 SENTENCES because it contains a subject, The car; a

predicator, is; and a subject complement, old.

The term syntaxis, comes from the Greek word
for ‘arrangement’. Syntax is how words are TYPES OF CLAUSE
arranged to show relationships of meaning
Main Clause - A clause that typically contains a
within (and sometimes between) sentences.
subject, predicator (with a finite verb), and no
WHAT IS SENTENCE? markers of subordination. In Although we arrived
on time, the movie had already started, the second
A grammatically well-formed unit that has,
clause is a main clause that contains a subject
minimally, a predictor and usually a subject.
(the movie), a finite verb (had), and no marker of
SUBJECT - It is what (or whom) the sentence is subordination. Because the first clause contains a
about. marker of subordination (although), it is not a
main clause but a subordinate clause.
PREDICATE - It is what is being said about the
subject. Subordinating Clause - A clause that cannot
stand alone but must occur with a main clause.
Example: The boy walked the dog.
Often dependent clauses will be headed with a
The word boy is the subject and clause walked subordinating conjunction such as when or
the dog is the predicate: its dictating what the because.
boy is doing.
CLAUSE FUNCTIONS
KIND OF SENTENCES:
Subject - A clause function realized by a noun
1. DECLARATIVE - It is used to make a phrase or clause. First and third person
statement. It ends with a period. pronouns have subjective forms, but nouns do
Example: Our professor in Introduction to not. Subjects typically occur towards the start of
Linguistics is beautiful. a clause, except in yes/no questions, where they
switch positions with the operator; You are
2. INTERROGATIVE - It is serves to ask leaving - Are you leaving?
question. It ends with a question mark.
Predicator - A clause function, such as ran in
Example: Do you think our professor is The dog ran wild, that consists of a verb phrase.
beautiful?
Object - A clause function realized by a noun
3. EXCLAMATIVE - It is used to exclaim phrase or certain kinds of clauses. In Modern
surprise or delight. It ends with an exclamation English, pronouns have objective forms, but
mark. nouns do not. Instead, other criteria are needed
Example: Wow! She is really beautiful. to determine whether a noun phrase or clause is
functioning as object. In certain cases, objects can
4. IMPERATIVE - It is used issue a statement or be made subje ct of sentences in the passive
command. It ends with a period or exclamation voice: The man called the woman - The woman
mark. was called by the man. See also direct object and
Example: Don’t talk to your seatmates. indirect object.

