This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D6836 − 16

Standard Test Methods for

Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for
Desorption Using Hanging Column, Pressure Extractor,
Chilled Mirror Hygrometer, or Centrifuge1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6836; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of soil water guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
characteristic curves (SWCCs) for desorption (drying). SW- D6026. The procedures in Practice D6026 that are used to
CCs describe the relationship between suction and volumetric specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated are
water content, gravimetric water content, or degree of water regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are repre-
saturation. SWCCs are also referred to as soil water retention sentative of the significant digits that should generally be
curves, soil water release curves, or capillary pressure curves. retained. The procedures do not consider material variation,
purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any
1.2 This standard describes five methods (A-E) for deter- considerations for the objectives of the user. Increasing or
mining the soil water characteristic curve. Method A (hanging reducing the significant digits of reported data to be commen-
column) is suitable for making determinations for suctions in surate with these considerations is common practice. Consid-
the range of 0 to 80 kPa. Method B (pressure chamber with eration of the significant digits to be used in analysis methods
volumetric measurement) and Method C (pressure chamber for engineering design is beyond the scope of this standard.
with gravimetric measurement) are suitable for suctions in the
range of 0 to 1500 kPa. Method D (chilled mirror hygrometer) 1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
is suitable for making determinations for suctions in the range as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
of 500 kPa to 100 MPa. Method E (centrifuge method) is standard.
suitable for making determinations in the range 0 to 120 kPa. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Method A typically is used for coarse soils with little fines that safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
drain readily. Methods B and C typically are used for finer responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
soils, which retain water more tightly. Method D is used when priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
suctions near saturation are not required and commonly is bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
employed to define the dry end of the soil water characteristic
curve (that is, water contents corresponding to suctions >1000 2. Referenced Documents
kPa). Method E is typically used for coarser soils where an 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
appreciable amount of water can be extracted with suctions up D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for
to 120 kPa. The methods may be combined to provide a Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-
detailed description of the soil water characteristic curve. In stants (Withdrawn 2016)3
this application, Method A or E is used to define the soil water D425 Test Method for Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of
characteristic curve at lower suctions (0 to 80 kPa for A, 0 to Soils
120 kPa for E) near saturation and to accurately identify the air D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
entry suction, Method B or C is used to define the soil water Fluids
characteristic curve for intermediate water contents and suc- D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
tions (100 to 1000 kPa), and Method D is used to define the soil istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
water characteristic curves at low water contents and higher kN-m/m3))
suctions (>1000 kPa).

1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6836 – 02(2008)ɛ2. 3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D6836-16. www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

1
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by 3.2.7 porous membrane—a porous polymeric membrane
Water Pycnometer that can transmit water and has a air entry pressure exceeding
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water the highest matric suction to be applied during a test.
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass 3.2.8 porous plate—a plate made of metal, ceramic, or other
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies porous material that can transmit water and has an air entry
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as pressure exceeding the highest matric suction to be applied
Used in Engineering Design and Construction during a test.
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
3.2.9 pressure chamber—a vessel used to apply a gas
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
pressure on the specimen and the soil pores to induce a
Construction Materials Testing
specified matric suction.
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible 3.2.10 saturated water content—volumetric or gravimetric
Wall Permeameter water content when the specimen is saturated.
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical 3.2.11 soil water characteristic curve—a graph of suction
Data (matric or total) versus water content (gravimetric or volumet-
2.2 API Standard: ric) or saturation. The soil water characteristic curve is also
API RP 40 Recommended Practice for Core-Analysis Pro- referred to as the soil water retention curve, the soil water
cedure4 release curve, and the capillary pressure curve.
3.2.12 total suction, ψt—the negative gauge pressure de-
3. Terminology rived from the measurement of the vapor pressure of water in
3.1 Definitions: equilibrium with water in the soil pores, relative to the vapor
3.1.1 For common definitions of technical terms in this pressure of water in equilibrium with free pure water. Total
standard, refer to Terminology D653. suction is the sum of matric and osmotic suction, ψt = ψ + ψo.
Total suction is also referred to as total potential.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 air entry pressure—the air pressure required to intro- 3.2.13 volumetric water content, θ—the ratio of the volume
duce air into and through the pores of a saturated porous plate. of water contained in the pore spaces of soil or rock to the total
volume of soil and rock.
3.2.2 air entry suction, ψa—the suction required to intro-
duce air into and through the pores of a saturated porous 3.2.14 water activity, aw—the ratio of vapor pressure of
material. water in the soil gas to the saturated vapor pressure at the
existing soil temperature. Water activity is also referred to as
3.2.3 axis translation—the principle stating that a matric
the relative humidity.
suction ψ can be applied to a soil by controlling the pore gas
pressure, ug, and the pore water pressure, uw, so that the 4. Summary of Methods
difference between the pore gas pressure and pore water
4.1 Methods A-C—Methods A-C yield soil water character-
pressure equals the desired matric suction, that is, ψ = ug − uw.
istic curves in terms of matric suction. Various suctions are
3.2.4 gravimetric water content, w—the ratio of the mass of applied to the soil and the corresponding water contents are
water contained in the pore spaces of soil or rock to the mass measured. Two different procedures are used to apply the
of solid particles. suction. In Method A, the matric suction is applied by reducing
3.2.5 matric suction, ψ—the negative gauge pressure, rela- the pore water pressure while maintaining the pore gas pressure
tive to an external gas pressure acting on the soil water, that at the atmospheric condition. In Methods B and C, the pore
must be applied to a solution identical in composition to the water pressure is maintained at atmospheric pressure, and the
soil water to maintain equilibrium through a porous membrane pore gas pressure is raised to apply the suction via the axis
existing between the solution and the soil water. Matric suction translation principle.
is also referred to as matric potential, capillary suction, and 4.1.1 For all three methods, saturated soil specimens are
capillary potential. By definition, matric suction is the differ- placed in contact with a water saturated porous plate or
ence between the pore gas pressure, ug, and the pore water membrane. The matric suction is applied by one of the two
pressure, uw, that is, ψ = ug − uw. In most cases the pore gas is aforementioned procedures. Application of the matric suction
air. causes water to flow from the specimen until the equilibrium
3.2.6 osmotic suction, ψo—the negative gauge pressure water content corresponding to the applied suction is reached.
derived from the measurement of the vapor pressure of water Equilibrium is established by monitoring when water ceases to
in equilibrium with a solution identical in composition with the flow from the specimen. Several equilibria are established at
soil water, relative to the vapor pressure of water in equilibrium successive matric suctions to construct a soil water character-
with free pure water. Osmotic suction is also referred to as istic curve.
osmotic potential. 4.1.2 The water content corresponding to the applied suc-
tion is determined in one of two ways. For Methods A and B,
the volume of water expelled is measured using a capillary
4
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, tube. The water content is then determined based on the known
Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org. initial water content of the specimen and the volume of water

