2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Tanta University, Egypt

Modelling, Simulation of MPPT Using Perturb and

Observe and Incremental Conductance techniques
For Stand-Alone PV Systems
Mohammed A. Elsayed Eid Adel A. Elbaset 12% for [1]. consequently, the impact of the environmental
Electrical Department, Faculty Electrical Engineering situationÿs versions need to be taken into consideration
of Industrial Education, Department, Faculty of inside the layout of PV array in order that any exchange
Suez University, Engineering within the sun irradiance or temperature ought to no longer
,Minia
Suez, Egypt university, El-Minia,adversely affect the output electricity of PV array [2].
Egypt The incident solar irradiance at the PV array varies
[email protected] [email protected] because of diverse motives together with the variation of
time in a day, the atmospheric outcomes including clouds,
Abstract — This paper offers a comparative between
and the range of the region. therefore, the MPPT strategies
two distinct techniques for maximum power point tracking
are utilized to adjust the
(MPPT) methods. The photovoltaic (PV) systems are
equipped with the dc/dc converter to implement the MPPT
technique. Furthermore, paper introduced a review of two 978-1-7281-5289-9/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
MPPT techniques that implemented in the PV systems. Hamed A. Ibrahim Saad A. Mohamed Abdelwahab
The Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT Technique and
Incremental Conductance (InCond) MPPT technique are Electrical Department, Faculty Electrical
the most generally implemented in the PV conversion Department, Faculty of of Industrial Education,
systems because they're simplicity and advantages of Industrial Education,
providing good performance when the solar irradiance Suez University, Suez University,
changes rapidly. The two MPPT technique are simulated Suez, Egypt Suez, Egypt
by the MATLAB/Simulink and the results response of the [email protected] [email protected]
PV array from voltage, current, and power are compared
to the effect of solar irradiation and temperature change. output voltage and current of PV plant for extraction the
most energy in the course of variant of the sun
Keywords— Stand-Alone PV, Boost Converter, MPPT, irradiation. further, the PV systems are equipped with a
P&O, InCond. dc/dc converter to enforce the MPPT technique [3]. In
this paper discusses the basics components of the stand-
I. INTRODUCTION alone PV systems. furthermore, this paper introduces the
The PV system make use of semiconductor substances study and design of two strategies of MPPT that
and electronics generation to convert the incident sunlight implemented inside the PV conversion structures
into power. at the coronary heart of the PV machine is the namely the P&O and the InCond methods MPPT
PV mobile, a semiconductor material which generates techniques.
electric voltage and /or present day while exposed to the
solar irradiance. The PV strings, in turn, are related in II. THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF STAND-ALONE PV
parallel to form a PV array so one can generate enough SYSTEMS
voltage and strength to be included with the electrical grid. The Simulink block illustration of standalone PV
The dynamic performance of the PV conversion systems systems is manifested in Fig. 1. The fundamental
relies upon at the design first-rate of the PV cells and the element of standalone PV structures is the PV plant, that
running situations. The principal households of PV cells transforms solar radiation at once into electric energy. In
contain monocrystalline generation, polycrystalline the following, the primary elements employed in
generation, and skinny-film generation. The standalone PV systems are mentioned in detail.
monocrystalline and polycrystalline technologies are
constructed totally on microelectronic engineering
technology and their efficiency usually among nine% and
12% for polycrystalline, and among
10% and 15% for monocrystalline. For the skinny-lm

technology, the efficiency for is 9%, 10% for

and
Fig.1 Simulink block of the stand-alone PV system with dc/dc
converter

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 A. The Equivalent Circuit of the PV Model
The basic element of PV conversion device is the PV
cell, that's a simply simple P-N junction. The equivalent
circuit of PV cell-based totally on the single-diode
model is proven in Fig.2. It includes the present current
supply (photo-current), a diode (D), series resistance that
describes the intramural resistance to ow of current and
shunt resistance that represents the leakage current.

Fig. 2 PV cell equivalent circuit

The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a PV cell
can be expressed as follows [2], [4]:
! "# $% & '

Fig.3 Current-voltage (I-V) and Power-voltage (P-V) characteristics of

PV
array
under variable solar irradiance.

