments by the military Joint Task
Force, the militants remain resolute in their agitations. Despite the abundant oil wealth, there has
been unimaginable mass poverty and negligible development in the region. This paper therefore
considered a focus on Nigerian oil policy from 1956 to the Nigerian Petroleum Act 2000, a major
policy cancer that needs to be cured in order for other policies on Niger Delta to be effective.
RELATED PAPERS Environmental Degredation and Political Instability in the Niger Delta, 1999-
2015 by Okonkow, Chigozie I. It is recommended that the militants who are presently agitating
violently for development should change their focus and beam their searchlight on the region's
politicians for them to give account of their stewardship. Particular attention is paid to how the
problems of legitimacy of the state, the neo-colonial character of the state, the collapse of governance
institutions, the preferred methods of the primitive accumulation of capital and the assumptions of
the state impact upon the underdevelopment process in the Niger Delta. The attendant consequence
of this is the agitation for Minority rightsl. Journal of Political Ecology, Leah Temper, Joachim H
Spangenberg, Federico Demaria, Joan Martinez-alier ?In their own battles and strategy meetings
since the early 1980s, EJOs (environmental justice organizations) and their networks have introduced
several concepts to political ecology that have also been taken up by academics and policy makers.
This study examines critically the pre and post amnesty situation in the Niger Delta region of
Nigeria. The delta’s abundant natural wealth stands in stark contrast to its palpable
underdevelopment. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Our conclusion is that
for Nigeria to experience sustainable peace in the economy jewel of the nation, genuine and
determined effort should be made to initiate and institute robust democratic decision making
processes and structures in the region as well as the Nigerian nation. While the interventionist
measures in the form of Development Agencies have not been successful, the Amnesty Programme,
which seemed to have brought some uncanny peace to the region is tentative, as the root causes of
the conflicts are still pending. The highly descriptive nature of the study necessitated the adoption of
extensive desk research. Environmental degradation, loss of means of livelihood, unemployment,
poverty, loss of lives and general underdevelopment characterized the region. Download Free PDF
View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable.
The study specifically assessed the role failure of the Nigerian government to address the grievances
of the Niger Delta people played in causing and escalating the crisis in the region. It is argued that
this framework has not and cannot address the core underdevelopment issues in the Niger Delta. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. That the strategies adopted by the Nigerian state have yielded mixed effects
both positive and negative across different communities. Due to fact that the parties are not sincere at
getting the issues resolved because certain individual(s) or group(s) are benefiting or the government
lacks the will power to confront the problem politically. Multiple approaches sufficient for both
qualitative and quantitative data were adopted. It contends that the advent of colonialism and post-
colonial state in Nigeria politicised traditional institutions of governance, hence weakened them in
living up to their traditional responsibilities of conflict management and peace-building. Some make
bold to suggest that the current contraption may not survive beyond 2015.
In Nigeria, the Niger Delta region has found itself in the “web” of conflicts, spanning over about two
and half decades, snowballing into sustained and pervading forms of youth sub-culture and
restiveness. Adobe InDesign Design pixel-perfect content like flyers, magazines and more with
Adobe InDesign. The subsisting conflict situation is alleged to stem from the clash of interest
between Niger Delta people, oil multi-national companies, and the Nigerian State. These
unaddressed questions are revenue allocation, environmental degradation, and neglect of the
minority. Download Free PDF View PDF Environmental Degredation and Political Instability in the
Niger Delta, 1999-2015 by Okonkow, Chigozie I. Despite the laudable strategies adopted by the
government in ensuring lasting solution in the region, scholars have however criticized some of the
strategies as not working and impacting in the lives of the target population. In-depth interview was
used to investigate the issues in six communities in three selected states and NDDC. In this sense,
some recommendations were made to find lasting solution to peace in the region and prevent future
re-occurrence. In addition the framework seeks to deny any role in the development process for
those organisations, groups and individuals in the Niger Delta who have at one or another seriously
interrogated the role and methods of the Nigerian state and the oil companies in the Niger Delta.
Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is
currently unavailable. The objective of this study was to examine the reasons for this situation. The
contradictions of the Nigerian state however, are not resolved but treated in ways that are inimical to
social and economic development. Avaliable format in PDF, EPUB, MOBI, KINDLE, E-BOOK and
AUDIOBOOK. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers
Resource Governance and Conflict in the Niger Delta: Implications for the Gulf of Guinea Region
Gerald EZIRIM, Ph.D. Gaps between the definition of expectations, grant of power and verification
of performance tend to undergird the governance processes in the Gulf of Guinea. Due to fact that
the parties are not sincere at getting the issues resolved because certain individual(s) or group(s) are
benefiting or the government lacks the will power to confront the problem politically. The nature and
role of the Nigerian state in the underdevelopment of the Niger Delta is considered. This article
attempts to explore the relationship between poverty and sustainable development within the Niger
Delta Region whilst providing a brief background to community development efforts in the Niger
Delta region. You can download it to your laptop in simple steps. Consequently, various Multi-
National Oil Companies (MNOCs) commenced oil exploitation in the region. However, many
communities believed that there was no sincerity on the part of their leaders, as the dividends
claimed to be given by the multinational oil companies (MNOCs) for the welfare and benefit of the
people were not visible. There were also about 12,770 cases of vandalism, particularly of pipelines
and installations, recorded between 2000 and 2007, with most of them occurring in the Niger Delta.