SENTENCE PATTERN TYPES OF OBJECT

WHAT IS CLAUSE? Direct Object - A clause function realized by

noun phrases and certain kinds of clauses.
A syntactic unit that can be analyzed into clause
functions. For instance, The car is old is a clause
Direct objects generally occur after a transitive LINEAR STRUCTURE - How linguistic
verb. They can often be made the subject of a constructions are ordered relative to one another.
clause in the passive voice: The car hit the truck - For instance, in English adjectives come before
The truck was hit by the car. the head noun (e.g. the healthy child). In contrast,
in languages such as French or Spanish,
Indirect Object - A clause function that occurs
adjectives tend to come after the noun (e.g.
before a direct object. For instance, in The woman
French l’enfant en bonne santé ‘the child
loaned the man some money, the man is the indirect
healthy’). Compare with hierarchical structure.
object preceding the direct object some money.
One feature of many indirect objects is that they PHRASE - A group of words centered around
can be moved after the direct object and either a noun, verb, preposition, adjective, or
preceded by the prepositions to or for: The adverb. For instance, very quickly is an adverb
woman loaned some money to the man. phrase centered on the adverb quickly; in the
morning is a prepositional phrase centered on the
Complement - A clause function realized by a
preposition in. See also head.
noun phrase or adjective phrase following a
linking verb that names or describes the subject, TYPES OF PHRASES
as warm does in the sentence. The room is warm.
Noun Phrase - A phrase having a noun as its
Adverbial - A clause function realized by noun head: the ugly duckling, many small animals that
phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional were released into the wild.
phrases expressing notions such as time, place,
Verb Phrase - A phrase consisting of an
and logical connection. The key test for many
obligatory lexical verb and optional auxiliary
adverbials is that they can be moved around in a
verbs.
clause: Yesterday I was ill - I was ill yesterday.
TYPES OF VERB PHRASE
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPING
Lexical Verb - A verb that can occur alone or
CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE - A syntactic
after one or more auxiliaries in the verb phrase.
notion that certain groups of words form natural
In the verb phrase may have left, left is the lexical
groupings. For instance, the clause The class met
verb. Because lexical verbs are an open class,
in the lab can be traditionally divided on one
there are many different lexical verbs in English.
level into two main constituents: the subject, The
class, and the predicate, met in the lab. However, Auxiliary Verb - English has two types of
the prepositions in and the article form no auxiliary verbs that occur before the lexical verb:
natural grouping: in the. Therefore, these two primary auxiliaries (do, be, and have) and modal
words are not a constituent. auxiliaries (such as can, could, will, would).
Modal auxiliaries always occur before primary
HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE - The way
auxiliaries, as it could have helped.
linguistic constructions are grouped. The
construction British history teacher is ambiguous Adjective Phrase - A phrase such as very
because the constructions in this noun phrase delicious whose head is an adjective.
can be grouped in two ways. If British and history
Adverb Phrase - An adverb phrase (also called
are grouped, the phrase refers to ‘a teacher of
adverbial phrase) is a syntactic unit that consists
British history.’ If history and teacher are
of an adverb and all the words and word groups
grouped, the phrase refers to ‘a teacher of history
that cluster around the adverb and add to its
who is British.’
meaning.
Prepositional Phrase - A prepositional phrase is  Grammar Rules
a syntactic unit that consists of a preposition and
Subject-Verb Agreement | Pronoun-Antecedent
a word/word group that completes its meaning.
Agreement
HEAD - The part of a phrase that gives the
AGREEMENT — This happens when a word
phrase its name and upon which all other
changes form depending on the other word to
members of the phrase are dependent. The
which it relates.
construction the full-time workers who worked for
the company is a noun phrase because all Subject-Verb Agreement
constructions in the phrase – the, full, time, and
• Subject and the Verb must agree in Numbers. If
who worked ... – are dependent on the head
the subject is singular, then the verb must be
noun workers.
singular. If the subject is plural, then the verb
DETERMINERS - A word class containing must be plural.
words such as a, the, this, some, and every that
• If a third-person subject is singular and the
occupies the first position in a noun phrase: a
verb is in the present tense, the verb needs an -s
tiny ant, that tall building, some people.
ending.
LABELLED TREE DIAGRAM
Subject — It denotes the person performing the
act.

Verb — Refers to the activity or the action.

Example: The boy ate the cupcake.

subject verb

Example of singular:

Example of plural:

EXEMPTION IN PRONOUNS

I and YOU - Although the Pronouns I and You

are singular, they are always paired with plural
verbs.

Examples: I play video games.

You clean the table.

Compound Subjects connected by and uses a

plural form

Compound Subjects - two or more subject

Example: Bella and Anne walk together at the applies for plural antecedents. Additionally, a
park. feminine pronoun must be used if the antecedent
is feminine; this also applies to masculine or
Subjects with Neither/ nor, Either/or - the
gender-neutral antecedents.
subject closest to the verb is the one used as a
reference. • Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement is used to
avoid redundancy.
Example: Neither Dave nor his classmates are
going to school. Pronoun — replaces a noun.

Neither his classmates nor Dave is going to Antecedent — a noun that gives meaning to a
school. pronoun.

Phrases between the subject and the verb - Example: antecedent > Shery went shopping at
Identify the main subject and ignore the phrase. the Mall.

Example: Liza, as well as her family, is excited pronoun > She went shopping at the Mall.
about her project.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS — are singular,

therefore they must contain a singular verb.

Example: Everybody knows what the topic is all

about.

Nouns that end with the letter - s but not

considered as plural require a singular verb.

Example: Mathematics is my least favorite

subject.

Nouns that end with letter-s and always

considered as plural requires a plural verb.

Example: My jeans are missing from my drawer.

Adverb of Place - The subject of a sentence that

starts with adverb of place, such as; there, here,
over, and under, are found after the verb.