B. Calculation the PV Boost dc/dc Converter

The dc/dc converter is employed to step-up the
The light generated currentmainly depends on the generated voltage from PV array in order to achieve the
required voltage level, as shown in Fig. 4. The
configuration of the step-up converter consist of two
sunlight irradiance and working temperature of a PV cell, nearly-ideal switches such as diode and MOSFET and
energy storage elements such as inductor and capacitor.
which is expressed as follows: () !*" "+,-./&$1110 ' (2) The storage elements in the boost converter act as a

=low-pass filter to reduce the voltage ripple. An input

capacitor caused by varying converter input current due to
switching. >is employed to stabilize the terminal voltage of
the PV cell heat degree (The PV saturation current ") and it
PV array
can be described as follows: varies as a cubic function of

While an output capacitor the voltage ripple [5]. =?acts as a

+ &""+,-'2 3 4! 5 /&"$+,- "$'6
lowpass filter to reduce

+
obtained as follows: The reverse saturation current can be
approximately

Fig.4 Basic conguration of the dc/dc boost converter

+ 7 8:,+ !)9) "; $< (4)
Figure 5 illustrates the operation modes of the dc/dc
converter. Furthermore, the MPPT technique is
The PV cell generates a specified power according to I-
implemented on the dc/dc converter to capture the
V and power-voltage (P-V) characteristics that illustrates
typical PV array throughout variation of the sunlight maximum power from PV array during change the sunlight
radiance in Fig.3. irradiance. Therefore, the switching duty cycle of converter
@Ais produced by the MPPT technique.

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 XWYZ

1), and it decreases when the derivative of power with

respect to voltage is negative ( XVYZ \ 1). The control

(a) Mode 1: when the switch (Q1) is turned on
algorithm which XWYZ

provides continuous tracking of the MPP can be expressed

as follows [8]:

(a) Mode 2: when the switch (Q1) is turned off ]VV !? ^ __`aa _b (10)
Fig.5 Switching modes of the dc/dc boost converter

As a PV array is a current-source, a capacitor => value is

estimated by equation (5) and linked in parallel with a PV
array, and it can used as a voltage-source to the dc/dc
converter. The relationships between the input/output
variables of dc/dc converter and their component values are
expressed as follows [6]:
B I E JFCD E FGH E KGHL

EMN CD $ FFGHMN
(5)

OB FGHJPBE E KFMNQ FE FMNGH (6)

(7)
JFU E KL E FMN E F MN
JPB 1/$R EGH F GH
(8)
III. MPPT
TECHNIQUES OF
?S TGH (9)
STAND-ALONE
PV SYSTEM
MPPT techniques are utilised to regulate the generated
power from a PV array to extract the maximum energy
during variation of the sunlight and enhance overall
efficiency of gridconnected PV systems [7]. Among several
techniques mentioned, the InCond technique and the P&O
technique are the most popular applied techniques. In the
following, a review, modeling, and simulation results of the
two MPPTs that implemented in standalone PV systems is
introduced.

A. Perturb and Observe MPPT Technique Fig.6 The basic principle MPPT in PV conversion systems
The P&O Technique is one of the most common TABLE I. THE P&O MPPT SUMMARY

MPPTs due to its simplicity, ease of implementation, and Perturbation Change-in-power Next-perturbation
requirement of small computational power. The Maximum -Positive -Positive -Positive
Power Point (MPP) is obtained when the gradient of P-V -Positive -Negative -Negative
curve is like zero as illustrated in Fig.6. Thus, in order to -Negative -Positive -Negative
-Negative -Negative -Positive
track the MPP, the PV voltage derivative of power with
The algorithm encompasses a perturbation on the
respect to voltage is positive ( VWis regulated so that it obligation cycle of the energy converter and a perturbation
increases when the XVYZ [