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

2
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
expelled. For Method C, the water content is measured of in-place materials. Thus, results obtained from this method
gravimetrically by weighing the specimen after removal from should be applied to field situations with caution and by
the apparatus. qualified personnel.
4.2 Method D—Method D yields a soil water characteristic NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on
the competence of the personnel performing the test and the suitability of
curve in terms of total suction. In contrast to Methods A-C, the the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of
water content of the soil is controlled in Method D, and the Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and
corresponding suctions are measured. Two different ap- objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are
proaches are commonly used. In one approach, a set of cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure
specimens are prepared that are essentially identical, but have reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D3740
provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
different water contents. Water contents are selected that span
the range of water contents that will be used to define the soil
6. Apparatus
water characteristic curve. In the other approach, a single
specimen is used. The specimen is tested, dried to a lower 6.1 Hanging Column Apparatus (Method A)—A hanging
water content, and then tested again. This process is repeated column apparatus consists of three parts: a specimen chamber,
until suctions have been measured at all of the desired water an outflow measurement tube, and a suction supply (Fig. 1).
contents. The specimen chamber consists of a glass or rigid plastic
4.2.1 In Method D, the water activity of the pore water is funnel containing a porous plate that is large enough to contain
measured using a chilled mirror hygrometer (also known as a the specimen being tested. Such funnels are commonly referred
chilled mirror psychrometer) and then the total suction is to as “Buchner” funnels. A photograph of a funnel used for a
computed using the Kelvin equation. In many cases, Method D hanging column apparatus is shown in Fig. 2. Water expelled
is used to determine only that portion of the soil water from the specimen during the test is measuring using a
characteristic curve corresponding to higher suctions (typically capillary tube connected to the outflow end of the funnel. The
>1000 kPa) and lower water contents. Under these conditions, other end of this capillary tube is connected to suction supply
the osmotic component of total suction is generally small, and consisting of two reservoirs. The relative elevation of the two
the matric and total suctions are comparable. Thus, the data reservoirs is adjusted to develop a vacuum, which is transmit-
from Methods A-C and Method D can be combined to form a ted to the capillary tube. The magnitude of the applied suction
single soil water characteristic curve. An example of this type is measured with a manometer.
of soil water characteristic curve is provided in Section 11.
6.2 Pressure Chamber (Methods B and C)—Pressure cham-
4.3 Method E—Method E yields a soil water characteristic bers are used for the pressure extraction method to apply a gas
curve in terms of matric suction (or capillary pressure). The pressure (typically air pressure) to the specimen and the gas in
specimen is contained in a support chamber that is subjected to the pores. Typically the pressure chamber is a metallic vessel.
a centrifugal force in a centrifuge. Different matric suctions are The pressure chamber shall be pressure-rated, at the very least,
applied by varying the angular velocity of the centrifuge. Water for the maximum pressure to be applied to the vessel during the
displaced from the soil at a given angular velocity is collected test. The pressure chamber shall have a sealed, non-collapsing
and measured in a calibrated cylinder at the base of the support outflow tube that connects the atmospheric pressure side of the
chamber. A soil water characteristic curve is measured by porous plate (or membrane) to the outside of the pressure
subjecting the specimen to a series of angular velocities (each chamber. Schematics of two types of pressure chambers are
corresponding to a matric suction) and measuring the volume shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Photographs of these pressure
of water displaced from the soil at each velocity. chambers are shown in Fig. 4. In some cases, the effects of
overburden pressure may wish to be simulated. For these cases,
5. Significance and Use the pressure vessel may be equipped with a piston or a triaxial
5.1 The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is funda- cell may be used.
mental to hydrological characterization of unsaturated soils and 6.3 Regulated Pressure Source (Methods B and C)—A
is required for most analyses of water movement in unsaturated regulated pressure source is used to apply gas pressure to the
soils. The SWCC is also used in characterizing the shear pressure chamber. Compressed gas is typically provided by an
strength and compressibility of unsaturated soils. The unsatu- air compressor or bottled gas. The pressure source and associ-
rated hydraulic conductivity of soil is often estimated using ated regulators shall be capable of maintaining the desired
properties of the SWCC and the saturated hydraulic conduc- pressure with an accuracy of 60.25 % or better.
tivity.
6.4 Pressure Indicators (Methods A, B, and C)—Pressure
5.2 This method applies only to soils containing two pore indicators are used to monitor the pressure applied in pressure
fluids: a gas and a liquid. The liquid is usually water and the chambers and the applied suction for the hanging column.
gas is usually air. Other liquids may also be used, but caution Bourdon gauges, water manometers, and pressure transducers
must be exercised if the liquid being used causes excessive are acceptable devices for measuring pressure in the pressure
shrinkage or swelling of the soil matrix. chamber. The accuracy of the measuring device must be within
5.3 A full investigation has not been conducted regarding 60.25 % of the matric suction being applied. For cases where
the correlation between soil water characteristic curves ob- both very large and very small suctions are to be applied,
tained using this method and soil water characteristics curves multiple pressure indicators may be used to provide sufficient