Example: Under the table are my pets. • Substitution can happen in the following
COLLECTIVE NOUN - Use singular verb if the sentence up until the whole paragraph.
Collective Noun is acting as one, plural if they Example: The teachers are going to a seminar.
act individually. They will be back in the afternoon.
Examples: A swarm of bees are flying in Plural subject
different directions.
• Antecedent is not always a noun. It can also be
A swarm of bees is attacking a man. a pronoun, mostly an indefinite pronoun.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Example: Someone in the room is crying.
• Pronoun and antecedent agree in terms of She/He must be sad.
gender and number. A singular pronoun is
needed if the antecedent is singular; the same
• Indefinite Pronouns such as something, How we classify words?
anything, or everything uses singular gender-
Since the early days of grammatical study, words
neutral pronouns.
have been grouped into classes, traditionally
Example: Everything happens for a reason. It labelled the parts of speech. In
can be good or bad.
most grammars, eight such classes were
• Indefinite Pronoun such as: Either, Neither, and recognized, illustrated here from English:
Every uses singular pronouns.
Nouns - cup, happiness, giant
Example: (Person)
Pronouns - she, them, who
Every students wants a grade he/she/they
Adjectives - splendid, three, soft
deserve.
Verbs - arrive, say, have
Either of the girls bought her bag from the
mall. Adverbs - fortunately, soon, often

Example: (Things or Animal) Prepositions - in, of, with

Each dog is taken care by its owner Conjunctions - and, as, if

Antecedent joined by Neither/nor, or Either or Interjections - ah, alas, wow

• The pronoun must agree to the nearest The idea of grouping words into classes is logical
antecedent. and necessary, and proves its worth when we are
teaching a language or using
Example: Either John or his classmates are
bringing their gift. a dictionary, where it is helpful to distinguish
different uses of words. It basically allows us to
Either his classmates or John will bring his gift.
better understand the meaning
• Antecedent joined by and is replaced by plural
and connections between words.
pronoun
Dictionaries, of course, tend to give the opposite
Example: Hannah and Julia have their own
impression. Indeed, if we do not know the
circle of friends.
meaning of a word, we say to

ourselves that we will 'look it up in a dictionary'.

 WORDS AND SENTENCE But it is easy to show that most everyday words,
by themselves, convey little
Words are usually the easiest units to identify, in
the written language. sense - or perhaps it should be that they convey
too much sense.
Most of the time we have no problem
recognizing words when we see or hear them, It is not possible to work out the sense of a word
and we use the notion of ‘word’ so often in (e.g. table, charge) by seeing the word alone. In
the case of a table, the word
everyday circumstances that it hardly seems to
be a technical term at all. But it does have to be could mean the item of furniture, or a graphic
used with caution at times, as an earlier chapter display in a book, or any of its other senses. The
has suggested. ambiguity can be resolved only by

putting the word into a sentence: I am sitting on

a table. There’s a misprint on the table. That is
why dictionaries need to provide several real, DENOTATIVE VS. CONNOTATIVE
clear, sentence-based examples.
A word is a sound or a combination of sounds
Monosemic Words – are word that has just a that refers to or means something. Words only
single use in a language, as is the case with many make sense to us if we understand what they
scientific or technical terms - otology, mean.
semiconductor, phycocyanin. These words are
Two ways of describing the meaning of a word
monosemic. Other examples: handkerchief,
are called denotation and connotation.
gaudy, crybaby.
Denotation is the basic, precise, literal meaning
Polysemic Words – are words that express
of the word that can be found in a dictionary.
several meanings. For example, the word charge
could have something to do with money, crime, Connotation, meanwhile, is the positive,
soldiering, electricity, or explosives. negative, or neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas, or
associations with a word.
The only way in which we can find out the true
meaning is by using the word concerning other An example to illustrate the difference between
words - typically, by putting it into a sentence, so connotation and denotation, let us compare the
that we can distinguish, for example, ‘The following meaning of the word ‘Dove’.
battery was charged with special chemicals, and
Denotation: Dove is a bird.
He was charged with homicide.’
In a sentence: The little girl saw a white dove
We need to analyze the relationships between
flying across the blue sky.
words so that we can distinguish these senses
clearly. Connotation: Dove represents purity,
cleanliness, and peace.
How do sentences work?
In a sentence: Our Professor in Linguistics is a
Traditionally, grammars define a sentence in
dove at heart.
such terms as ‘the complete expression of a
single thought’. Types of Connotation

Some grammars give a logical definition to the 1. Positive - when a word or symbol has a non-
sentence. The most common approach proposes literal association that we regard as good.
that a sentence has a subject (= the topic) and a Example: The word “youthful” refers to a person
predicate (= what is being said about the topic). who may not be young but has the exuberance of
This approach works quite well for some youth.
sentences, such as ‘The book is on the table’,
where we can argue that the book is what the Negative - when a word or symbol has a non-
sentence is talking about and is on the table literal association that we regard as bad. It
adding some further information. evokes a sad or negative psychological feeling.