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 in the running voltage of the dc-link between a PV and the B. Incremental Conductance MPPT Technique
electricity converter. Perturbing the Dy of the electricity
converter indicates converting the voltage of the dc-link The InCond is commonly implemented in the PV
between the PV and the electricity converter. on this conversion systems due to its effortlessness and advantage
technique, the signal of the final perturbation and the sign of offering good performance during the lower solar
of the last increment in the power are used to decide the irradiance levels and when the solar irradiance changes
next perturbation. Based on these facts, the P&O may be rapidly. The InCond MPPT technique employs the current
summarized in table 1 [9]. As may be visible in Fig. 6, at and voltage sensors to detect the generated current and
the left of the MPP incrementing the voltage leads to will voltage from the PV array. In the InCond MPPT method,
increase the power, while on the decrementing the voltage the array voltage according to the PV array voltage at
leads to decreases the power. If there's an increment in the MPPthe incremental and conductance of the PV array. The
power, the perturbation must be kept in the identical course basic VW is always adjusted ]VV, it is based on
and if the power decreases, then the subsequent
perturbation have to be inside the reverse route. based on
these records, the set of rules is carried out as proven within concept of the InCond MPPT technique is illustrated in
the owchart in Fig. 7 and the method is repeated until the Fig.8.
MPP is reached. the main disadvantage of the P&O MPPT
technique is the vacillation around the MPP as opposed to
immediately tracking it. when you consider that, while the
working factor reaches very near the MPP, it does not
prevent on the MPP and keeps on perturbing in each the
guidelines. The vacillation can be minimized by way of
lowering the perturbation step size. however, the smaller
perturbation size slows down the response of the MPPT.
the solution to this conicting scenario is to have a variable
perturbation step size that receives smaller closer to the
MPP [10].

of power with respect to voltage ( XVYZ) is equal to zero at

the XWYZ
MPP. Moreover, this derivative is positive at the left of the

MPP (XVYZ> 0), and is negative at the right of the MPP

(XVYZ< 0) [11].
XWYZ XWYZ
The mathematical model of the InCond MPPT technique
can be expressed as follows: The output power from the PV
array:
`a a E a

_aa __a (a E a. a a __aa _` (12) Figure 12 show the PV voltage, current, and power as
Then, _` opposed to time curve with out the MPPT method at variable
temperature and variable irradiation stages which proven in
_aa 1c __aa aa dbbef``c gh 1 (13) Fig.10. It's inferred that the output voltage produced with out
MPPT method changes its amplitude with the change in
_` daylight and temperature. Solar radiation varies from 600W/m 2
(14)
to 1000W/m2 and drops again to 800W/m2 to be offset by the
_aa [ 1c __aa [ aa ijbkjbef``c gh
change in the value of the PV voltage 195V and increase to
lmnopqrobas 225V and decrease again to 205V with respectively and the VW
(15)
_` was not start from the anticipated value. For the current and the
_a power did not reach its maximum value with the change of solar
_aa \ 1c _ a \ a
a ntebkjbef``c gh irradiation to be the maximum power of the PV is 4000W
lm_pqrobas instead of 5000W at the sun irradiation value 1000W/m2 and

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IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to ascertain MPP tracking to simulate the accurately track the voltage of PV module at the MPP v to
solar system as showing in Fig. 1 by using P&O MPPT harness the maximum power from the PV array during
strategy is carried out at exceptional ambient situations to
reveal how the proposed MPPT method can efficaciously the rapid variant of sun radiance and cell temperature.
and accurately track the maximum electricity under
different. The sunlight and array temperature profile are
illustrated in Fig.10. The designated block diagram of the
P&O algorithm cited above is constructed the usage of
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the model is proven in Fig.11.
Here the voltage and current inputs are sensed to compute
electricity as shown. A saturation limit is about to reveal
the growth or lower in voltage with a view to keep away
from oscillations in the MPP.
Fig.12 The output of PV Voltage, current, and power without MPPT
The P&O algorism become carried out, and the output
becomes discovered as shown in Fig.13 for the same
profile of radiation and temperature. The VW of the PV
array is tracing the desired amount nicely in reaction to
the change of the sunlight. While the radiance is
decreased from G=600W/m2 to Fig.13 The output of PV Voltage, current, and power with P&O
MPPT method
G=1000W/m2, the MPPT controller increases the VW from
The PV current a) reects the same scenario of the sunlight
200V to 204V and go back again to 200V after sunlight
and cell temperature. When the sun radiance is changed
constancy at 1000W/m2 order to extract the MPP from the from G=600 to 1000W/m2, it leads to increase the output
PV array. Then, the MPPT controller decreases the VW of current of PV array from 15A to 25A. Then, the PV array
current decreases from 25A to 20A, in response to the
PV array from 200V to 188V, in reaction to the variation
change of temperature of PV array from 25 OC to 40OC
of temperature of PV array from 25OC to 40OC and and variation of the solar irradiance from G=1000 to
change the solar irradiance from G=1000W/m2 to 800W/m2. It can be seen that the P&O MPPT technique

G=800W/m2. consequently, the P&O algorism can can track accurately the MPP when the cell temperature

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and solar irradiance changes rapidly, also it generates
more active power as compared with the case that the
MPPT technique is disabled. In all cases of change for
both solar irradiation and temperature the maximum value
was obtained for both PV out current and power.

