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Chapter 14

Mathematical Tables
and Conversion Factors

14.1. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Deg sin cos tan cosec sec cot
0 0.0000 1.000 0.0000 ∞ 1 ∞
1 0.0175 0.9998 0.0175 57.3 1.0002 57.29
2 0.0349 0.9994 0.0349 28.65 1.0006 28.64
3 0.0523 0.9986 0.0524 19.11 1.0014 19.08
4 0.0698 0.9976 0.0699 14.34 1.0024 14.3
5 0.0871 0.9962 0.0875 11.474 1.0038 11.43
6 0.1045 0.9945 0.1051 9.5668 1.0055 9.5144
7 0.1219 0.9925 0.1228 8.2055 1.0075 8.1443
8 0.1392 0.9903 0.1405 7.1853 1.0098 7.1154
9 0.1564 0.9877 0.1584 6.3925 1.0125 6.3138
10 0.1736 0.9848 0.1763 5.7588 1.0154 5.6713
11 0.1908 0.9816 0.1944 5.2408 1.0187 5.1446
12 0.2079 0.9781 0.2126 4.8097 1.0223 4.7046
13 0.225 0.9744 0.2309 4.4454 1.0263 4.3315
14 0.2419 0.9703 0.2493 4.1336 1.0306 4.0108
15 0.2588 0.9659 0.2679 3.8637 1.0353 3.7321
16 0.2756 0.9613 0.2867 3.628 1.0403 3.4874
17 0.2924 0.9563 0.3057 3.4203 1.0457 3.2709
18 0.309 0.9511 0.3249 3.2361 1.0515 3.0777
19 0.3256 0.9455 0.3443 3.0716 1.0576 2.9042
20 0.342 0.9397 0.364 2.9238 1.0642 2.7475
21 0.3584 0.9336 0.3839 2.7904 1.0711 2.6051
22 0.3746 0.9272 0.404 2.6695 1.0785 2.4751
23 0.3907 0.9205 0.4245 2.5593 1.0864 2.3559
24 0.4067 0.9135 0.4452 2.4586 1.0946 2.246
25 0.4226 0.9063 0.4663 2.3662 1.1034 2.1445

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Deg sin cos tan cosec sec cot

26 0.4384 0.8988 0.4877 2.2812 1.1126 2.0503
27 0.454 0.891 0.5095 2.2027 1.1223 1.9626
28 0.4695 0.8829 0.5317 2.1301 1.1326 1.8807
29 0.4848 0.8746 0.5543 2.0627 1.1434 1.804
30 0.5000 0.866 0.5774 2.0000 1.1547 1.7321
31 0.515 0.8572 0.6009 1.9416 1.1666 1.6643
32 0.5299 0.848 0.6249 1.8871 1.1792 1.6003
33 0.5446 0.8387 0.6494 1.8361 1.1924 1.5399
34 0.5592 0.829 0.6745 1.7883 1.2062 1.4826
35 0.5736 0.8192 0.7002 1.7434 1.2208 1.4281
36 0.5878 0.809 0.7265 1.7013 1.2361 1.3764
37 0.6018 0.7986 0.7536 1.6616 1.2521 1.327
38 0.6157 0.788 0.7813 1.6243 1.269 1.2799
39 0.6293 0.7771 0.8098 1.589 1.2868 1.2349
40 0.6428 0.766 0.8391 1.5557 1.3054 1.1918
41 0.6561 0.7547 0.8693 1.5243 1.325 1.1504
42 0.6691 0.7431 0.9004 1.4945 1.3456 1.1106
43 0.682 0.7314 0.9325 1.4663 1.3673 1.0724
44 0.6947 0.7193 0.9657 1.4396 1.3902 1.0355
45 0.7071 0.7071 1.0000 1.4142 1.4142 1.0000
46 0.7193 0.6947 1.0355 1.3902 1.4396 0.9657
47 0.7314 0.682 1.0724 1.3673 1.4663 0.9325
48 0.7431 0.6691 1.1106 1.3456 1.4945 0.9004
49 0.7547 0.6561 1.1504 1.325 1.5243 0.8693
50 0.766 0.6428 1.1918 1.3054 1.5557 0.8391
51 0.7771 0.6293 1.2349 1.2868 1.589 0.8098
52 0.788 0.6157 1.2799 1.269 1.6243 0.7813
53 0.7986 0.6018 1.327 1.2521 1.6616 0.7536
54 0.809 0.5878 1.3764 1.2361 1.7013 0.7265
55 0.8192 0.5736 1.4281 1.2208 1.7434 0.7002
56 0.829 0.5592 1.4826 1.2062 1.7883 0.6745
57 0.8387 0.5446 1.5399 1.1924 1.8361 0.6494
58 0.848 0.5299 1.6003 1.1792 1.8871 0.6249
59 0.8572 0.515 1.6643 1.1666 1.9416 0.6009
60 0.866 0.5000 1.7321 1.1547 2.0000 0.5774
61 0.8746 0.4848 1.804 1.1434 2.0627 0.5543
62 0.8829 0.4695 1.8807 1.1326 2.1301 0.5317
63 0.891 0.454 1.9626 1.1223 2.2027 0.5095
64 0.8988 0.4384 2.0503 1.1126 2.2812 0.4877
65 0.9063 0.4226 2.1445 1.1034 2.3662 0.4663
66 0.9135 0.4067 2.246 1.0946 2.4586 0.4452
67 0.9205 0.3907 2.3559 1.0864 2.5593 0.4245

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Deg sin cos tan cosec sec cot

68 0.9272 0.3746 2.4751 1.0785 2.6695 0.404
69 0.9336 0.3584 2.6051 1.0711 2.7904 0.3839
70 0.9397 0.342 2.7475 1.0642 2.9238 0.364
71 0.9455 0.3256 2.9042 1.0576 3.0716 0.3443
72 0.9511 0.309 3.0777 1.0515 3.2361 0.3249
73 0.9563 0.2924 3.2709 1.0457 3.4203 0.3057
74 0.9613 0.2756 3.4874 1.0403 3.628 0.2867
75 0.9659 0.2588 3.7321 1.0353 3.8637 0.2679
76 0.9703 0.2419 4.0108 1.0306 4.1336 0.2493
77 0.9744 0.225 4.3315 1.0263 4.4454 0.2309
78 0.9781 0.2079 4.7046 1.0223 4.8097 0.2126
79 0.9816 0.1908 5.1446 1.0187 5.2408 0.1944
80 0.9848 0.1736 5.6713 1.0154 5.7588 0.1763
81 0.9877 0.1564 6.3138 1.0125 6.3925 0.1584
82 .9903. 1392 7.1154 1.0098 7.1853 0.1405
83 0.9925 0.1219 8.1443 1.0075 8.2055 0.1228
84 0.9945 0.1045 9.5144 1.0055 9.5668 0.1051
85 0.9962 0.0872 11.43 1.0038 11.474 0.0875
86 0.9976 0.0698 14.30 1.0024 14.34 0.0699
87 0.9986 0.0523 19.08 1.0014 19.11 0.0524
88 0.9994 0.0349 28.64 1.0006 28.65 0.0349
89 0.9998 0.0175 57.29 1.0002 57.30 0.0175

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14.2. THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)1

Physical quantity Name of unit Value Symbol
metre base unit m
millimetre 0.001 m mm
centimetre 0.01 m cm
Length
kilometre 1000 m km
international nautical mile 1852 m n mile
(for navigation)
kilogram base unit (1000 g) kg
Mass (commonly called ‘weight’) gram 0.001 kg g
tonne 1000 kg t
second base unit s
minute 60 s min
Time interval
hour 60 min h
day 24 h d
square metre SI unit m2
square millimetre 0.000001 m2 mm2
Area 2
square centimetre 0.0001 m cm2
hectare 10 000 m2 ha
cubic metre SI unit m3
cubic millimetre 10-9 m3 mm3
Volume 3
cubic centimetre 0.000001 m cm3
cubic decimetre 0.001 m3 dm3
§ 3
litre 0.001 m L
Volume (for fluids only) millilitre 0.001 L mL
kilolitre 1000 L (1 m3) kL
metre per second SI unit L m/s or m s-1
Velocity and speed kilometre per hour 0.27 m/s km/h or km h-1
knot (for navigation) 1 n mile/h or 0.514 m/s Kn
Force newton* SI unit N
*
Energy joule SI unit J
Power watt* SI unit W
kilogram per cubic metre SI unit kg/m3 or kg m-3
3
Density tonne per cubic metre 1000 kg/m t/m3 or tm-3
gram per cubic centimetre 1000 kg/m3 g/cm3 or g cm-3
3
kilogram per litre 1000 kg/m kg/L or kgL-1
Density (for fluids only)
gram per millilitre 1000 kg/m3 g/mL or g mL-1
2
Pressure pascal SI unit (N/m ) Pa
bar 100 000 Pa B
Pressure (for meteorology)
millibar 100 Pa Mb
Electric current ampere† base unit A
Potential difference or volt*† SI unit V
electromotive force