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

3
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 1 Schematic of Hanging Column Apparatus

accuracy for the various pressures to be applied. The manom- supporting material shall be sufficiently large to preclude
eter used to measure the applied suction in Method A shall have development of measurable capillary stresses. The membrane
a resolution of 1 mm of water. and supporting material shall be configured such that the
6.5 Porous Plate (Methods B and C)—A porous plate is unsupported side of the membrane is in contact with the
used in the hanging column and pressure extractor to provide specimen and is exposed to gaseous atmosphere in the pressure
a saturated interface between the pore water and the water in chamber. The support side of the membrane shall be in contact
the volume measuring system. Porous plates shall be fabricated with the outflow system. A seal shall be provided that prevents
from material that is hydrophilic and has an air entry pressure gas in the chamber from contacting the side of the porous
greater than the maximum matric suction to be applied during membrane in contact with the outflow system. This seal shall
the test. Porous ceramic plates are typically usually used as also prevent water from leaking from the outflow system and
porous plates. Porous plates are shown in the photographs in into the pressure chamber.
Figs. 4 and 5. 6.7 Capillary Tube (Methods A and B)—A capillary tube is
6.5.1 The porous plate shall be configured such that one side used to measure the outflow from the specimen for Methods A
of the membrane is in contact with the specimen and is exposed and B. The capillary tube shall be free of dirt, oil, or other
to gaseous atmosphere in the pressure chamber. The other side contaminants and include a scale that permits resolution of the
of the plate shall be in contact with the outflow system (Fig. 3). volume expelled to 0.1 mL or better.
A seal shall be provided that prevents gas in the chamber from
contacting the side of the porous membrane in contact with the 6.8 Specimen Retaining Rings—Specimens tested using
outflow system. This seal shall also prevent water from leaking Methods A, B, and C shall be retained on the porous plate or
from the outflow system and into the pressure chamber. membrane using a retaining ring at least 5 mm in height and 25
mm in inside diameter. The wall thickness shall be sufficient to
6.6 Pressure Membrane (Methods B and C)—A porous
retain the soil without visible distortion. A photograph of a
membrane is used in a pressure extractor to provide a saturated
specimen in a typical retaining ring is shown in Fig. 6a.
interface between the pore water and the water in the measur-
Retaining rings are typically constructed from stainless steel,
ing system. The porous membrane shall be fabricated from a
acrylic, or polyvinyl chloride.
material that is hydrophilic and has an air entry pressure higher
than the maximum suction to be applied during the test. A 6.9 Chilled Mirror Hygrometer (Method D)—A chilled
non-corroding porous material having sufficient strength and mirror hygrometer (also known as a chilled mirror psychrom-
stiffness shall be used to support the porous material (a eter) shall be used to measure water activity to within 0.001.
stainless steel screen typically is used). The pores in the The chilled mirror hygrometer must be able to test specimens

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

4
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

Specimen is contained in a retaining ring.

FIG. 2 Photograph of Funnel Used for Hanging Column Apparatus.

with a diameter of at least 20 mm and height of at least 5 mm. non-corroding material such as stainless steel or plastic. A
Water activity obtained from the chilled mirror hygrometer photograph of a specimen in a retaining dish is shown in Fig.
shall be converted to total suction using the Kelvin equation. A 6b.
photograph of a chilled mirror hygrometer is shown in Fig. 7. 6.11 Moisture Content Container—A container meeting the
6.10 Specimen Retaining Dish (Method D)—Specimens requirements outlined in Method D2216 shall be provided for
tested using Method D shall be contained in a specimen determination of water content.
retaining dish with a diameter of at least 20 mm and height of 6.12 Balance—For Methods A-C, a balance shall be used
at least 5 mm. The dish shall be made of a non-porous and that has a minimum capacity of 200 g and a sensitivity of 0.01

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

5
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

Schematic of pressure chambers with ceramic porous plates: (a) conventional chamber for single or multiple specimens and (b) chamber for single specimen

FIG. 3 Schematic of Pressure Chambers With Ceramic Porous Plates

Schematic of pressure chambers with ceramic porous plates: (a) conventional chamber for single or multiple specimens and (b) chamber for single specimen

FIG. 3 Schematic of Pressure Chambers With Ceramic Porous Plates (continued)

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

6
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 4 Photographs of a Multiple-Specimen Pressure Chamber

g. For Method D, a balance shall be used that has a minimum tray, a saturation chamber, or directly in pressure chamber
capacity of 50 g and a sensitivity of 0.001 g. All balances shall using a saturation apron. Trays shall have a depth greater than
meet the requirements of Specification D4753. the sum of the specimen height and thickness of the porous
6.13 Desiccator—A desiccator shall be provided that has plate (or membrane). Saturation chambers are vessels filled
suitable size to hold specimens for cooling after removal from with water in which a specimen in a retaining ring can be
the oven. A desiccator is only recommended when moisture inundated for saturation. A vacuum is applied to the water in a
containers having close-fitting lids are not used (see Method saturation chamber using an external device. A saturation apron
D2216). in the pressure chamber may be used to impound water around
a specimen for saturation. Aprons are only used for saturating
6.14 Drying Oven—A thermostatically controlled drying specimens.
oven capable of maintaining temperature at 110 6 5°C as per
requirements of Method D2216. 6.18 Miscellaneous Tools—wire saw, beveled straightedge,
spatula, and other small tools for trimming test specimens, 10
6.15 Temperature Controlled Centrifuge (Method E)—A mL and 100 mL graduated cylinders, 25 mL syringe.
thermostatically controlled centrifuge capable of maintaining a
temperature of 20 6 3°C when operated between 0-10 000 6.19 Laboratory Environment—The laboratory temperature
RPM. A photograph of a centrifuge is shown in Fig. 8 with shall be maintained within 6 3°C during the test. The
sealed sample support chamber and calibrated water collection apparatus shall be shielded from directly sunlight or other
tube. The centrifuge shall include a measurement device for sources of heat that may cause variations in temperature. If
recording outflow in the support chamber to the nearest 0.1 mL very precise measurements are required, the hanging column or
while the specimen is under centrifugation. A strobe light pressure chamber may be isolated in a thermally insulated box.
apparatus is normalized used for this purpose. 7. Reagents
6.16 Specimen Support Chamber (Method E)—A chamber 7.1 Saturating Liquid:
used to retain the specimen and the calibrated cylinder used to 7.1.1 The saturating liquid is used to saturate the porous
collect the displaced water. A schematic of a specimen support plates and membranes, the specimen, and the outflow measur-
chamber is shown in Fig. 9. ing components of the apparatus.
6.17 Saturation Tray, Chamber, or Apron (Methods A-E)— 7.1.2 The saturating liquid should be specified by the
Plates, membranes and specimens are saturated in a saturation requestor. If no specific type of saturating water is specified by

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

7
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 5 Photographs of a Single-Specimen Pressure Chamber and Associated Equipment: (a) Open and (b) Assembled