It is the interaction between words and sentence Example: The word “childish” has a negative
structure that conveys our 'sense of sense'. connotation referring to a person who behaves
like a child.
Words by themselves do not actually 'make
sense'. Only when they are used within a Neutral - when a word or symbol has a non-
sentence do they 'make sense'. Sentences exist to literal association that we don’t regard as good
enable us to 'make sense' of words. That is why or bad.
sentence study is the foundation of grammar.
Example: The word “young” is neutral. It has no Example: Sorry I couldn't come by last night
associated emotion. It just means a young
CONVENTIONAL - Conventional language
person.
refers to the common vocabulary, idioms, and
More examples of Denotative vs. Connotative: phrases used in everyday speech, without jargon
or obscure word choices, and is the accepted
Word: Sick
mode of conversation.
Denotation: Sick means poor health
Example: Good morning, how may I assist you
In a sentence: I feel a bit sick today. today?

Connotation: Sick means impressive or exciting COLLOQUIAL - is the language of everyday

speech and informal writing. It includes
In a sentence: Is that your new car? That's so
idiomatic expressions, regionalisms, and
sick!
conversational markers that reflect the local
Word: Home culture and norms.
Denotation: Home is a place where you live. Example: "He's got a knack for sports" or "I'm
In a sentence: It's late. I'm going home. feeling under the weather today."

Connotation: Home is comfort, safety, and a SLANG - Slang is a highly informal and often
sense of belonging. nonstandard language register that is specific to
particular social groups or subcultures. Slang
In a sentence: My friends are my home. terms may be based on popular culture, youth
trends, or niche communities, and they often
carry connotations and meanings that are not
 Pragmatics and Language Register immediately apparent to those outside the
The pragmatic is a study of the use of natural group. Slang is used to create a sense of
language in communication. belonging and identity within a community and
is frequently updated to reflect new trends and
language register is the level of formality
developments.
according to the relationship to the audience and
the intended purpose of the speech. Example: "I'm totally stoked for the concert" or
"That movie was lit."
Five language register

1. FORMAL - This language is used in a formal

setting, one way in nature, interpersonal, and  FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE &
follows a prescriptive format, avoids slang, and IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION
uses technical or academic vocabulary. Figurative language - is a form of
Formal Registers used for: communication that uses words' literal meanings
for artistic or engaging purposes. It is often used
Business Presentation, Research Papers,
in comparisons and exaggerations to add
Announcement, Interview, Essays
creativity to written or spoken language or to
INFORMAL - It occurs between people who explain complex ideas. This technique is
know each other well and speak without trying common in narrative writing, where the author
to be proper. This register frequently employs aims to create emotional connections with the
acronyms, slang, colloquialisms, and reader.
contractions.
SIMILE - A simile compares two different Verbal irony- is when someone says one thing
things, using the words “like” or “as” to draw but means another.
attention to the comparison.
OXYMORON - is a term that features two words
Example: my dad is brave as a lion and that appear to contradict each other but make
sense of the situation overall. This rhetorical
strong as a gorilla
device is often used for humor or to make a
METAPHOR - is a figure of speech that's like a point.
simile because it compares two things but unlike
Example: When I entered the room, it was as if
metaphor, it is used to compare alike things
the silence was deafening.
without using "like" and "as".
IDIOM - is a phrase that bears no literal
Example: “The sun was a toddler insistently
meaning to the situation it is describing but it
refusing to go to bed: it was past eight-thirty and
implies the facts or story behind it.
still light.” —John Green, The Fault in Our Stars
Example: ‘There is a silver lining in every cloud.’
HYPERBOLE - is a figure of speech that
this does not mean that there are silver linings
exaggerates the meaning of a sentence, often
inside clouds, but it is referring to the fact that in
unrealistic, to add emphasis to a sentiment.
a bad situation, good can always be found.
Example: His stories were as old as time.
ONOMATOPOEIA - is a form of figurative
PERSONIFICATION – is a type of figurative language in which words that are used to
language. It is used to give an inanimate object describe a sound resemble the sound they are
or item a sense of being alive. The speaker would referring to. These words can create sensory
talk to the object as if it could understand and images and enhance the reader’s experience.
was intelligent.
Examples: The sizzles of the freshly fried spam
Example: The aroma of food was so good as if it made me hungry.
was calling me.
SYMBOLISM - is another form of figurative
IRONY - is a type of figurative language that language that is used to express an abstract idea
refers to the clash between expectations and using an item or words.
reality. Writers use this literary device as a
Example: A red rose can symbolize love, while a
powerful tool to draw readers in and keep them
black cat can symbolize bad luck or evil.
entertained.
Symbolism is often used to add depth and
Example: it’s ironic when a police station gets meaning to a story, poem, or other literary work.
robbed. Or when your manager calls you into his
PUNS - are a form of figurative language that
office, and you’re expecting a raise, but instead,
creates a play on words. They add an extra
you get fired.
meaning to a subject and are often seen as a form
3 PRIMARY TYPES OF IRONY of joke or to be humorous.