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Physical quantity Name of unit Value Symbol

Electrical resistance ohm* † SI unit
hertz* SI unit Hz
Frequency 1
revolution per minute 60 Hz rpm or rev/min

kelvin base unit K

Temperature
degree Celsius‡ K °C
radian SI unit rad
Plane angle
milliradian 0.001 rad mrad
Nmne of unit Value Symbol
degree π/180 rad °
Physical quantity
minute 1°/60 ′
second 1′/60 ″
Amount of substance mole base unit mol

* Decimal multiples commonly associated with this unit are kilo (× 1000), mega (× 1 000 000) and giga
(× 1 000 000 000).
† Decimal submultiples commonly associated with this unit are milli (× 0.001) and micro (× 0.000 001).
‡ The units of temperature on the Celsius scale (°C) and the thermodynamic scale (K) are equal. A temperature t
on the Celsius scale is related to a temperature T on the thermodynamic scale by the relationship t = T – 273.15.
§ For use of symbol L see Australian Standard 1000-1998.
1. From Metric Conversion Board, 1971. Metric Conversion for Australia, pp 15 and 16 (Australian Government
Publishing Service: Canberra).

14.3. RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1 yd = 0.914 m

FOR METRIC CONVERSION 1 mile = 1609.344 m
Measurements of rock excavations should be
to the nearest 0.1 metre.
Units
Area
Precision
Lease areas will be expressed in hectares (ha) or
Conversion factors have in general been given square kilometres (km2).
to seven significant figures, a lesser number of 10 000 m2 = 1 ha
significant figures implying an exact conversion 100 ha = 1 km2
factor. The number of figures used should relate
Smaller areas will be expressed in square
to the required precision.
metres (m2).
Care is required when converting any imperial 1 ft2 = 0.09290304 m2
measurements that too much precision is not 1 yd2 = 0.8361274 m2
introduced or implied. Refer to MCB publication 1 ac = 0.4046856 ha
Metric Practice.
1 mi2 = 2.589988 km2
eg 94 ft = 28.7 m
1 rood = 1011.714 m2
NOT = 28.6512 m
1 perch = 25.29285 m2
Surveying
Volume
Distance The usual unit will be cubic metres (m3) although
All measurements between survey stations litres (L) may be used for fluid measurement.
should be recorded in metres (m) to three 1 ft3 = 0.02831685 m3
decimal places. 1 yd2 = 0.76455449 m3
1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 L = 1 m3

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Note: two symbols for litre (L and 1) are Note 1: this is numerically equal to parts per
legally prescribed in regulations under the million. It is recommended that grades be
Commonwealth Weights and Measures converted now in grams per tonne, with a
(National Standards) Act. However, the conversion of mass back to ounces troy being
Metric Conversion Board recommends L as made prior to sale. If grades are converted to
the preferred symbol. It is the only officially ounces per tonne, a later conversion would
recommended symbol in USA and is preferred undoubtedly be necessary to grams per tonne.
in Canada. It is also being used increasingly in The consequent confusion of two conversions
other countries (from AS 1000-1979). is to be avoided.
Note 2: until London Bullion Market changes
Angles to SI units, gold and silver bullion will be
No change is involved. marketed in ounce troy.
Angles will continue to be recorded in degrees,
Uranium grade
minutes and seconds.
Express in kilograms per tonne (kg/t).
Levelling
Note 3: this is numerically equal to parts per
Four and five metre staffs are available graduated 1000.
at metre (m) and 10 millimetre (mm) intervals.
Grade of diamonds and other gem deposits
Note: estimate millimetres.
Graduated facings can be obtained. Express as metric carats per cubic metre
(CM/m3).
Mine datum
Note 4: the General Conference on Weights
At all new mining developments the reduced and Measures has deprecated the use of the
level should be started in terms of a datum that metric carat. However its use still prevails in
is 10 000 m below the Australian Height Datum the international gem trade. It is hoped that
determined by National Mapping. the trade will ultimately adopt the gram in
Contours – select from range 0.5 m, 1.0 m, place of the metric carat.
2.0 m, 5.0 m depending on degree of detail. 1 CM = 0.2 g.
Density 1 carat (1877) = 1.028 CM
At this stage, in New South Wales, Victoria,
Density is expressed as tonnes per cubic metre Queensland and Tasmania, diamonds and other
(t/m3) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3). precious stones may only be sold by reference to
Note: the term specific gravity should be the metric carat.
phased out (refer AS 1376-1973).
Alluvial deposits
Mine plans Alluvial deposits at present expressed in terms
For mine planing, recommended scales are of pounds, ounces, pennyweights or grams per
specified in AS 1100.7-1978. cubic yard will be expressed as grams per cubic
metre (g/m3).
Coordinate grid lines 100 or 200 millimetres
(mm) apart are recommended. Ore grades
Grid lines at these spacing suit the Grades of some ore, eg tungstic oxide, antimony
recommended scales by giving suitably rounded ore, manganese ore, beryllium ore, have been
numbers for major coordinate lines and are not expressed as a percentage of a ton (a ton of
so far apart that major scale errors are introduced material at one per cent). These will be expressed
due to paper shrinkage. as a percentage of a tonne (t).
All other grades will continue to be expressed
Sampling as percentages.

Precious metal grades (gold, silver) Specific energy for coal

Express in grams per tonne (g/t). Express as megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg).

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Relevant conversion factors Density air (dry) at 20°C and 101.325 kPa =
1.205 kg/m3.
Mass (precious metals) Density moist air (50 per cent r.h.) at 20°C and
1 dwt = 1.555174 g 101.325 kPa = 1.184 kg/m3.
1 oz tr = 31.10348 g Temperature
Mass (ore, etc)
Use degrees Celsius (°C). Record to one decimal
1 ton = 1.016047 t point. For thermodynamic calculations use
1 sh tn = 0.907184 7 t kelvin (K):
Grade
K = °C + 273.15
1 dwt/sh tn = 1.714286 g/t
1 dwt/ton = 1.530612 g/t Pressure units
1 oz tr/ton = 30.61224 g/t Use pascals (Pa), kilopascals (kPa) or
1 oz tr/sh tn = 34.28571 g/t megapascals (MPa). Reference will be found to
the millibar in United Kingdom practice. The
1 lb/ton = 0.4464286 kg/t
pascal is the SI unit of pressure and its use in
1 lb/yd3 = 593.2763 g/m3 Australia is recommended. The millibar (mb) is
1 oz (avoirdupois)/yd3 = 37.07978 g/m3 retained for meteorological use only.
3
1 dwt/yd = 2.034906 g/m3 1 inH2O at 20°C and
1 gr/yd3 = 0.08475378 g/m3 9.80665 m/s2 = 0.2486416 kPa
Specific energy 1 inHg at 0°C and
1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kg
9.80665 m/s2 = 3.386384 kPa
1 mmHg at 0°C and
9.80665 m/s2 = 0.1333222 kPa
Mine ventilation
1 mmH2O at 20°C and
Velocity of air 9.80665 m/s2 = 9.789039 Pa
1 lbf/in2 = 6.894757 kPa
Use metres per second (m/s).
Note 1: gauge and absolute pressure
1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s
The distinction between gauge and absolute
Useful rule of thumb:
pressure should be made clear by following
200 ft/min = 1 m/s the convention that unless otherwise stated
Flow of air pressures refer to gauge pressures: if an
absolute pressure is intended it must be
Use cubic metres per second (m3/s). specified, eg an absolute pressure of 4.2 kPa.
1 ft3/min = 0.0004719474 m3/s Note 2: conversion of columns of liquids
Useful rule of thumb for conversion:
All factors relating columns of liquids to
2000 ft3/min = 1 m3/s
pascals are dependent on fluid density, the
Density local value of ‘g’ and temperature. Factors
given are for the conditions as nominated in
Use kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3), tonnes AS/NZS 1376-1996.
per cubic metre (t/m3).
1 lb/ft3 = 16.01846 kg/m3 Differential pressure