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

8
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 6 Specimen in Retaining Ring (Methods A-C) (a) and Retaining Dish (Method D) (b)

the requestor, the water shall be deaired 0.0025 M CaCl2 To prevent dissolution of air back into the water, deaired water
solution or tap water. Distilled or deionized water shall not be shall not be exposed to the atmosphere for prolonged periods.
used unless specified by the requestor. A biocide may be added
to the water to minimize microbial growth during the test. If a 8. Preparation
biocide is added, the type and concentration of the biocide shall 8.1 Preparation of Specimens:
be included in the report. 8.1.1 Specific Gravity—Measure the specific gravity of
7.1.3 Deaired Water—Deaired water shall be used. Water is solids on a sub-sample of the material to be tested following
usually deaired by boiling, spraying a fine mist of water into an the method in Test Method D854.
evacuated vessel attached to a vacuum source, or by forceful 8.1.2 Retaining Ring, Dish, or Mold—Measure the inside
agitation of water in a container attached to a vacuum source. diameter of the retaining ring, dish, or mold to the nearest 0.1

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

9
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 7 Photograph of a Chilled Mirror Hygrometer With Open Sample Drawer and Specimen to be Inserted for Testing

mm at three locations and record the average of these mea- trimming tools to gently remove soil that protrudes beyond the
surements as the diameter. Measure the height of the retaining edge of the retaining ring so that the ring can slide over the soil
ring, dish (inside height for dish), or mold to the nearest 0.1 specimen with little effort. Continue trimming until the soil fills
mm at three locations and record the average of these mea- the retaining ring. Trim the top of the specimen flush with the
surements as the height. Determine the mass of the retaining top of the retaining ring. Determine the mass of the specimen
ring, dish, or mold and record its mass to the nearest 0.01 g in the retaining ring and record the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.
(ring) or 0.001 g (dish). Measure the gravimetric water content of the remaining
8.1.3 Specimens Prepared from Disturbed Samples—Air material using Method D2216. This procedure is also used to
dry and crush a representative sub-sample that has a mass at prepare specimens for testing in the chilled mirror hygrometer
least twice that required to fill the specimen retaining ring. The after being tested in the hanging column or pressure extractor.
sample may be crushed following the procedure described in 8.1.4.1 A similar procedure is followed to prepare speci-
Practice D421. Remove all particles from the crushed sub- mens for Method E, except no trimming ring or dish is
sample having a diameter exceeding one-half the height of the employed. Specimens are trimmed from the undisturbed
retaining ring. If requested, moisten the sample to the gravi- sample to form a right circular cylinder that fits inside the
metric water content specified using tap water. Prepare a specimen support chamber. Typically specimens are 38 mm in
specimen by placing a known mass of the moistened sub- diameter and 51 mm long (Fig. 9). When trimming is complete,
sample into the retaining ring (Methods A-D) or a specimen measure the height of the specimen at three locations to the
mold (Method E). Tap or compact the soil to the density nearest 0.1 mm, and record the average of these measurements
specified by the requestor. Trim the upper surface of the as the height. Similarly, measure the diameter of the specimen
specimen so that it is level with the top of the retaining ring or at three locations to the nearest 0.1 mm, and record the average
mold. Determine the mass of the specimen in the retaining ring of these measurements as the diameter. Determine the mass of
or mold and record the mass to the nearest 0.01 g. Measure the the specimen to the nearest 0.01 g. The sides of the trimmed
gravimetric water content of the remaining material using specimen are wrapped in unsintered teflon tape. Stainless steel
Method D2216. screens (220 mesh) are placed on the ends of the specimen.
8.1.4 Specimens Prepared from Undisturbed Samples—For 8.1.5 Specimens Compacted in the Laboratory—Compact
Methods A-D, place the undisturbed sample on the bench and the specimen to the specified water content and density using
gently place a retaining ring on the surface of soil. Use the method of compaction specified by the requestor. For

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

10
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 8 Photograph of a Temperature-Controlled Centrifuge With Various Specimen Support Chambers

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

11
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 9 Schematic of a Specimen Support Chamber

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

12
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
Methods A-D, place the compacted specimen on the bench and shall be removed and re-applied, and the specimen inspected
gently place a retaining ring on the surface of soil. Use for escaping gas bubbles for 1 h. Repeat this procedure until no
trimming tools to gently remove soil that protrudes beyond the air bubbles are observed for at least two consecutive applica-
edge of the retaining ring so that the ring can slide over the soil tions of vacuum.
specimen with little effort. Continue trimming until the soil fills 8.2.3 Porous Membrane (Methods B and C)—Porous mem-
the retaining ring. Trim the top of the specimen flush with the branes are delicate and must be handled with care to prevent
top of the retaining ring. Determine the mass of the specimen damage. A new membrane shall be used for each test. Before
in the retaining ring and record the mass to the nearest 0.01 g. handling, porous membranes shall be carefully placed in a pan
Measure the gravimetric water content of the remaining of warm water for at least 30 min to permit softening. The
material using Method D2216. softening water shall be the same water used for saturation.
8.1.5.1 A similar procedure is followed to prepare speci- After softening, saturate the porous membrane by submerging
mens for Method E, except no trimming ring or dish is in a tray of deaired water for at least 24 h and until no gas
employed. Specimens are trimmed from the compacted soil to bubbles are visible.
form a right circular cylinder that fits inside the specimen
support chamber. Typically specimens are 38 mm in diameter 8.3 Saturation of Specimen (Methods A-E):
and 51 mm long (Fig. 9). When trimming is complete, measure 8.3.1 Specimens shall be saturated by inundation in a
the height of the specimen at three locations to the nearest 0.1 saturation tray, a saturation chamber, or directly in the hanging
mm, and record the average of these measurements as the column or pressure chamber. The specimen should be main-
height. Similarly, measure the diameter of the specimen at tained within the retaining ring during saturation to prevent
three locations to the nearest 0.1 mm, and record the average of distortion or sloughing. Specimens that are sufficiently cohe-
these measurements as the diameter. Determine the mass of the sive can be placed in the saturation tray on top of a porous
specimen to the nearest 0.01 g. The sides of the trimmed material (perforated plastic, wire screen, or non-woven geo-
specimen are wrapped in unsintered teflon tape. Stainless steel textile) without the accompanying ceramic plate. Non-cohesive
screens (220 mesh) are placed on the ends of the specimen. specimens generally need to be saturated while in contact with
8.2 Saturation of Funnel, Porous Plate, or Membrane: a ceramic plate so that the specimen does not become dis-
8.2.1 Hanging Column (Method A)—Immerse the funnel lodged from the retaining ring. Saturation shall continue for at
containing the porous plate in a saturation chamber filled with least 24 h and until no gas bubbles are visible. When the
deaerated water under a vacuum of at least 75 kPa (Fig. 10). ceramic plate is included during saturation of the specimen, the
The funnel shall be immersed for at least 24 h and until no air plate shall be saturated beforehand using the procedure in 8.2.
bubbles are visible. 8.3.2 During saturation in a saturation chamber, apply a
8.2.2 Porous Plates (Methods B and C)—Porous plates shall vacuum to the chamber of at least 75 kPa for 24 h. At the end
be submerged in a tray of deaired water or in a saturation of the 24 h period, remove and reapply the vacuum, and then
chamber under vacuum for a period of at least 24 h and until inspect the specimen for 1 h for escaping gas bubbles. Repeat
no gas bubbles are visible. If a saturation chamber is used, the this procedure until no air bubbles are observed for at least two
ceramic plates shall initially be soaked for 1 h in a saturation consecutive applications of vacuum. Specimens saturated in a
tray and then transferred to the saturation chamber. During saturation chamber generally are sandwiched between two
saturation, a vacuum of at least 75 kPa shall be applied to the porous stones and two perforated plastic plates (Fig. 11). The
chamber for 24 h. At the end of the 24 h period, the vacuum plates are clamped together using bolts.