The limitations of the study were highlighted and the need for future research direction was also
suggested. The Niger Delta crisis is a clear reflection of natural resource governance failure the state
is facing. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry,
preview is currently unavailable. Teams Enable groups of users to work together to streamline your
digital publishing. As a panacea to the crisis, this paper calls for reforms in the country's land use act,
restructuring of the Nigerian federation, stringent measures against the oil firms and continued
dialogue between the warring parties amongst others. The limitations of the study were highlighted
and the need for future research direction was also suggested. The study therefore recommended: the
development areas should be funded by the Federal Government through direct budgetary
allocations. To achieve this aim, the objectives were to determine the level of community awareness
to environmental issues and how these communities understand the consequences of pollution on
their environment. The qualitative research method of secondary data collection was adopted while
the frustration-aggression theory was utilized as a framework of analysis.
The highly descriptive nature of the study necessitated the adoption of extensive desk research. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. Digital Sales Sell your publications commission-free as single issues or
ongoing subscriptions. This study examines the issues of social exclusion and poverty in the oil
producing communities of the Niger Delta. In Nigeria the crisis is between the federal government
and oil producing communities in the Niger Delta region. While the interventionist measures in the
form of Development Agencies have not been successful, the Amnesty Programme, which seemed to
have brought some uncanny peace to the region is tentative, as the root causes of the conflicts are
still pending. The objective of this study was to examine the reasons for this situation. Specifically,
the frustration was caused by the devastation of the environment of the region, pervasive poverty
and underdevelopment, legislations of disempowerment and subjugation, inability to control the
crude oil resource and suppression of the people by the machinery of the state. Alumona The area
known as the Niger Delta spans over 70,000 square kilometers. The development areas would have
the mandate to ensure urgent infrastructural and socio- economic transformation of the Niger Delta.
It's like a masterclass to be explored at your own pace. A conclusion was reached to the effect that
Nigerian government is largely responsible for the orgy of violence in the region. The common trend
among primary resource based nations especially oil including Nigeria is the continuous outcry for
marginalization by the oil producing communities especially in the area of provision essential services
and other basic needs. Conflict could be seen as a situation characterized by confrontation and
hostilities to secure strategic objectives among people with incompatible interests. Some make bold
to suggest that the current contraption may not survive beyond 2015. Download Free PDF View
PDF Between activism and science: grassroots concepts for sustainability coined by Environmental
Justice Organizations (Journal of Political Ecology) Leida Rijnhout Journal of Political Ecology Vol.
21, 2014 20 Abstract In their own battles and strategy meetings since the early 1980s, EJOs
(environmental justice organizations) and their networks have introduced several concepts to political
ecology that have also been taken up by academics and policy makers. In the Nigerian case as well
as other fragile states, an engagement with federalism as a tool for conflict management, post-
conflict reconstruction and for guaranteeing stability is essential. The study also reveal an attempt
made by successive Nigeria Government to establish different commission to look into the Niger
Delta issue, the DDR programme, security implications and its challenges in the Niger Delta clearly
indicate that until the root cause of the region is achieved there will not be enduring peace, security
and stability in the environment. The findings revealed that not all the communities studied were
involved in company-community conflicts. These formidable odds that threaten the survival of the
Niger Delta people triggered off various shades of interminable violent agitations by militants that
involved hostage taking and attacks on oil installations. It is a dangerous place often associated with
guns and the kidnapping of foreign nationals. The purpose of the study was to find out whether
government and privately owned newspapers in Nigeria represented by The Pointer, The Nigerian
Observer, The Punch and The Guardian newspapers had given significant coverage to the Niger
Delta crisis between January 2006 and December 2009; with reference to frequency of reports,
prominence, depth, and slant. In this sense, some recommendations were made to find lasting
solution to peace in the region and prevent future re-occurrence. Is it possible to compensate for the
liabilities involved. They should be domiciled in the oil producing communities, and should carry the
locals along in the execution of their mandate. The people blamed the Shell Petroleum Development
Company, the Federal Government, some of their corrupt chiefs, Movement for the Survival of the
Ogoni People (MOSOP) and some of the community youths for the problems in the communities.
You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Joan Martinez-alier, Leah Temper, Daniela
Del Bene Download Free PDF View PDF Ecology, Economy and Society Ecological Distribution
Conflicts and the Vocabulary of Environmental Justice Joan Martinez-alier Download Free PDF
View PDF The Marketing of Rebellion Insurgents Media and International Activism-blackatk Sonia
Vangie Alcantar Download Free PDF View PDF Resource curse. In this sense, some
recommendations were made to find lasting solution to peace in the region and prevent future re-
occurrence. Download Free PDF View PDF Socio-Environmental Valuation and Liabilities: What
Strategies for Environmental Justice Organizations.