Note: correct for temperature and pressure. Fluids in glass manometers are commonly used
Density air (dry) = to measure pressure differences. Results should
be expressed in pascals:
J pressure (kPa) N
K 1.205 # 101.325 O 3
p = h × r × gn
K Okg/m
K 293.15 O where:
L temp (K) P p = differential pressure (Pa)

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h = manometer reading (m) t

r = fluid density (kg/m3) 'K' = 'Ks' #
1.205
gn = acceleration due to gravity t
= 9.80665 m/s2 'R' = 'Rs' #
1.205
Velocity pressure Both South Africa and Great Britain are using
‘K’ and ‘R’ as above. The metric unit for ‘K’ is
Use pascals (Pa):
kg/m3. The imperial unit for ‘K’ is lbf.min2/ft4.
Pv = ½ Cv2ρ ‘K’ metric = 1.855364 × ‘K’ imperial at standard
gravity.
where:
Note 2: ‘K’ imperial relates to volume flow in
Pv = measured velocity pressure (Pa) thousands of cubic feet per minute.
C = dimensionless coefficient for the pitot-
‘K’ metric relates to volume flow in cubic
static tube (normally close to unity)
metres per second.
v = air velocity (m/s)
ρ = air density (kg/m3) Refrigeration
Airway resistance (formula and ‘K’ factors) Use watts (W) or multiples.
Based on Chezy Darcy and Atkinson’s relation- 1 ton (refrigeration) = 12 000 Btu/h
ships.
= 3.516853 kW
Expressed in pascals (Pa):
2 2
Compressed air
c= m
fp CLQ fp Sv
P= 3 Volume flow – compressor capacity
2 A 2 A
KCLQ
2
Express as cubic metres per second (m3/s), litres
= 3 per second (L/s).
A
2 Useful rules of thumb:
= PQ
2000 ft3/min = 1 m3/s
ft 2 ft3/min = 1 L/s
'K' =
2 ie A 30 000 ft3/min compressor will be known
2
as a 15 m3/s compressor.
c= m
KCL P
'R' =
A
3
Q
2
A 100 ft3/min compressor will be known as a
50 L/s compressor.
where:
Mass flow
p = frictional pressure loss (Pa)
Expressed as kilograms per second (kg/s), grams
f = dimensionless coefficient
per second (g/s).
ρ = air density (kg/m3)
1 lb/s = 0.4535924 kg/s
C = airway circumference (m)
1 lb/min = 7.559873 g/s
L = length of airway (m)
A = cross-section area of airway (m2) Velocity
S = rubbing surface area C × L (m2) Express as metres per second (m/s)
V = airflow velocity (m/s) 1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s
Q = airflow quantity (m3/s)
‘K’ = friction factor (kg/m3) Pressure
‘R’ = resistance (kg/m3) Express as kilopascals (kPa).
Note 1: the ‘K’- and ‘R’-factors include a Useful rules of thumb:
density term. For general understanding and 100 lbf/in2 = 700 kPa
communication their values will be quoted 1 inH2O = 0.25 kPa
for air at standard density (‘KS’). For other 1 inHg = 3.5 kPa
conditions the correct values can be obtained For marking of pressure gauges refer to AS
thus: 1349-1986.

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Rockdrill penetration speed Volume flow

1. Pumping rates previously expressed as
Expressed in millimetres per minute (mm/min)
gallons per minute to be expressed as litres
to nearest ten millimetres. For high penetration
per second (L/s).
rates in very soft rock express as metres per
minute (m/min) to nearest 0.1 metre. Useful rule of thumb:
100 gal/min = 7.5 L/s
Useful rule of thumb:
1 ft/ min = 300 mm/min. 2. Daily water supply to towns or plants
previously expressed in gallons to be
Pipe diameter and wall thickness expressed in megalitres.
Express in millimetres (mm). Useful rule of thumb:
1 × 106 gal = 4.5 ML
Note: rounded nominal dimensions are used
to describe pipe; ie six inch diameter becomes Head
150 mm pipe. While the SI unit of pressure is the pascal, it may
be necessary in certain circumstances to talk in
Pressure loss (frictional) terms of head of liquid.
Express as kilopascals per kilometre (kPa/km), Useful rule of thumb:
pascals per metre (Pa/m). 1 m H2O = 10 kPa
Pump power
Relevant conversion factors
Express in/kilowatts (kW).
Volume flow
Relevant conversion factors
1 ft3/min = 0.0004719474 m3/s
= 0.4719474 L/s Quantity of water

Mass flow 1 gal = 4.54609 litres

1 US gal = 3.785412 litres
1 lb/min = 7.559873 g/s
1 lb/s 0.4535924 kg/s Flow

Velocity 1 gal/min = 0.07576817 L/s

1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s Power

Pressure 1 hp = 0.7456999 kW

1 lbf/in2 = 6.894757 kPa Pumping solids (pulp flow)

1 in H2O = 248.6416 Pa at 20°C and
9.80665 m/s2 Diameter of pipe
1 inHg = 3.386384 kPa at 0°C and Describe in millimetres (mm).
9.80665 m/s2
Note: express in metres (m) in calculations.
Rockdrill penetration rate
Diameter of solid particles
1 ft/min = 304.8 mm/min
Describe in millimetres (mm), micrometres
Pressure loss (mm).
1 lbf/in2 .1000 ft = 22.62059 Pa/m Note 1: express in metres (m) in calculations.

Water supply and pumping Note 2: the term ‘micron’ should no longer be
used as a synonym for ‘micrometre’.
Quantity of water
Force or resistance
Express in terms of litres (L), kilolitres (kL),
megalitres (ML) or cubic metres. Express as newtons (N).
1 ac ft = 1233.482 m3 1 lbf = 4.448222 N at standard
or 1.233482 ML gravity.

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Pressure, head of liquid or slurry Smelting

Express as pascals (Pa), kilopascals (kPa). 1. Metal loss in slag is to be expressed as
1 mm H2O (20°C and 9.80665 m/s2) kilograms per tonne (kg/t).
= 9.789039 Pa. 2. Hearth areas are to be expressed in square
metres (m2).
Hydraulic gradient 3. Furnace thermal efficiency, previously
Express as kilopascals per metre (kPa/m) of pipe. expressed as millions of British thermal
units per long ton of solid charge will now be
Flow rate expressed as gigajoules per tonne (GJ/t).
Describe in litres per second (L/s) but use cubic 1 × 106 Btu/ton = 1.038 392 GJ/t
metres per second (m3/s) in calculations.
Refining
Velocity of flow or settling velocity
Tankhouse-current density will be expressed as
Express in metres per second (m/s). amperes per square metre (A/m2).

Density Particle size

3
Express as tonnes per cubic metre (t/m ) or 1. Express as millimetres (mm) or micrometres
kilograms per litre (kg/L). (mm).
Note 1: the term ‘specific gravity’ should be Note: the term ‘micron’ should no longer be
phased out (refer AS 1376-1973). used as a synonym for ‘micrometre’.
Note 2: 1 t/m3 = 1 kg/L 2. Mesh sizes. Screens will be designated in
aperture sizes in millimetres (mm) and
Viscosity micrometres (μm).
1. Dynamic viscosity. Express as pascal second Refer to Australian Standard 1152.
(Pa.s), millipascal second (mPa.s).
Conveyor belts
Note: it is expected that the poise (P) will be
used by certain industries for some time,
Tensile strength
although this practice should be phased out as
soon as possible. Express as kilopascals (kPa), megapascals (MPa).
1 P = 0.1 Pa.s
Belt tension
1 cP = 1 mPa.s
2. Kinematic viscosity. Express as square Express as newtons (N).
metres per second (m2/s) or square
millimetres per second (mm2/s). Ply adhesion

Note: It is expected that the usages of stokes Express as kilonewtons per metre (kN/m).
(St) could continue for some time in certain
circumstances although this should also be Cover tensile strength
phased out as soon as possible. Express as kilopascals (kPa).
1 St = 100 mm2/s
1 cSt = 1 mm2/s Tear strength

Power Express as newtons (N).