FIG. 10 Schematic of a Saturation Chamber for Saturating Plates and Specimens

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

13
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 11 Assembly Used to Contain Specimens When Saturating in a Saturation Chamber

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

14
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
8.3.3 After saturation in a saturation tray or chamber, weigh the air-water interface ceases. Record the position of the
the specimen and compute the degree of saturation. Ensure that air-water interface in the capillary tube at the end of the
the degree of saturation is 100 6 3 %. If the saturation is less equilibrium period.
than 97 %, repeat the saturation procedure. 9.1.4 Suction Application—After equilibration, apply the
8.4 Check of Porous Plate: first increment of suction by adjusting the elevation of the
water reservoirs (Fig. 1) until the manometer shows the desired
8.4.1 When first used and every ten uses thereafter, the
suction has been applied. The first increment in suction should
porous ceramic plate shall be tested to confirm that the air entry
be no more than one-half the anticipated air-entry suction.
pressure is adequate and to check for clogging. Saturate the
Monitor the location of the air-water interface regularly until
porous plate using the procedure in 8.2. Install the porous plate
movement of the air-water interface has ceased for at least 24
in the hanging column or pressure chamber using the methods
h. Record the final location of the air-water interface. Then
in Section 9. Elevate the suction in the hanging column or the
apply the next increment in suction using the same procedure.
pressure extractor in increments equal to one-tenth the reported
air entry pressure of the plate or the maximum suction to be NOTE 2—The increments of suction that should be applied depend on
applied using the apparatus, whichever is lower. Maintain each the pore size distribution of the specimen and the level of detail desired for
the soil water characteristic curve. A common set of increments is 0, 5, 20,
suction for at least 30 min, and record the total outflow at the
40, 100, 200, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 4000 mm of water.
end of each 30 min period. Graph the total outflow collected
during each increment in suction vs. the total suction applied. 9.2 Pressure Chamber with Volumetric Measurements
Beyond initial expulsion of free water (Fig. 12), the volume of (Method B):
water expelled shall not exceed 0.4 mL. If the volume expelled 9.2.1 Number of Specimens—Tests using Method B are
is larger than 0.4 mL or a slope or break point in the graph normally conducted on a single specimen. Multiple specimens
exists, discard the plate. may be tested in a single pressure chamber only if a separate
8.4.2 Measure the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the porous plate or membrane is used for each specimen, the plates
saturated ceramic plate using the method in Test Methods (or membranes) are not in contact, and a separate outflow tube
D5084. If the saturated hydraulic conductivity has decreased is provided for each plate.
more than a factor of five relative to the saturated hydraulic 9.2.2 Set-up Apparatus—Place a saturated porous plate (or
conductivity when new, cleanse the plate or discard the plate. membrane) in a pressure chamber (Fig. 3) and attach the
After cleansing, re-check the hydraulic conductivity and the air outflow tube to the porous plate (or membrane). Use clear
entry pressure using the aforementioned procedure. flexible plastic tubing to connect the outflow tube to the
capillary tube as shown in Fig. 13. Saturate the outflow tubing,
9. Procedure all connections between the outflow tubing and the porous
plate (or membrane), and the flexible tubing connected to the
9.1 Hanging Column (Method A): capillary tube with the same de-aired water solution used for
9.1.1 Set-up Apparatus—Use clear flexible plastic tubing to saturating the specimen. Remove all air-bubbles from the
connect the saturated funnel to the capillary tube (Fig. 1). Use portions of the apparatus filled with water. Adjust the elevation
clear flexible plastic tubing to connect the other end of the of the pressure plate (or membrane) so the top of the porous
capillary tube to the reservoir apparatus that applies the plate is at the same elevation as the centerline of the capillary
suction. Fill the funnel, the tubing connecting the funnel to the tube. Remove all excess water above the porous plate using a
capillary tube, and a portion of the capillary tube with the same syringe. Mark the location of the water level in the vent (Y-)
de-aired water solution used for saturating the specimen. tube (Fig. 10). The water level in the vent tube should be at the
Remove all air-bubbles from all portions of the apparatus filled elevation of the capillary tube and the surface of the porous
with water. plate. If the water level is not at this elevation, inspect the
9.1.2 Set Reservoir and Funnel Elevation—Adjust the rela- system for leaks.
tive elevation of the reservoirs so that the elevation difference 9.2.3 Insert and Equilibrate Specimen—Place the specimen
ψ on the manometer is zero (Fig. 1). Adjust the elevation of the contained in the retaining ring on the porous plate (or mem-
funnel so the top of the porous plate in the funnel is at the same brane). Twist the specimen approximately 45° to ensure good
elevation as the centerline of the capillary tube. Remove all contact between the specimen and the porous plate. If contact
excess water above the porous plate using a syringe. is a concern, place a section of rigid screen or geonet on the
9.1.3 Insert and Equilibrate Specimen—Place the specimen upper surface of the specimen, and then apply a weight on top
contained in the retaining ring on the porous plate. Twist the of the screen to provide to a surcharge. A 1-kg mass typically
specimen approximately 45° to ensure good contact between is used. Close and seal the pressure chamber. Allow the
the specimen and the porous plate. If contact is a concern, place specimen to equilibrate for at least 48 h, and until movement of
a section of rigid screen or geonet on the upper surface of the the air-water interface in the capillary tube ceases. Record the
specimen, and then apply a weight on top of the screen to position of the air-water interface in the capillary tube at the
provide a surcharge. A 1-kg mass typically is used. Secure a end of the equilibrium period.
thin sheet of plastic film over the top of the funnel to prevent 9.2.4 Suction Application—After equilibration, apply the
evaporation. Place a small hole in the plastic (for example, with first increment of suction by adjusting the pressure regulators
a pin) to ensure equilibrium of air pressure. Allow the until the desired suction has been applied. The first increment
specimen to equilibrate for at least 48 h, and until movement of in suction should be no more than one-half the anticipated

