Simpson Strong-Tie Composite Strengthening Systems (CSS) 2020 Concrete Construction Products

Flexural Strengthening Design Example

Reinforced concrete beam using externally-bonded carbon fabric

14 in. (b)

A
ω
4000 psi
NWC

27 in. (h) or (df)

A 24 in. (d)
4 – No. 9’s
A s = 4.00 sq.in.
25 ft. – 0 in. (L) fy = 60,000 psi

Beam Loading: ωDL = 2.75 k/ft ; ωLLe = 1.0 k/ft; ωLLn = 1.60 k/ft
Section A - A

Min. Reinforcement: As, min = 3 (fc’)1/2 b d / fy ≥ 200 b d / fy (ACI 318-14, Sec. 9.6.1.2)

As, min = 200 (14 in.) 24 in. / 60,000 psi = 1.12 sq. in. ≤ As = 4.0 sq. in. (Criteria satisfied)

Reinforcement Ratio: ρs = As / b d

ρs = 4.0 sq. in. / 14 in. (24 in.) = 0.0119

ρb = 0.0285; ρs /ρb = 0.0119/0.0285 = 0.42

0.35 ≤ ρs /ρb ≤ 0.50 (Beam is properly under reinforced)

Check Strengthening Limits:

Physical Damage: φRn, exist. ≥ 1.1D + 0.75L (ACI 562-16, Sec. 5.5.2)

(φRn, exist. ≥ 1.1D + 0.5L + 0.2S)

φRn, exist. = φMn, exist. = φ As fy (d – a/2); where a = As fy / 0.85 fc’ b

a = 4.0 sq. in. (60 ksi)/0.85 (4 ksi) 14 in. = 5.04 in.

φMn, exist. = 0.9 (4.0 sq. in.) 60 ksi (24 in. – 5.04 in./2) (1 ft./ 12 in.) = 387 k-ft.

1.1 DL + 0.75 LL = Mu = [1.1 (ωDL) + 0.75 (ωLLn)] L2 / 8

Mu = [1.1 (2.75 k/ft) + 0.75 (1.60 k/ft)] (25 ft.)2 / 8 = 330 k-ft.

φMn, exist. = 387 k-ft. ≥ Mu = 330 k-ft. (Criteria satisfied)

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Simpson Strong-Tie Composite Strengthening Systems (CSS) 2020 Concrete Construction Products
Flexural Strengthening Design Example

Fire Endurance: φex Rexist. ≥ (0.9 or 1.2)D + 0.5L + 0.2S; φex = 1.0 (ACI 562-16, Sec. 5.5.3)

To account for potential performance issues during a fire event.

Equation to be applied by Design Professional as required by the
Project conditions.

Initial Strain in Concrete at Beam Soffit: Ɛbi = ƒc,DL / Ec (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 10.2.3)

ƒc,DL = MDL . y / Icr ; y = h - ccr

c ccr
Ɛbi = initial concrete strain; ƒc,DL = concrete stress from dead load
h
y MDL = dead load service moment; Icr = cracked section MOI

Ɛfe Ɛbi y = distance from cracked section neutral axis to extreme tension fiber

ccr = position of cracked section neutral axis; h = total beam depth

Ec = 57,000 (fc’) ½ = 57,000 (4000) ½ ≈ 3,605,000 psi (ACI 318-14, Sec. 19.2.2.1)

n = Es / Ec = 29,000 ksi / 3,605 ksi ≈ 8.0

Ɛbi = MDL (h - ccr) / Ec Icr = 215 k-ft (12 in./ ft.) (27 in. – 8.43 in.)/3,605 Ksi (10,554 in.4)

Ɛbi = 0.0013

FRP Properties for Code-listed, Unidirectional, Carbon Fabric: CSS – CUCF (44 oz./sq. yd.)

tf = thickness per ply of FRP composite = 0.08 in./ply

ƒfu* = ultimate tensile stress in FRP composite = 128,000 psi

Ɛfu* = ultimate tensile strain at FRP rupture (elongation @ break) = 0.009 in./in.

Ef = tensile Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of FRP composite = 14,200 ksi

FRP Environmental Reduction Factor: CE = 0.85 (Carbon Fabric and Exterior Exp.) (ACI 440.2R-17, Table 9.4)

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Simpson Strong-Tie Composite Strengthening Systems (CSS) 2020 Concrete Construction Products
Flexural Strengthening Design Example
14 in. (b)

FRP Design Properties: (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 9.4)

ƒfu = CE ƒfu* = (0.85) 128,000 psi = 108,800 psi

24 in. (d) 27 in. (d f )

Ɛfu = CE Ɛfu* = (0.85) 0.0090 in./in. = 0.0077 in./in.

Af = n tf wf = 1 (0.08 in.) 12 in. = 0.96 sq. in.

ρf = Af / b d = 0.96 sq. in. / 14 in. (24 in.) = 0.0029

Width of 12 in. (wf )
FRP
Section A - A

FRP Design Strain: Ɛfd = 0.083 (fc’/ n Ef tf)1/2 ≤ 0.9 Ɛfu (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 10.1.1)

Ɛfd = 0.083 (4000 / 1(14,200,000) 0.08)1/2 ≤ 0.9 (0.0077)

Ɛfd = 0.0049 ≤ 0.0069 (Design strain is restricted to debonding strain limits)

Begin Iterative Process to determine “c”: (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 10.2.5 & Sec. 10.2.10)

Assume c = 0.25 d = 0.25 (24) = 6 in.