Express as kilowatts (kW), megawatts (MW) and Impact

gigawatts (GW).
Express as joules (J).
Metallurgical Length
Concentration Express as metres (m).
Reagent consumption is to be expressed Thickness
in kilograms per tonne or grams per tonne
(kg/t, g/t). Express as millimetres (mm).

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 CHAPTER 14 – MATHEMATICAL TABLES AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Width Rope mass

Express as millimetres (mm). Express as kilograms per 100 metres (kg/100 m).
Belt speed
Refer to AS 3569-2010 steel wire ropes – product
specification.
Express as metres per second (m/s).
Tensile strength
Rock mechanics
Express as megapascals (MPa) .
Stresses
Note: that United Kingdom catalogues are still
Express as megapascals (MPa). quoting as kgf/mm2.
1 lbf/in2 = 0.006894757 MPa 1 kgf/mm2 = 9.80665 MPa
Useful rules of thumb:
1000 lbf/in2 = 7 MPa Breaking load
30 000 lbf/in2 = 210 MPa
Express as kilonewtons (kN).
45 000 lbf/in2 = 315 MPa
Young’s Modulus Explosives breaking rate
Express as megapascals (MPa). Express explosives breaking rate as tonnes per
kilogram (t/kg) and powder factor as kilograms
Compressive strength
per tonne (kg/t).
Express as megapascals (MPa).
Transport (haulage)
Tensile strength
Express as megapascals (MPa). Express

Fuel •• Velocity as kilometres per hour (km/h),

Specific energy
•• mass × distance as tonne kilometre (t.km),

Express in megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg).

•• fuel consumption as litres per 100 kilometres
(L/100 km), and
Heating value •• mass per distance as tonne per kilometre
(t/km).
1. Gaseous fuel. Express in megajoules per
cubic metre (MJ/m3) at stated pressure, Relevant conversion factors
temperature and humidity.
1 mile/h = 1.609344 km/h
2. Liquid fuel. Express in megajoules per litre
1 ton.mile = 1.635169 t.km
(MJ/L).
1 ton/mile = 0.631342 3 t/km
Relevant conversion factors
To convert x mile/gal to y litre/100 km:
1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kg
1 Btu/ft3 = 0.03725895 MJ/m3 282.48094
y=
Note: it is assumed the volumes involved x
are measured under the same conditions of
temperature, pressure and humidity. Timber
Winding ropes Express

Rope circumference •• Width in millimetres (mm),

Should not be used. Express as millimetres •• thickness in millimetres (mm),

diameter (mm). •• length in metres (m), standard lengths are in
rises of 0.3 m starting at 1.8 m,
Rope diameter
•• volume in cubic metres (m3), and
Express as millimetres (mm). •• 100 super feet = 0.2359737 m3.

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Reporting results Units, prefixes and their symbols

It is desirable that a uniform approach be adopted
by the mining and metallurgy industry for the Units and prefixes within SI
reporting of results to statutory authorities and
to the press. Name Symbol
ampere A
Mass of ore, mullock and tonnes (t)
concentrates atto (prefix 10-18) a
Development advance metres (m) candela cd
Volumes of rock cubic metres (m )3 centi (prefix 10-2)* c
Mass of products, such as: coulomb C
-1
blister copper, crude lead, tonnes (t) deci (prefix 10 )* d
coal or ilmenite, etc deca (prefix 10)* da
precious metals (gold and grams (g) farad F
silver) kilograms (kg)
femto (prefix 10-15) f
diamonds metric carats (CM) 9
giga (prefix 10 ) G
grams (g)
gram g
oil tonnes (t)
2
hecto (prefix 10 )* h
Volumes of:
henry H
natural gas cubic metres (m3)
hertz Hz
oil cubic metres (m3)
joule J
The following convention is in accordance with kelvin K
AS 1000-1998 and the current Commonwealth kilo (prefix 103) k
Style Manual of the Australian Government.
kilogram kg
Terms Significance Corresponding lumen lm
decimal factor lux lx
million thousand × 106 mega (prefix 106) M
thousand
metre m
billion thousand × 109
micro (prefix 10-6) μ
million
-3
milli (prefix 10 ) m
trillion million × 1012
million mole mol

quadrillion thousand × 1015 nano (prefix 10-9) n

million × newton N
million
ohm Ω

A different convention was previously rec- pascal Pa

ommended where ‘billion’ signified a million pico (prefix 10-12) p
times a million (1012); ‘trillion’ signified a million radian rad
times a billion (1018) and ‘quadrillion’ signified a
second s
million times a trillion (1024).
The convention in the table above was siemens S
initially adopted in France and the USA and it steradian sr
is now considered standard usage in Australia.
tera (prefix 1012) T
However, in view of the existence of the different
conventions, use of the terms billion, trillion and tesla T
quadrillion should be avoided. volt V

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watt W 14.4. CONVERSION FACTORS,

IMPERIAL AND
weber Wb
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS
* Not generally used in technical applications.
One (multiplier for column 1)
From Metric Conversion Board; Engineering
Industry Advisory Committee, 1974. Metric = 160 square perches
Conversion Information Brochure, Mining = 4 roods = 43 560 ft2
and Metallurgy Industry, pp 9-14 (Australian
Government Publishing Service: Canberra), acre = 4840 yd2
amended to agree with AS 1000-1998. = 0.4046856 ha
= 4046.856 m2
Other units that may be encountered in = 1233.482 m3 =
the industry acre foot 43 560 ft3
= 271 327 Imp gal
Name Symbol
Admiralty = 1.853184 km
ampere hour A.h nautical mile
centipoise cP (†) = 1013.25 millibars (20°C)
centistokes cSt (†) = 101.325 × 103 Pa (20°C)
day d = 760 mm head of mercury
degree (angle) ° (20°C)
atmosphere
degree Celsius °C = 10.3509 metres head of
water (20°C)
hectare ha
= 14.6960 pounds force/in2
hour h (20°C)
kilogram per litre kg/L = 30.42 days = 730 hours
kilometre per hour km/h average month
= 4.34 weeks
kilowatt hour kW.h = 0.158987 m3
knot kn = 0.125 to 0.150 t crude oil
litre‡ L(*) barrel, US = 158.9873 L
metric carat CM(†) = 34.97 Imp gal
millibar mb = 42 US gal
minute (angle) ′ British thermal = 1055.06 J
minute (time) min unit (Btu)
nautical mile (international) n mile Btu/cubic foot = 37.25895 kJ/m3
revolution per minute r/min Btu/gallon = 0.232 kJ/L
revolution per second r/s Btu/hour = 0.2931 W
second (angle) ′ = 2.326 J/g*
§
Btu/pound
tonne t = 0.002326 MJ/kg
tonne per cubic metre t/m3 = 1.284352 ft3
bushel
watt hour W.h = 0.0364 m3
= 0.0352 m3
* See note re ‘litre’. bushel, US
= 0.968940 bushel
† Continued use in Australia deprecated.
‡ Used in conjunction with all prefixes – eg millilitre, calorie, = 4.1868 J*
microlitre, etc. international
§ Used in conjunction with positive power prefixes – calorie, 15° = 4.1855 J*
eg megatonne. (water calorie)