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

15
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

Plate functioned satisfactorily until a gas pressure exceeding 1000 kPa was applied. Subsequently, the volume of water expelled increased dramatically. The plate was
discarded.

FIG. 12 Outflow from Check of a Ceramic Plate With a Reported Air Entry Pressure of 1500 kPa

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

16
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

FIG. 13 Schematic of a Pressure Extractor With Ceramic Porous Plate and Capillary Tube for Measuring Outflow as Used in Method B

air-entry suction. Monitor the location of the air-water interface retaining rings on opposite sides of the porous plate (or
regularly until movement of the air-water interface has ceased membrane). Specimens may not be in contact during the
for at least 24 h. Record the final location of the air-water testing procedure.
interface. 9.3.2 Multiple Specimens—Only soils of similar texture
9.2.4.1 After equilibrium has been established, apply the may be tested together in one chamber. The time required to
next increment in suction using the same procedure and reach equilibrium varies greatly with soil texture due to
monitor movement of the air-water interface in the capillary differences in pore size distribution. Consequently, soils of
tube until movement of the air-water interface has ceased and dissimilar texture should not be tested at the same time. When
equilibrium has been established. For suctions less than 500 multiple specimens are tested, contact between the specimens
kPa, equilibrium is established when the air-water interface has shall be prevented.
not moved for at least 24 h. For suctions between 500 to 1000 9.3.3 Set-up Apparatus—Place a saturated porous plate (or
kPa, equilibrium is established when the air-water interface has membrane) in a pressure chamber (Fig. 3a) and attach the
not moved for at least 48 h. For suctions greater than 1000 kPa, outflow tube to the porous plate (or membrane). Direct the
equilibrium is established when the air-water interface has not outflow tube to a graduated cylinder or similar device that can
moved for at least 96 h. measure volume with an accuracy of 0.1 mL or better. Saturate
NOTE 3—Regularly inspect the outflow tubing for air bubbles caused by the outflow tubing and all connections between the outflow
diffusion of air through the porous plate or membrane. Gently tap the tube tubing and the porous plate (or membrane) with the same
so that the bubbles flow to the vent tube where they can be expelled (Fig. de-aired water solution used for saturating the specimen.
13). Remove all air-bubbles from those portions of the apparatus
NOTE 4—Suctions of 10, 50, 100, 300, 500, 1000, and 1500 kPa are filled with water. If more than one plate (or membrane) is used
often used to define the soil water characteristic curve using Methods B
and C. in a chamber, the porous plate (or membrane) shall not touch
NOTE 5—At high suctions (>1000 kPa), very small volumes of water any specimen except the specimens intended to be in contact
may be expelled, especially from coarser soils. These volumes may be with the plate. No contact may exist between the plates.
difficult to measure, and ensuring that equilibrium has been established 9.3.4 Insert and Equilibrate Specimens—Place the speci-
can be difficult. Accuracy of the dry end of the soil water characteristic
curve (that is, suctions exceeding 1000 kPa) can be checked by conducting mens on the porous plate (or membrane). Twist each specimen
additional tests using Method D. If the dry end of the soil water approximately 45° to ensure good contact between the speci-
characteristic curve differs substantially when measured with Methods B men and the porous plate. Close the pressure chamber. Allow
(or C) and D, the data from Method D should be used to define the dry end the specimen to equilibrate for at least 48 h. Record the volume
of the soil water characteristic curve. of water in the graduated cylinder used to collect outflow at the
9.3 Pressure Chamber with Gravimetric Measurements end of the 48 h period.
(Method C):
NOTE 6—When testing soils using Method C that contain coarse
9.3.1 Duplicates—For Method C, duplicate tests should be fragments, or soils that may present difficulties in obtaining intimate
performed when practical on specimens that are as close to hydraulic contact between the soil and the porous plate (or membrane), a
identical as possible. Duplicate specimens shall be placed in 6-mm-thick layer of fine silica sand (that is, silica sand passing the No.