Ɛc ≤ Ɛcu = 0.003

c Effective Strain in FRP: Ɛfe = Ɛcu [(df – c) / c] – Ɛbi ≤ Ɛfd

Ɛfe = 0.0030 [(27 – 6)/6] – 0.0013 ≤ 0.0049

df
Ɛfe = 0.0092 ≥ 0.0049; hence Ɛfe = Ɛfd = 0.0049

Ɛfe Ɛbi Effective Strain in Concrete: Ɛc = (Ɛfe + Ɛbi) [c / (df – c)]

Ɛc = (0.0049 + 0.0013) [6 in. / (27 in. – 6 in.)] = 0.0018

Effective Strain in Rebar: Ɛs = (Ɛfe + Ɛbi) [(d – c) / (df – c)]

Ɛs = (0.0049 + 0.0013) [(24 in. – 6 in.)/(27 in. – 6 in.)] = 0.0053

Effective Stress in FRP: ƒfe = Ef Ɛfe = 14,200 ksi (0.0049) ≈ 70 ksi ≤ 108.8 ksi

Effective Stress in Rebar: ƒs = 60 ksi, since Ɛs = 0.0053 ≥ Ɛsy = 0.0021

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Simpson Strong-Tie Composite Strengthening Systems (CSS) 2020 Concrete Construction Products
Flexural Strengthening Design Example

Calculate Compression Block Variables:

β1 = (4Ɛ’c – Ɛc) / (6Ɛ’c - 2Ɛc); α1 = (3Ɛ’c Ɛc – Ɛc2) / (3 β1 Ɛ’c2)

where Ɛc = 0.0018 and Ɛ’c = 1.7 fc’/ Ec = 1.7 (4000) / 3,605,000 = 0.0019

β1 = (4(0.0019) – 0.0018) / (6(0.0019) – 2(0.0018)) = 0.7436

α1 = (3(0.0019)0.0018 – (0.0018)2) / (3(0.7436)(0.0019)2) = 0.875

Verify assumed “c” value: c = (As ƒs + Af ƒfe) / (α1 fc’ β1 b)

c = (4.0 sq. in. (60 ksi) + 0.96 sq. in. (70 ksi)) / (0.875(4 ksi) 0.7436(14 in.)

c = 8.43 in. ≠ 6 in.; after two more iterations, c converges to approximately c = 7.13 in.

Recalculate Compression Block Variables for c = 7.13 in.:

β1 = (4(0.0019) – 0.0022) / (6(0.0019) – 2(0.0022)) = 0.7714

α1 = (3(0.0019)0.0022 – (0.0022)2) / (3(0.7714)(0.0019)2) ≈ 1

Calculate Flexural Design Strength Including FRP: (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 10.2.7 & 10.2.10)

φMn w/FRP = φ (Mns + Ψf Mnf)

Mns = As ƒs (d - β1 c/ 2); Mnf = Af ƒfe (h - β1 c/ 2)

Mns = 4.0 sq. in. (60 ksi) (24 – 0.7714(7.13)/2) (1 ft./12 in.) = 425 K-ft.

Mnf = 0.96 sq. in. (70 ksi) (27 – 0.7714(7.13)/2) (1 ft./12 in.) = 136 K-ft.

φ = 0.90; when Ɛt = Ɛs = 0.0053 ≥ 0.005 (ACI 318-14, Sec. 21.2.1)

Ψf = 0.85 (Additional reduction factor for FRP flexural strengthening)

φMn w/FRP = 0.9 (425 K-ft. + [0.85] 136 K-ft.) = 486 K-ft.

Check Flexural Design Strength against Max. Factored Bending Moment

Mu = 1.2 (215 K-ft.) + 1.6 (125 K-ft.) = 458 K-ft.

φMn w/FRP = 486 k-ft. ≥ Mu = 458 k-ft. (Criteria satisfied)

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Simpson Strong-Tie Composite Strengthening Systems (CSS) 2020 Concrete Construction Products
Flexural Strengthening Design Example

Check Serviceability Criteria:

Check Rebar Stress under Service Loads: ƒs,s ≤ 0.80 ƒy (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 10.2.8 & 10.2.10.1)

ƒs,s = [4080 k-in. + 426 k-in.] (15.1 in.) 29,000 ksi

116,000 k (21.03 in.)(15.1 in.) + 13,632 k (24.03 in.)(18.1 in.)

ƒs,s = 46.1 ksi ≤ 0.8 (60 ksi) = 48 ksi (Criteria satisfied)

Elastic Depth to the Cracked Neutral Axis (Simplified for rectangular beam w/o comp. reinforcement):

ρs (Es /Ec) = 0.0119 (29,000 Ksi / 3,605 Ksi) = 0.0957

ρf (Ef /Ec) = 0.0029 (14,200 Ksi / 3,605 Ksi) = 0.0114

k = {[0.0957 + 0.0114] 2 + 2 [0.0957 + 0.0114 (27/24)]} ½ - [0.0957 + 0.0114]

k = 0.4780 – 0.1071 = 0.3709; kd = 0.3709 (24) ≈ 8.90 in.

Service Load Moment: Ms = (215 K-ft. + 125 K-ft.) = 340 K-ft. (12 in./ft.) = 4080 K-in.

Check FRP Stress under Service Loads: ƒf,s ≤ 0.55 ƒfu (ACI 440.2R-17, Sec. 10.2.9 & 10.2.10.2)

ƒf,s = 46.1 ksi (14,200 ksi/29,000 ksi) [18.1 in./ 15.1 in.] - 0.0013 (14,200 ksi)

ƒf,s = 8.6 ksi ≤ 0.55 (108.8 ksi) = 60 ksi (Criteria satisfied)

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