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One (multiplier for column 1) One (multiplier for column 1)

calorie, = 4.184 J* degree Kelvin = C + 273.15
thermochemical (TK)
carat, metric = 0.2 g = 3 scruples
(CM) = 3.0865 grains drachm = 60 grains
cental = 100 lbs = 3.8879346 g
cent/cubic yard = 0.764555 c/m3 = 60 minims
cent/long ton = 1.016047 c/t drachm, fluid = 3.551633 mL
cent/short ton = 0.907185 c/t = 0.216734 in3
= 100 links = 27.34375 grains
dram
= 66 ft = 1.771845 g
chain
= 22 yd = 6 ft
fathom
= 20.1168 m* = 1.8288 m*
Cheval vapeur = 735.5 W = 8 fluid drachms
(CV) fluid ounce = 28.413062 mL
circle = 6.2832 radians = 1.731375 in3
cubic centimetre = 0.061024 in3 = 12 in
= 103 L foot
= 0.3048 m*
= 61023.7 in3 foot head of water = 2983.6992 Pa (at 20°C)
= 35.3147 ft3 foot/minute = 5.08 × 10-3 m/s*
cubic metre
= 1.30795 yd3 foot poundal = 0.04214 J
= 27.4962 bushels foot pound force = 1.335818 J
= 219.969248 Imp gal foot pound force/ = 80.149 W
= 1728 in3 = minute
cubic foot
0.028317 m3
foot pound force/ = 1.335818 W
= 6.22884 gal second
= 28.31685 L foot/second = 0.3048 m/s*
cubic foot/second = 28.3168 L/s foot, superficial = 2.359737 × 10-3 m3
cubic foot/long = 27.87 × 10-6 m3/kg = 10 chains
ton furlong
= 201.168 m*
cubic foot/pound = 64.43 m3/kg
= 160 fluid ounces
cubic foot/ = 471.9474 × 10-6 m3/s
= 8 pints
minute
= 4 quarts
= 16 387.064 mm3*
cubic inch = 4.54609 L*
= 276.837 minims gallon
= 1.20095 US gal
= 27 ft3
= 277.42 in3
cubic yard = 0.764554857 m3
= 0.160544 ft3
= 168.178 Imp gal
= 4.54609 × 10-3 m3*
cycle/second = 1 Hz
= 3.785412 L
degree (angle) = 17.453293 × 10-3 rad
= 0.832675 Imp gal
degree Celsius = 0.555 (°F – 32) gallon (US)
= 231 in3*
degree = 1.8 (°C) + 32
Fahrenheit = 0.133681 ft3

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One (multiplier for column 1) One (multiplier for column 1)

gallon/hour = 1.262803 × 10-3 L/s = 10 000 m2
gallon/minute = 0.075768 17 L/s hectare = 11959.9 yd2
giga (G) = 109 = 2.4710538 acres
gill = 142.065 mL = ¼ pint = 745.69987 W
horsepower
= 0.041667 pennyweight = 550 ft lbs force/s
grain -4
= 1.42857 × 10 lbs horsepower hour = 2.684519 MJ
= 0.064798918 g* = 112 lbs
hundredweight
grain/cubic yard = 0.08475378 g/m 3 = 50.802345 kg

grain/gallon = 14.3 ppm CaCO3 by inch = 25.4 mm*

(Clark Hardness) weight inch head of water = 248.6416 Pa at 20°C

grain/US gallon = 17.1 ppm CaCO3 by joule = 0.737562 foot pound force
(Clark Hardness) weight kilo (k) = 103
6 3
grain/normal = 2.2883 × 10 mg/m = 2.2046226 lbs
kilogram (kg)
cubic foot (suspended solids) = 32.150745 oz Troy
= 15.432358 grains kilogram force = 9.80665 N
= 5 metric carats (CM) kilogram = 98.0665 kPa
gram -3 force/square
= 35.273962 × 10 oz
centimetre
= 2.204623 × 10-3 lbs kilogram force/ = 9.80665 Pa
= 1 g/mL square metre
= 1 kg/L kilogram force =1N
gram/cubic 3
metres per
= 1 t/m second per
centimetre
= 62.427961 lbs/ft3 second
= density kilogram/cubic = 0.062428 lbs/ft3
metre
= 11.7993 grains/yd3
gram/cubic kilogram/litre = density
= 0.49164 dwt/yd3
metre kilogram/metre = 0.67197 lb/ft
= 1.686 × 10-3 lbs/yd3
kilolitre = 219.969 gal
= 1 part per million (ppm)
kilometre = 0.621 371 miles
= 0.0001 per cent
kilometre/litre = 2.8248 mpg
= 0.58333 dwt (Troy)/short kilonewton = 224.809 pounds force
ton
kilopascal = 0.145 lbs/in2
= 0.65333 dwt (Troy)/long
ton = 737.562 ft lbs force/s
gram/tonne kilowatt
= 0.02917 oz (Troy)/short = 1.34102 horsepower
ton = 3.6 MJ
= 0.032666 oz (Troy)/long kilowatt hour = 3412.14 British thermal
ton units
= 0.00224 lbs (avoir)/long knot, = 1.852 km/h
ton international
= 9.80665 m/s2* = 7.92 in
gravity, standard 2
= 32.17405 ft/s link = 0.66 ft
hand = 0.1016 m = 4 in = 0.201168 m

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One (multiplier for column 1) One (multiplier for column 1)

= 0.219969 gal newton = 0.2248 lbs force
= 0.26417 US gal
ounce = 8 drachms
= 1.75975 pints (Apothecaries)
litre = 1 ounce (Troy)
= 50.812839 in3
= 437.5 grains
= 35.195 fluid ounces
ounce
= 16 drams
= 0.001 m3 (Avoirdupois)
= 28.349523 g
282.481
litre per 100 km = mpg
litres/100 km ounce (fluid) see fluid ounce
litre/second = 13.2 gal/min ounce/cubic yard = 37.07978 g/m3
long ton (see ton, long) = 20 pennyweights
6
mega (M) = 10 ounce (Troy) = 480 grains
= 3.28084 ft = 31.103477 g
metre
= 1.0936132 yd ounce (T)/long ton = 30.61224 g/t
metre/second = 196.85039 ft/min ounce (T)/short = 34.28571 g/t
metric carat = 0.2 g ton

metric = 735.5 W part per million – see g/t

horsepower (ppm)

micro (m) = 10-6 pascal = 0.020885 lbs force/ft2

= 5280 ft = 9.09218 × 10-3 m3

peck
= 2 gal
= 1760 yd
pennyweight = 24 grains
mile = 80 chains
(Troy) = 1.5551738 g
= 8 furlongs
pennyweight (T)/ = 2.034906 g/m3
= 1.609344 km* cubic yard
= 0.354 km/L pennyweight (T)/ = 1.530612 g/t
mile/gallon 282.481 long ton
= mpg L/100 km pennyweight (T)/ = 1.714286 g/t
mile/hour = 0.44704 m/s short ton
milli (m) = 10-3 perch (area) = 25.29285 m2
millibar = 100 Pa perch (length) = 5.0292 m*
= 0.035195 fluid ounces pico (p) = 10-12
millilitre = 0.281561 fluid drachms pferdestarke (PS) = 735.5 W
= 16.8936 minims pi (p) = 3.141592654
millilitre/second = 0.792 gal/h pint = 20 fluid ounces
millimetre = 0.0394 in = 0.568261 L
millimetre/second = 0.19685 ft/min = 34.6674 in3
-3
minute (angle) = 0.29089 × 10 radians point (rainfall) = 0.254 mm*
= 0.059 194 mL pole = 5.0292 m*
minim
= 3.61224 × 10-3 in3 = 7000 grains
nano (n) = 10-9 pound (Avoir) = 16 oz
nautical mile, = 1.853184 km
= 453.59237 g*
Admiralty
= 12 ounces (Troy)
nautical mile, = 1.852 km pound (Troy)
international = 5760 grains

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One (multiplier for column 1) One (multiplier for column 1)

pound force/ = 6.894757 kPa = 0.8361274 m2*
square inch square yard
= 0.8361274 × 10-4 ha
3
pound/cubic foot = 16.01846 kg/m stone = 6.3502932 kg
(density) = 0.016018 t/m3 super foot see foot, superficial
pound/cubic = 27.68 t/m3 tera (T) = 1012
inch (density)
tex (mass/unit = 1 g/km
pound/cubic = 593.2763 g/m3 length of textiles)
yard (assay)
therm = 105.506 MJ*
pound/long ton = 0.4464286 kg/t
= 106 water calories
(assay) thermie
= 4.1855 MJ*
pound/minute = 7.559873 g/s
= 32.6667 g (in which 1 mg =
pound force = 4.448 N ton, assay
1 ounce (T) per long ton
pound force/ = 47.880 259 Pa
= 2240 lbs
square foot
ton, long = 20 hundredweights
pound/short ton = 398.597 g/t
(assay) = 1.016047 t
= 40 fluid ounces = 2000 lbs
ton, short (US)
quart = 2 pints = 0.907185 t
= 1.136522 L ton, refrigeration = 3.516853 kW
quarter (mass) = 12.700586 kg ton (long)/ = 3.3335 t/m
vertical foot
quintal = 100 kg
= 0.9842 long tons
radian = 57.29578°
= 1.1023 short tons
rod = 5.0292 m* tonne (t)
2 = 106 g = 2204.62 lbs
= 1210 yd
rood = 1000 kg
= 1011.714 m2
tonne/square = 13.1 mg/m2/d
= 20 grains
scruple mile/month
= 1.296 g
tonne/cubic = 62.4238 lbs/ft3
short ton see ton, short metre
square (of = 100 ft2 tonne/vertical = 0.3 long tons/vertical foot
flooring) = 9.29 m2 metre
square = 0.155000 in2 = 1.0000020 ft
US survey foot
centimetre = 1200 ÷ 3937 m
= 144 in2 velocity of sound = 332 m/s
square foot
= 0.09290304 m2 (0°C)
square inch = 645.16 mm2 water Btu = 1 Btu (60°F)
square kilometre = 0.386102 mi 2
= 1054.54 J
= 10.76391 ft 2
watt = 0.73756 foot lbs force/s
square metre
= 1550.003 in 2
= 3 ft
yard
= 640 acres = 0.9144 m*
square mile
= 2.589988 km2 * Exact Australian Standard conversion factor.
square millimetre = 1.55 × 10-8 in2 From AS 1376:1996, reproduced with permission from SAI
2
Global under Licence 1107-c059. Australian Standards are
square yard = 9 ft available for purchase online via http://www.saiglobal.com