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

17
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
200 sieve) may be placed on the surface of the porous plate or membrane volumetric water contents, measure the water activity of each
to ensure good hydraulic contact. When silica sand is used, a sheet of fine specimen using the hygrometer. Then weigh each specimen to
filter paper shall be placed between the soil and the silica sand to prevent
penetration of sand into the soil specimen. This contact layer shall not be
the nearest 0.001 g and determine the gravimetric water of each
used in Method B. When contact is a concern for fine soils, the specimen specimen using Method D2216.
may be surcharged using a weight (1 kg mass is typical). A section of rigid 9.4.1.2 If a single specimen is to be used, measure the water
screen or geonet shall be placed between the upper surface of the activity at the first water content and then allow the specimen
specimen and the weight to ensure free access of air. to dry by exposure to the atmosphere until the next water
NOTE 7—Specimens tested using Method C are sometimes saturated in content is achieved. Monitor the change in water content by
the pressure chamber. Saturation in the pressure chamber is generally by
soaking in a pool of water that inundates the specimen. The elevation of periodically measuring the mass of the specimen and dish to
the pool is increased gradually from an initial depth of approximately 3 the nearest 0.01 g. After the specimen has dried to the next
mm (61 mm) in 3-mm increments over a period of several hours until the water content, record the mass of the dish and specimen to the
water just covers the specimen. Saturation is assumed to be complete after nearest 0.001 g, seal the dish, and allow the specimen to
the specimen has been inundated for 24 h. If the specimen is saturated in
the chamber, all excess water on the plate (or membrane) must be removed
equilibrate for 24 h. After equilibration, measure the water
(for example, using a syringe) before the chamber is closed and the test is activity using the hygrometer as described in 9.4.1. Repeat this
initiated. procedure until the water activity has been measured at each
water content specified by the requestor. After the final
9.3.5 Suction Application—After equilibration, apply the
measurement of water activity has been made, measure the
first increment of suction by adjusting the pressure regulators
final gravimetric water content of the specimen using the
until the desired suction (gas pressure) has been applied. The
method in Method D2216.
first increment in suction should be no more than one-half the
anticipated air-entry suction. Record the volume of outflow in 9.5 Centrifuge (Method E):
the graduated cylinder regularly until water has not been 9.5.1 Procedure—Place the specimen in the support cham-
expelled for at least 24 h. ber and seal the chamber (Fig. 9). Record the distance from the
9.3.5.1 After equilibrium has been established, clamp the center of the axis of rotation to the bottom of the specimen
outflow tube to prevent backflow, exhaust the pressure, and (outer radius of rotation) to the nearest 0.1 mm. Record the
open the pressure chamber. Quickly remove the specimens and distance from the center of the axis of rotation to the top of the
their retaining rings from the porous plate (or membrane) using specimen (inner radius of rotation) to the nearest 0.1 mm.
a wide-blade spatula. Immediately weigh the specimens. If the Install the support chamber in the centrifuge, and begin
same specimens are to be used throughout the test, place the centrifugation at an angular velocity corresponding to the
specimens back on the porous plate (or membrane) and twist lowest suction to be induced (see 10.4). Centrifuge for at least
each specimen approximately 45° to ensure good contact. 120 min, and periodically record the volume of water displaced
Alternatively, a new specimen may be used for each increment through centrifugation to the nearest 0.1 mL. Continue cen-
provided that that all specimens used to define a soil water trifugation until no additional water is displaced, and record the
characteristic curve are practically identical. Close and seal the total volume of water displaced to the nearest 0.1 mL. Repeat
pressure chamber, remove the clamp on the outflow tube, and the procedure at incrementally higher angular velocities to
quickly raise the gas pressure to the next suction. Monitor the define the soil water characteristic curve.
outflow volume until outflow has ceased for at least 24 h. NOTE 9—Angular velocities of 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 RPM are
Repeat this procedure until all suctions specified by the often used to define the soil water characteristic curve using Method E.
requestor have been determined. When suctions between 500
to 1000 kPa are being established, monitor the outflow volume 10. Calculations
until the outflow has ceased for 48 h. For suctions greater than 10.1 Saturated Volumetric Content—The water content at
1000 kPa, monitor the outflow volume until outflow has ceased zero matric suction is assumed to be the saturated water
for 96 h. If concern exists regarding equilibrium at high content. Compute the saturated gravimetric and volumetric
suctions, check this portion of the soil water characteristic water contents using the following methods if the test was
curve using the procedure described in Note 5. conducted using Methods A-E. Saturated specimens are not
NOTE 8—Re-establishing hydraulic contact between the soil specimen tested with Method D.
and the plate (or membrane) can be difficult after suction has been applied. 10.1.1 For specimens saturated using a saturation tray or a
If concern exists regarding hydraulic contact, separate specimens may be saturation chamber and then tested using Methods A, B, or E,
used for each increment. These specimens should be prepared so that they calculate the saturated gravimetric and volumetric water con-
are as identical as possible. If separate specimens are used, the gravimetric
water content of each specimen should be determined after testing using tents using the dry density recorded after preparation of the
the method in Method D2216. specimen, the gravimetric water content at saturation, and the
volume of water imbibed or expelled during the saturation
9.4 Chilled Mirror Hygrometer (Method D):
phase. The saturated gravimetric water content is computed as:
9.4.1 Procedure—Place the soil specimen in a retaining dish
M sat~ 11w m !
and insert the dish into the chilled mirror hygrometer (Fig. 7). w sat 5 21 (1)
Measure the water activity to an accuracy of 0.001 using the Mm
hygrometer. Record the water activity. where Mm and wm are the mass and gravimetric water
9.4.1.1 If the soil water characteristic curve is to be deter- content of the moist soil in the retaining ring after the specimen
mined using a series of specimens prepared at different has been prepared (trimmed or compacted in ring), Msat is the

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

18
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
mass of soil in the retaining ring after saturation. The dry 10.2.3 Method E—Compute the volumetric water content
density is computed as: corresponding to each ith increment in suction, θi, as:
Mm V di
ρd 5 (2) θ i 5 θ i21 2 (10)
V ~ 11w m ! V

where V is the volume of the retaining ring (Methods A and where θi-1 is the volumetric water content at the previous
B). For Method E, V is the volume of the specimen and is suction, Vdi is the volume of water displaced by the ith suction
computed as: (or ith angular velocity), and V is the volume of the specimen
πd 2 L (Eq 3). Compute the ith suction in kPa induced as:
V5 (3)
4 ψ i 5 β ~ ρ w 2 ρ g ! ω i2 ~ r 2b 2 r t2 ! (11)
where d is the diameter of the specimen and L is the height where ρw is the density of the pore liquid (typically water,
of the specimen, as described in 8.1. The saturated volumetric 1.0 kg/L), ρg is the density of the pore gas (typically assumed
water content is computed as: to be zero), ω is the angular velocity of the centrifuge (rpm), rb
ρd is the outer radius of rotation (m), rt is the inner radius of
θ sat 5 w (4) rotation (m), and β is a constant = 0.00553.
ρ w sat

where ρw is the density of water. 10.3 Total Suctions and Water Content—Method
10.1.2 For specimens saturated directly in a pressure extrac- D—Calculate the total suction for the ith test (ψti) using the
tor using a saturating apron, compute the saturated volumetric water activity reported by the chilled mirror hygrometer and
and gravimetric water contents as: the Kelvin equation:
ρd RT
θ sat 5 1 2 (5) ψ ti 5 ln~ a w ! (12)
G sρ w M