Situational irony- involves a situation where the Example: A horse is a very stable animal.
outcome is different than expected (sometimes
ALLITERATION - is a type of figurative speech
this is called “structural irony”).
in which the repetition of letters or sounds is
Dramatic irony- is when the audience is privy to used within one sentence.
information that the characters aren’t.
Example: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled head), and the suffix -s (to indicate that there is
peppers” and “She sells seashells by the more than one object).
seashore.”
Inflectional morphology - studies how words
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS - are groups of vary (or inflect) to express grammatical contrasts
words with an established meaning unrelated to in sentences.
the meanings of the individual words.
• singular/plural or past/present tense.
sometimes called an expression, an idiom can be
very colorful and take a ‘picture’ in our minds. Example: GIRL and GIRLS are two forms of the
‘same’ word the choice between them, is singular
Example: I find his excuses hard to swallow, he’s
vs. plural, and thus the business of inflectional
lying.
morphology.
hard to swallow- hard to believe.
Morphemes

 the smallest unit of meaning in a

 MORPHOLOGY language. It can be a word, like "dog," or a
part of a word, like the "-s" in "dogs".
History of Morphology
 commonly classified as either free
• it derives from the Greek word "Morph" which morphemes, which can occur as separate
means to shape or form and "Ology" the study of words, or bound morphemes, which can't
something. stand alone as words.
 Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme.
• In 1859, August Schleicher used the term
 A morpheme cannot be divided without
Morphology in Linguistics to represent the
changing its meaning.
study of the form of words.
Inflections
Meaning of Morphology
 a process of word formation in which
• is the field of linguistics that examines the
items are added to the base form of a
internal structure of words and processes of
word to express grammatical meanings.
word formation.
 the word "inflection" comes from the
• it examines the words or the "lexemes" - The Latin inflectere, meaning "to bend."
term we use for this more abstract notion of
Example: the inflection -s at the end of dogs
‘word’.
shows that the noun is plural. The inflection -ed
Derivational morphology - studies the is often used to indicate the past tense, changing
principles governing the construction of new walk to walked and listening to listened. In this
words, without reference to the specific way, inflections are used to show grammatical
grammatical role a word might play in a categories such as tense, person, and number.
sentence. They are most often prefixes or suffixes.
• creation of a new lexeme (it is the term we use Free Morphemes - can stand alone as a single
for this more abstract notion of ‘word’) word (as a meaningful unit) is called free
Example: morphemes. The free morphemes are roots that
are identical to words. A free morpheme is a set
- the lexeme HATS is in its plural form, but it of separate English word forms such as basic
came from the two parts which is the lexeme nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.
HAT (an object we use to cover or protect our
Examples: baker (a noun), So the grammatical category was
changed from verb to noun.
Sun (noun)
Inflectional Morphemes - is a suffix that is
Walk (Verb)
added to a word to assign a particular
Happy (adjective) grammatical property to that word.