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14.5. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR = wine volume,

FOREIGN, RARE AND kilderkin (obsolete
16 to 18 gallons
OBSOLETE WEIGHTS AND English)
(72.7 - 81.8 L)
MEASURES = 1 cubic yard of
load (obsolete English)
alluvium
are (metric) = 100 m2 league (obsolete = 3 miles = 4.83 km
= (1) area of about English)
0.85 acre = 0.34 ha = rate of discharge of
arpent (ancient
(2) length of 192 to water, varying from
French)
192.5 feet = 58.5 to miner’s inch (USA) 0.02 cubic feet/sec to
58.7 m 0.026 cubic feet/sec
= 0.57 to 0.74 L/sec
= 8 gallons = 36.4 L
bushel (English) military pace = 2.5 feet
= 4 pecks
= 1/600th of a degree = 2.1165 acres
morgen (South Africa)
cable (nautical) of latitude, often taken = 0.86 ha
as 608 ft= 185.37 m nail (obsolete English) = 2 ¼ inches
cape foot (South = 1.033 Imperial ft peck (obsolete English) = 2 gallons = 9.1 L
Africa) = 0.3149 m
= a length of
perch (obsolete
= 12 cape feet dimension stone of
cape rood (South masonry
= 12.4 Imperial feet 12 inch by 12 inch
Africa) measurement)
= 3.7879 m section; 16 ½ ft long
chaldron (dry measure, = 36 bushels = 100 katis = 133 1/3 lbs
England) picul (Malaysia)
= 60.48 kg
cord (of wood, obsolete = 128 cubic feet = wine volume,
England) = 3.6 m3 pipe (obsolete English)
105 gallons = 477.34 L
= 18 to 22 inches = volume of the large
cubit (ancient Egypt) = 0.457 to 0.559 m sized dish (about
(21.8 inches in the Bible) 16 inches or 38 cm
diameter) is usually
cup, breakfast = ½ pint = 284.13 mL taken as 2 gallons (or
prospecting dish
cup, metric = 250 mL 9 L), with 112 level
dishes accepted as
cup, tea = ¼ pint = 142.06 mL
equivalent to 1 cubic
ell (obsolete English) = 45 inches = 1.143 m yard (146 dishes/m3)
= wine volume, puncheon (obsolete = wine volume,
firkin (obsolete
8 to 9 gallons English) 70 gallons = 318.2 L
English)
= 36.4 to 40.9 L
quintal (metric) = 100 kg
flask of mercury = 34.5 kg
quintal (obsolete USA) = 100 lb = 45.36 kg
gross (obsolete) 144
= 1/60th degree of
= 4 inches (height of sea mile (nautical)
latitude
hand (English) horses) = 0.1016 m
score 20
hogshead (obsolete = wine volume, 52 1/2 Scruple (Apothecaries) = 20 grains
English) gallons = 238.7 L
Shekel (ancient = 252 grains
= (land) subdivision Palestine) = 16.33 g
hundred (South of a county or shire, of
Australia, Northern shipping ton = 40 cubic feet
area tens to hundreds
Territory) of km2 span (obsolete = 6 inches
England) = 0.1524 m
kati (Malaysia) = 1 1/3 lb = 0.60 kg tablespoon = 1 fl oz = 28.413 mL

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= Chinese weight, = 2.6816 ft

tael
1.23 Troy oz = 0.8359 m; South
vara (obsolete Spanish)
talent (ancient = 3000 shekels American usage ranges
Palestine) from 0.8 to 1.1 m

teaspoon = 1/2 fl oz = 9.47 mL verst (Russian) = 3500 ft = 1067.07 m

= Indian weight,
tola
0.375 Troy oz

14.6. COMPARISON TABLE OF USA, TYLER, CANADIAN, BRITISH, FRENCH

AND GERMAN STANDARD SIEVE SERIES

USA1 Tyler2 Canadian3 British4 French5 German6

*
Standard Alternate Mesh Standard Alternate Nominal Nominal Opening No Opening
designation aperture mesh No (mm)

31.5 mm 1 1/4″ 31.5 mm 1 1/4″

26.5 mm 1.06″ 1.05″ 26.5 mm 1.06″
25.0 mm 1″ 25.0 mm 1″ 25.0 mm
22.4 mm 7/8″ 0.883″ 22.4 mm 7/8″
19.0 mm 3/4″ 0.742″ 19.0 mm 3/4″ 20.0 mm
18.0 mm
16.0 mm 5/8″ 0.624″ 16.0 mm 5/8″ 16.0 mm
13.2 mm 0.530″ 0.525″ 13.2 mm 0.530″
12.5 mm 1/2″ 12.5 mm 1/2″ 12.5 mm
11.2 mm 7/16″ 0.441″ 11.2 mm 7/16″
10.0 mm
9.5 mm 3/8″ 0.371″ 9.5 mm 3/8″
8.0 mm 5/16″ 21/2 8.0 mm 5/16″ 8.0 mm
6.7 mm 0.265″ 3 6.7 mm 0.265″
6.3 mm 5/16″ 6.3 mm 1/4″ 6.3 mm
5.6 mm No 31/2 3 5.6 mm No 3 1/2
5 38 5.0 mm
4.75 mm 4 4 4.75 mm 4
4.00 mm 5 5 4.00 mm 5 4.00 mm 4 4 37 4.0 mm
3.35 mm 6 6 3.35 mm 6 3.35 mm 5
3.15 36 3.15 mm
2.80 mm 7 7 2.80 mm 7 2.80 mm 6
2.36 mm 8 8 2.36 mm 8 2.40 mm 7 2.5 35 2.5 mm
2.00 mm 10 9 2.00 mm 10 2.00 mm 8 2 34 2.0 mm
1.70 mm 12 10 1.70 mm 12 1.68 mm 10 1.6 33 1.6 mm
1.40 mm 14 12 1.40 mm 14 1.40 mm 12
1.25 32 1.25 mm
1.18 mm 16 14 1.18 mm 16 1.20 mm 14
1.00 mm 18 16 1.00 mm 18 1.00 mm 16 1 31 1.0 mm

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850 µm 20 20 850 µm 20 850 µm 18

0.8 30 800 µm
710 µm 25 24 710 µm 25 710 µm 22
0.63 29 0.630 µm
600 µm 30 28 600 µm 30 600 µm 25
500 µm 35 32 500 µm 35 500 µm 30 0.5 28 500 µm
425 µm 40 35 425 µm 40 420 µm 36
0.4 27 400 µm
355 µm 45 42 355 µm 45 355 µm 44
0.315 26 315 µm
300 µm 50 48 300 µm 50 300 µm 52
250 µm 60 60 250 µm 60 250 µm 60 0.25 25 250 µm
212 µm 70 65 212 µm 70 210 µm 72
0.2 24 200 µm
180 µm 80 80 180 µm 80 180 µm 85
0.16 23 160 µm
150 µm 100 100 150 µm 100 150 µm 100
125 µm 120 115 125 µm 120 125 µm 120 0.125 22 125 µm
106 µm 140 150 106 µm 140 105 µm 150
0.1 21 100 µm
90 µm 170 170 90 µm 170 90 µm 170 90 µm
0.08 20 80 µm
75 µm 200 200 75 µm 200 75 µm 200
71 µm
63 µm 230 250 63 µm 230 63 µm 240 0.063 19 63 µm
56 µm
53 µm 270 270 53 µm 270 53 µm 300
0.05 18 50 µm
45 µm 325 325 45 µm 325 45 µm 350 45 µm
0.04 17 40 µm
38 µm 400 400 38 µm 400

1. USA Sieve Series – ASTM Specification E-11:70.

2. Tyler Standard Screen Scale Sieve Series.
3. Canadian Standard Sieve Series 8-GP-1d.
4. British Standards Institution, London BS-410-62.
5. French Standard Specifications, AFNOR X-11-501.
6. German Standard Specification DIN 4188.
* These sieves correspond to those recommended by ISO (International Standards Organisation) as an
International Standard and this designation should be used when reporting sieve analysis intended for
international publication.