and where aw is the water activity, R is the gas constant, T is the

laboratory temperature (°K), and M is the molecular mass of
ρw
w sat 5 θ (6) water. The value of R/M is 461 kPa/°K. Temperature in °K is
ρ d sat
obtained by adding 273° to the temperature in °C.
where ρd is computed using Eq 2. 10.3.1 When suctions corresponding to various water con-
tents are measured using a single specimen (that is, by
10.2 Water Contents at Other Suctions:
repeatedly drying the specimen), the gravimetric water content
10.2.1 Methods A and B—Compute the volumetric water corresponding to the ith measurement of suction, wi, is com-
content corresponding to each ith increment in suction, θi, as: puted as:
F
θ i 5 θ i21 2 ~ x i 2 x i21 ! (7) Mi 2 Mo
V w i 5 w o1 (13)
ρ dV
where θi-1 is the volumetric water content at the previous
where wo is the gravimetric water content determined using
suction, xi is the location of the air-water interface after
Method D2216 for the first suction measurement, Mo is the
equilibrium has been established at the ith suction as described
mass of the specimen for the first suction measurement, Mi is
in 9.2.4, xi-1 is the location of the air-water interface after
the mass of the specimen for the ith suction measurement, ρd is
equilibrium was established for the previous increment in
the dry density at which the specimen was prepared, and V is
suction, F is the scale factor for the capillary tube relating
the volume of the specimen. Volumetric water contents corre-
volume to displacement of the air-water interface, and V is the
sponding to the gravimetric water contents can be determined
volume of the sample. When i = 1, θi-1 = θsat and xi-1 is the
using Eq 9.
initial reading for the air-water interface that was recorded after
initially establishing equilibrium, as described in 9.2.3. The 10.3.2 When suctions are measured on individual
gravimetric water content corresponding to each volumetric specimens, the gravimetric water content of each specimen is
water content can be computed as: measured using Method D2216 after testing in the hygrometer.
Volumetric water contents corresponding to these gravimetric
ρw
wi 5 θ (8) water contents can be determined using Eq 9.
ρd i
10.4 Saturation—If the soil water characteristic curve is to
10.2.2 Method C—If duplicate specimens are tested, the be reported in terms of saturation (S) rather than water content,
gravimetric water content of the two replicate specimens shall compute the degree of saturation corresponding to each volu-
be averaged for each suction, and the average shall be reported metric water content using:
as the gravimetric water content for the applied suction. The
volumetric water content corresponding to each gravimetric θ
S5 (14)
water content can be computed using: ρd
12
G sρ w
ρd
θ5 w (9)
ρw or to convert gravimetric water content to saturation, use:

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

19
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16
w sponding volumetric water content, and the difference between
S5 (15)
ρw 1 this volumetric water content and that computed using Eq 6 for
2
ρd Gs the final increment in suction.
11.3.8 The soil water characteristic curve; that is, a graph
11. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) showing volumetric water content, gravimetric water content,
11.1 Record as a minimum the following general informa- or saturation as a function of suction. Three examples of soil
tion (data): water characteristic curves are shown in Fig. 14. The soil water
11.1.1 Sample identifying information. characteristic curve in Fig. 14(a) was determined using Method
11.1.2 Name/initials of the person performing the test. A. Methods A, B, and D were combined to determine the soil
11.2 Record as a minimum the following test specimen data: water characteristic curve shown in Fig. 14(b). The soil water
11.2.1 A description of the soil, any special characteristics characteristic curve in Fig. 14(b) illustrates how Method D can
of the specimen, and the selection and/or processing procedure be used to define the dry end of the curve and Method A can be
(for example, removal of stones). For compacted materials, used to define the portion near saturation. The good match
provide descriptive information on the method of compaction, between the data from Methods B and D at the dry end
the compaction water content, and the compacted dry density. indicates that equilibrium was established at the higher suc-
11.2.2 Dimensions of test specimens. tions when Method B was used. An example of a soil water
characteristic curve determined solely with Method D is shown
11.3 Record as a minimum the following test data: in Fig. 14(c).
11.3.1 The method used to conduct the test (for example,
Method A, B, C, D, or E). For Methods B and C, state whether 12. Precision and Bias
a porous plate or porous membrane was used, the air entry 12.1 Precision—Test data on precision are not presented due
pressure of the porous plate or membrane. For Method D, state to the nature of the geological materials tested by this test
the brand and model of the hygrometer that was used. For method. Having ten or more laboratories participate in a
Method E, state the manufacturer and model number for the round-robin testing program is considered to be infeasible and
centrifuge and specimen support chamber. too costly. Also, producing multiple specimens that have
11.3.2 The type of water used to saturate and test the soil uniform physical properties is considered infeasible and too
specimens. costly. Any variation observed in the data is just as likely to be
11.3.3 The method of saturation (tray, saturation chamber, due to specimen variation as to operator or laboratory testing
or saturating apron in a pressure chamber). variation.
11.3.4 Time required to reach equilibrium at each pressure 12.1.1 Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties of
step. Soil and Rock is seeking data from the users of this test method
11.3.5 Approximate temperature of the soil during the test that might be used to make a limited statement on precision.
procedure (typically the air temperature of the laboratory) to
the nearest 1°C. 13. Keywords
11.3.6 A table reporting the gravimetric and volumetric 13.1 capillary pressure; chilled mirror hygrometer; gravi-
water content corresponding to each suction. metric water content; hanging column; matric potential; matric
11.3.7 For Methods A and B, report the gravimetric water suction; pressure membrane; pressure plate; soil; soil water
content of the specimen after the last increment in suction was characteristic curve; suction; total suction; volumetric water
applied, as measured using Method D2216. Report the corre- content; water activity

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

20
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

Soil water characteristic curves for (a) a clean medium sand obtained using Method A, (b) a sandy clay using a combination of Methods A, B, an D for low, moderate,
and high suctions, and (c) a sandy silt obtained using Method C. All suctions reported in m of water.

FIG. 14 Soil Water Characteristic Curves

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

21
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG
 D6836 − 16

Soil water characteristic curves for (a) a clean medium sand obtained using Method A, (b) a sandy clay using a combination of Methods A, B, an D for low, moderate,
and high suctions, and (c) a sandy silt obtained using Method C. All suctions reported in m of water.

FIG. 14 Soil Water Characteristic Curves (continued)

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 0RQ)HE87&

22
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
8QLYHUVLGDG'H&KLOHSXUVXDQWWR/LFHQVH$JUHHPHQW1RIXUWKHUUHSURGXFWLRQVDXWKRUL]HG