B. Simulation Model and Results of InCond MPPT Technique

Figure 14 presents the MATLAB / Simulink model of
the InCond MPPT strategy method, which was applied
under the same conditions of sunlight and array
temperature as shown in Fig.10. Figure 15 illustrates the
PV array response to the change in the sunlight and
temperature. When the solar irradiance is decreased from
G=600W/m2 to G=1000W/m2, the MPPT controller
increases the VW from 201V to 209V and go back 2 again
to 201V after irradiance constancy at 1000W/m order to
extract the maximum power from the PV array. Then, the Fig.15 Output of PV Voltage, current, and power with InCond MPPT
method
InCond strategy controller decreases the VW from 201V to
185V, in response to the variation of temperature of PV C. The Comparison Between P&O and InCond MPPT Methods
array from 25OC to 40OC and change the sunlight from In this subsection, the simulation results of P&O and
G=1000W/m2 to G=800W/m2. Therefore, the InCond InCond MPPT techniques are compared using the same
conditions. The performance of the system in terms of PV
Technique can accurately track the PV array voltage at
array output response of voltage, current and power under
the MPP v to harness the maximum power from the PV the inuence of solar irradiance change and cell
array during the rapid variation of sunlight and temperature are compared in the cases of without using
temperature. MPPT technique, using P&O MPPT technique, and using
InCond MPPT technique. Figure 16 illustrations the VW
Also, When the daylight is changed from G=600 to with the beginning of the system work, notice that the
voltage of P&O technique is reached to study state first at
1000 W/m2, it leads to growth current a) of PV array from
approximately 200V and followed by InCond technique at
15 A to the same voltage value. In the case of non-use of the
MPPT method, the voltage starts from a value less than
25 A. Then, the PV array current decreases from 25A to the desired value (195V). The difference between the
20A, in response to the change of temperature of PV array results of the three cases is significant when a change in
from 25OC to 40OC and variation of the solar irradiance the value of solar irradiance occurs from G=600W/m 2 to
from G=1000 to 800 W/m2. Aimed at evaluating the G=1000W/m2. It find that the PV output voltage of P&O
validation of the MPPT method, in same Fig.15 shows the technique is more stable, while the MPPT not use the
output power of one PV array `a). voltage to reach 225V. The PV voltage produced by P&O
The InCond MPPT technique can track accurately the and InCond MPPT technique is almost identical in the
MPP when the cell temperature and solar irradiance rest of the change to both daylight and array temperature.
changes rapidly, also it generates more active power as The comparison of the a in the three cases is presented in
compared with the case that the MPPT strategy is Fig.17. The current in P&O method is more constancy
disabled and stable than the current in the InCond MPPT
technique. the beginning of the system works the PV
current of P&O technique is reached to study state first at
approximately 15A and followed by InCond technique at
15.1A. In the case of non-use of the MPPT method, the
PV
current starts from a value higher than the desired value
(15.5 V). It also did not reach the maximum current when
solar irradiance increased to 1000 W/m2.

Fig.14 MATLAB/Simulink model of the InCond MPPT technique

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Fig.16 PV array voltage comparison between P&O and InCond temperature. Simulation outcomes have verified the
MPPT techniques credibility of the implemented MPPT techniques in
extraction the maximum power `a through the rapid
change of the environmental situations. Furthermore, the
introduced a review of two MPPT techniques
implemented in the PV systems. The P&O MPPT method
and InCond MPPT method are the most generally
implemented in the PV conversion systems because of its
simplicity and the advantage of delivering good
performance when sunlight changes rapidly. The two
MPPT technique were simulated by the
MATLAB/Simulink and the results response of the PV
array from voltage, current, and power are compared to
Fig.17 PV array current comparison between P&O and InCond the effect of solar radiation and temperature change. In
MPPT techniques addition, the control strategy has succeeded in keeping the
load voltage constant regardless of the change in sunlight
and ambient temperature.
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