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14.7. CONVERSION OF THE AREA Latitude Square Square

OF A ONE MINUTE SQUARE kilometres miles
TO SQUARE KILOMETRES AND 9°00' 3.378 1.304
SQUARE MILES
15' 3.376 1.303
Latitude Square Square 30' 3.373 1.302
kilometres miles 45' 3.371 1.301
0°00' 3.419 1.32 10°00' 3.368 1.3
15' 3.419 1.32 15' 3.366 1.299
30' 3.419 1.32 30' 3.363 1.298
45' 3.419 1.32 45' 3.36 1.297
l°00' 3.418 1.32
11°00' 3.357 1.296
15' 3.418 1.32
15' 3.353 1.295
30' 3.418 1.32
30' 3.35 1.294
45' 3.417 1.319
45' 3.347 1.293
2°00' 3.417 1.319
12°00 3.344 1.291
15' 3.416 1.319
15' 3.341 1.29
30' 3.416 1.319
30' 3.338 1.289
45' 3.415 1.319
45' 3.335 1.288
3°00' 3.415 1.318
13°00' 3.332 1.286
15' 3.414 1.318
15' 3.329 1.285
30' 3.413 1.318
30' 3.325 1.284
45' 3.412 1.317
45' 3.322 1.283
4°00' 3.411 1.317
14°00' 3.318 1.281
15' 3.41 1.317
15' 3.315 1.28
30' 3.409 1.316
30' 3.311 1.278
45' 3.408 1.316
45' 3.307 1.277
5°00' 3.406 1.315
15°00' 3.304 1.276
15' 3.405 1.315
30' 3.403 1.314 15' 3.3 1.274

45' 3.402 1.314 30' 3.296 1.273

6°00' 3.401 1.313 45' 3.292 1.271

15' 3.399 1.312 16°00' 3.288 1.27

30' 3.398 1.312 15' 3.284 1.268

45' 3.396 1.311 30' 3.28 1.266
7°00' 3.394 1.311 45' 3.276 1.265
15' 3.392 1.31 17°00 3.273 1.263
30' 3.39 1.309 15' 3.267 1.262
45' 3.388 1.308 30' 3.263 1.26
8°00' 3.386 1.308 45' 3.259 1.258
15' 3.384 1.307 18°00 3.254 1.256
30' 3.382 1.306 15' 3.25 1.255
45' 3.38 1.305 30' 3.245 1.253

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Latitude Square Square Latitude Square Square

kilometres miles kilometres miles
45' 3.24 1.251 45' 3.007 1.161
19°00' 3.235 1.249 29°00 3.001 1.158
15' 3.231 1.247 15' 2.993 1.155
30' 3.226 1.246 30' 2.985 1.152
45' 3.221 1.244 45' 2.976 1.15
20°00' 3.216 1.242 30°00 2.971 1.147
15' 3.211 1.24 15' 2.963 1.144
30' 3.206 1.238 30' 2.956 1.141
45' 3.201 1.236 45' 2.948 1.139
21°00' 3.196 1.234 31°00 2.941 1.136
15' 3.19 1.232 15' 2.934 1.133
30' 3.185 1.23 30' 2.926 1.13
45' 3.18 1.228 45' 2.918 1.127
22°00' 3.174 1.226 32°00 2.911 1.124
15' 3.169 1.223 15' 2.903 1.121
30' 3.163 1.221 30' 2.895 1.118
45' 3.158 1.219 45' 2.887 1.115
23°00 3.152 1.217 33°00 2.879 1.112
15' 3.146 1.215 15' 2.871 1.109
30' 3.14 1.213 30' 2.852 1.105
45' 3.135 1.21 45' 2.854 1.102
24°00 3.129 1.208 34°00' 2.846 1.099
15' 3.123 1.206 15' 2.838 1.096
30' 3.117 1.203 30' 2.83 1.093
45' 3.111 1.201 45' 2.821 1.09
25°00 3.104 1.199 35°00' 2.813 1.086
15' 3.098 1.196 15' 2.805 1.083
30' 3.092 1.194 30' 2.796 1.08
45' 3.084 1.191 45' 2.787 1.076
26°00 3.08 1.189 36°00' 2.779 1.073
15' 3.074 1.187 15' 2.77 1.07
30' 3.067 1.184 30' 2.761 1.066
45' 3.061 1.182 45' 2.752 1.063
27°00 3.054 1.18 37°00' 2.744 1.06
15' 3.048 1.177 15' 2.735 1.056
30' 3.041 1.174 30' 2.726 1.053
45' 3.035 1.172 45' 2.717 1.049
28°00 3.028 1.169 38°00' 2.708 1.046
15' 3.021 1.166 15' 2.699 1.042
30' 3.014 1.163 30' 2.69 1.039

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Latitude Square Square Latitude Square Square

kilometres miles kilometres miles
45' 2.691 1.035 42°00' 2.556 0.987
39°00' 2.672 1.032 15' 2.546 0.983
15' 2.662 1.028 30' 2.536 0.979
30' 2.653 1.024 45 2.526 0.976
45' 2.643 1.021 43°00' 2.516 0.972
40°00' 2.634 1.017 15' 2.506 0.968
15' 2.624 1.013 30' 2.496 0.964
30' 2.614 1.01 45' 2.486 0.96
45' 2.605 1.006 44°00' 2.476 0.956
41°00' 2.595 1.002 15' 2.465 0.952
15' 2.585 0.998 30' 2.455 0.948
30' 2.576 0.994 45' 2.444 0.944
45' 2.566 0.991 45°00' 2.434 0.94

14.8. FRACTIONAL SCALES AND IMPERIAL SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS1

Fractional scale of map Miles per Feet per Chains Metres Inches per
inch inch per inch per inch 1000 feet
1:00 200 0.003 16.667 0.252 5.08 60
1:00 240 0.004 20 0.303 6.096 50
1:00 250 0.004 20.83 0.316 6.35 48
1:00 400 0.006 33.33 0.505 10.16 30
1:00 480 0.008 40 0.606 12.192 25
1:00 500 0.008 41.667 0.631 12.7 24
1:00 600 0.009 50 0.758 15.24 20
1:00 1000 0.016 83.333 1.263 25.4 12
1:00 1200 0.019 100 1.515 30.48 10
1:00 1500 0.024 125 1.894 38.1 8
1:00 2000 0.032 166.667 2.525 50.8 6
1:00 2400 0.038 200 3.03 60.96 5
1:00 2500 0.039 208.333 3.156 63.5 4.8
1:00 3000 0.047 250 3.788 76.2 4
1:00 3600 0.057 300 4.545 91.44 3.333
1:00 4000 0.063 333.333 5.05 101.6 3
1:00 4800 0.076 400 6.061 121.92 2.5
1:00 5000 0.079 416.667 6.313 127 2.4
1:00 6000 0.095 500 7.576 152.4 2
1:00 7000 0.11 583.333 8.838 177.8 1.714
1:00 7200 0.114 600 9.091 182.88 1.667