Two categories of Free Morphemes Example: boy+s = boys. They do not change the
essential meaning or the grammatical category of
Lexical morphemes - Lexical morphemes are a
a word. Inflectional morphemes serve as
set of content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives,
grammatical markers that indicate tense,
and adverbs. They can be understood fully.
number, possession, or comparison.
Example: run, blue, slow, paper, small, throw,
Lexical morphemes - stand on its own without
and now
the aid of other morphemes to imply meaning.
Functional morphemes - are a set of functional
Examples: cat, door, think, draw, and ice
words like conjunctions, prepositions, articles,
pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, and What are grammatical morphemes?
quantifiers.
Grammatical morphemes are those bits of
Examples: and, near, when, on, because, but it, linguistic sound which mark the grammatical
in, that, the, and above. categories of language (Tense, Number, Gender,
Aspect), each of which has one or more functions
Functional morphemes perform as a
(Past, Present, Future are functions of Tense;
relationship between one lexical morpheme and
Singular and Plural are functions of Number)
another. It modifies the meaning, rather than
supplying the root meaning of the word. It Examples:
encodes grammatical meaning.
the morpheme cookie + the suffix s = cookies
Example: the players entered the ground. In this
the preposition and conjunctions (and, or, to)
sentence, ‘the’ is a functional morpheme, which
is specifying players and ground. Differences between lexical and grammatical
morphemes
Bound Morphemes - cannot stand alone and
occur with another root/stem are called Bound 1. Meaning: While lexical morphemes have
Morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called specific meanings on their own, grammatical
affixes (prefixes, suffixes, and infixes) morphemes provide information about the
structure and context of the words within a
Examples:
sentence.
Opened: (Open + ed) = root + suffix
2. Function: Lexical morphemes serve as the core
Reopen: (Re + open) = Prefix + root structure of the words we use, whereas
grammatical morphemes are used to modify
Men: (Man + plural) = root + infix (infix makes a
words and provide additional grammatical
change inside a root word)
information for the sentence.
Derivational Morphemes - change the
3. Types: Lexical morphemes are categorized
grammatical categories of words.
into nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Example: the word ‘bake’ (verb) is a root word Grammatical morphemes, on the other hand, are
(free morpheme) and when we add the bound divided into inflectional and derivational
morpheme ‘er’(a suffix) with stem: it becomes morphemes, as mentioned earlier.
  Word Formation Processes Suffixes - function as modifiers and follow the
root word.
Word Formation Processes
Example: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, are some of the
The process of creating words is known as word
most common suffixes
formation. The Word Formation Processes are
considered an important component of Root Words - gives it its primary meaning and
Morphology. can be related to other prefixes, and suffixes.

Compounding Example: aud means “to hear or listen” (audio,

audible, or auditorium)
The process in which we can join two or more
simple words. Words created through Decodable Words -Words that sound the way
compounding are called Compound words. they are spelled or can be sounded out because
they have letter-sound relationships already
Example: blackbird, windmill, coffee table
learned.
 There is no theoretical limit to the lengths
Sight Words - Words that are familiar even if
of compounds because the process of
they don’t sound out. They already know how to
forming compounds can feed itself ad
say it with just a glance. They are words that
infinitum: a compound noun is itself a
could easily be recognized instantly and
noun and can be subject to further
effortlessly, they can be decodable or non-
compounding. This property is called
decodable.
recursion, and we say that compounding
in English is recursive. Examples of the sight words kids learn in each
grade:
Affixation - The most used process of word
formation. In this process, prefixes and suffixes Kindergarten: be, but, do, have, he, she, they,
are used to form new words. was, what, with.

A. Prefixation - A prefix is an element that is First grade: after, again, could, from, had, her,
added before the base word. his, of, then, when.

Example: Preview - pre; is a prefix and view; is Second grade: around, because been, before,
the Base word. does, don’t, goes, right, which, write.

B. Suffixation - Suffix is an element which added

at the end of the base word.

Example: Wrongly - ly; is the suffix and; wrong;

is the Base word. A suffix

Conversion - involves the change of a word from

one word class to another.

Example: splendid catch, a dangerous run, a

fitful sleep.

Prefixes - function as modifiers and appear

before the root word.

Example: -pre, -re, -dis, -un, are some of the most

common prefixes