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Fractional scale of map Miles per Feet per Chains Metres Inches per
inch inch per inch per inch 1000 feet
1:00 7920 0.125 660 10 201.168 1.515
1:00 8000 0.126 666.667 10.1 203.2 1.5
1:00 8400 0.133 700 10.605 213.36 1.429
1:00 9000 0.142 750 11.363 228.6 1.333
1:00 9600 0.152 800 12.121 243.84 1.25
1:00 10 000 0.158 833.333 12.626 254 1.2
1:00 10 800 0.17 900 13.635 274.321 1.111
1:00 12 000 0.189 1000 15.152 304.801 1
1:00 13 200 0.208 1100 16.666 335.281 0.909
1:00 14 400 0.227 1200 18.181 365.761 0.833
1:00 15 000 0.237 1250 18.938 381.001 0.8
1:00 15 600 0.246 1300 19.695 396.241 0.769
1:00 15 840 0.25 1320 20 402.337 0.758
1:00 16 000 0.253 1333.333 20.202 406.4 0.75
1:00 16 800 0.265 1400 21.21 426.721 0.714
1:00 18 000 0.284 1500 22.725 457.201 0.667
1:00 19 200 0.303 1600 24.24 487.681 0.625
1:00 20 000 0.316 1666.667 25.25 508.002 0.6
1:00 20 400 0.322 1700 25.755 518.161 0.588
1:00 21 120 0.333 1760 26.664 536.449 0.568
1:00 21 600 0.341 1800 27.27 548.641 0.556
1:00 22 800 0.36 1900 28.785 579.121 0.526
1:00 24 000 0.379 2000 30.303 609.601 0.5
1:00 25 000 0.395 2083.333 31.563 635.001 0.48
1:00 30 000 0.473 2500 37.879 762.002 0.4
1:00 31 680 0.5 2640 40 804.674 0.379
1:00 40 000 0.631 3333.333 50.505 1016 0.3
1:00 45 000 0.71 3750 56.818 1143 0.267
1:00 48 000 0.758 4000 60.606 1219.202 0.25
1:00 50 000 0.789 4166.667 63.131 1270 0.24
1:00 60 000 0.947 5000 75.758 1524 0.2
1:00 62 500 0.986 5208.333 78.914 1587.500 0.192
1:00 63 360 1 5280 80 1609.300 0.189
1:00 80 000 1.263 6666.667 101.01 2032 0.15
1:00 90 000 1.42 7500 113.636 2286 0.133
1:00 96 000 1.515 8000 121.212 2438.405 0.125
1:00 100 000 1.578 8333.333 126.263 2540 0.12
1:00 125 000 1.973 10416.667 157.828 3175 0.096

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Fractional scale of map Miles per Feet per Chains Metres Inches per
inch inch per inch per inch 1000 feet
1:00 126 720 2 10 560 160 3218.7 0.095
1:00 200 000 3.157 16666.667 252.525 5080 0.06
1:00 250 000 3.946 20833.333 315.657 6350 0.048
1:00 253 440 4 21 l20 320 6437.4 0.0473
1:00 380 160 6 31 680 480 9656.1 0.0316
1:00 500 000 7.891 41666.667 631.313 l2 700 0.024
1:00 760 320 12 63 360 960 19312.2 0.0158
1:00 1 000 000 15.783 83333.333 1262.626 25 400 0.012
1:00 5 000 000 78.914 416666.667 6313.131 l27 000 0.002
1:00 10 000 000 157.828 833333.333 12626.262 254 000 0.001

1. From Moran, W R, 1958. Handbook for Geologists (Union Oil Company of California).

Recommended practice2 •• 1:200 000

The following range of scales for maps and plans •• 1:250 000
is recommended. •• 1:500 000
Plans: •• 1:1 000 000
•• 1:250 It is recommended that the following contour
•• 1:500 intervals be adopted:
•• 1:1000 •• 0.5 m
•• 1:2000 •• 1.0 m
•• 1:2500 •• 2m
•• 1:5000 •• 5m
•• 1:10 000 •• 10 m
Maps: •• 20 m
•• 1:25 000 •• 50 m
•• 1:50 000 •• 100 m
•• 1:100 000 •• 200 m

2. From the Australian Institute of Cartographers,

Metric Conversion Subcommittee, Report No 2.

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14.9. FRACTIONAL SCALES AND UNIT PLAN AREAS1

Fractional scale of map Inches per Acres per Square Square miles
mile square inch inches per per square
acre inch
1:00 200 316.8 0.0064 156.816 0.000010
1:00 240 264 0.0092 108.9 0.000014
1:00 250 253.44 0.01 100.362 0.000015
1:00 400 158.4 0.0225 39.204 0.000040
1:00 480 132 0.0367 27.225 0.000057
1:00 500 126.72 0.0399 25.091 0.00006
1:00 600 105.6 0.0574 17.424 0.00009
1:00 1000 63.36 0.1594 6.273 0.00025
1:00 1200 52.8 0.2296 4.356 0.00036
1:00 1500 42.24 0.3587 2.788 0.00056
1:00 2000 31.68 0.6377 1.568 0.001
1:00 2400 26.4 0.9183 1.089 0.0014
1:00 2500 25.344 0.9964 1.004 0.0016
1:00 3000 21.12 1.4348 0.697 0.0022
1:00 3600 17.6 2.0661 0.484 0.0032
1:00 4000 15.84 2.5508 0.392 0.004
1:00 4800 13.2 3.6731 0.272 0.0057
1:00 5000 12.672 3.9856 0.251 0.0062
1:00 6000 10.56 5.7392 0.174 0.009
1:00 7000 9.051 7.8117 0.128 0.011
1:00 7200 8.8 8.2645 0.121 0.0129
1:00 7920 8 10 0.1 0.0156
1:00 8000 7.92 10.203 0.098 0.0159
1:00 8400 7.543 11.249 0.089 0.0176
1:00 9000 7.04 12.913 0.077 0.0202
1:00 9600 6.6 14.692 0.068 0.023
1:00 10 000 6.336 15.942 0.063 0.0249
1:00 10 800 5.867 18.595 0.054 0.0291
1:00 12 000 5.28 22.957 0.044 0.0359
1:00 13 200 4.8 27.778 0.036 0.0434
1:00 14 400 4.4 33.058 0.03 0.0516
1:00 15 000 4.224 35.87 0.028 0.056
1:00 15 600 4.062 38.797 0.026 0.0606
1:00 15 840 4 40 0.025 0.0625
1:00 16 000 3.96 40.812 0.024 0.0638
1:00 16 800 3.771 44.995 0.022 0.0703
1:00 18 000 3.52 51.653 0.019 0.0807

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Fractional scale of map Inches per Acres per Square Square miles
mile square inch inches per per square
acre inch
1:00 19 200 3.3 58.77 0.017 0.0918
1:00 20 000 3.168 63.769 0.016 0.0996
1:00 20 400 3.106 66.345 0.015 0.1037
1:00 21 120 3 71.111 0.014 0.1111
1:00 21 600 2.933 74.38 0.013 0.1162
1:00 22 800 2.779 82.874 0.012 0.1295
1:00 24 000 2.64 91.827 0.011 0.1435
1:00 25 000 2.534 99.639 0.01 0.1557
1:00 30 000 2.112 143.48 0.007 0.2242
1:00 31 680 2 160 0.006 0.25
1:00 40 000 1.584 255.076 0.004 0.3985
1:00 45 000 1.408 322.83 0.0031 0.5044
1:00 48 000 1.32 367.309 0.0027 0.5739
1:00 50 000 1.267 398.556 0.0025 0.6227
1:00 60 000 1.056 573.921 0.0017 0.8967
1:00 62 500 1.014 622.744 0.0016 0.973
1:00 63 360 1 640 0.0016 1
1:00 80 000 0.792 1020.304 0.0009 1.5942
1:00 90 000 0.704 1291.322 0.00077 2.0173
1:00 96 000 0.66 1469.240 0.00068 2.2957
1:00 100 000 0.634 1594.225 0.000627 2.4909
1:00 125 000 0.507 2490.976 0.000401 3.8922
1:00 126 720 0.5 2560 0.000390 4
1:00 200 000 0.317 6376.900 0.000157 9.9639
1:00 250 000 0.253 9963.906 0.000100 15.5686
1:00 253 440 0.25 10 240 0.000098 16
1:00 380 160 0.167 23 040 0.0000434 36
1:00 500 000 0.127 39855.626 0.0000250 62.2744
1:00 760 320 0.083 92 160 0.0000109 144
1:00 1 000 000 0.063 159422.507 0.0000063 249.0976
1:00 10 000 000 0.0063 15942250.70 0.000000063 24909.76

1. From Moran, W R, 1958. Handbook for Geologists (Union Oil Company of California).

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