The design of wastewater and sludge treatment plants under deviating wastewater and climatic conditions in

other countries requires an amendment of existing design rules compliant to the DWA Set of Rules, which have
en.dwa.de
been primarily developed for Central European conditions. This concerns, for example, the consideration of
high or low wastewater temperatures, increased salt content or special discharge requirements. Clear Concepts. Clean Environment.

Within the framework of the „EXPOVAL“ research project funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and
Research (BMBF), internationally applicable design approaches have been developed. The results have been
prepared for this volume in the form of internationally applicable design approaches and supplement the DWA
Set of Rules accordingly.

The new and extended design approaches include activated sludge plants, trickling filter systems and waste-
water ponds, UASB-reactors, plants for anaerobic sludge stabilisation and solar sewage sludge drying, ae-

DWA Topics
ration systems and the elimination of helminth eggs. Practical calculation examples are presented for all
processes.

In addition to the extension and adaptation especially to different temperature conditions, the design appro-
aches in this volume were uniformly converted to the internationally widespread monitoring practice by
means of daily average values and to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) for the cleaning objective of carbon

Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and

degradation.

cold climates

October 2016 · T4/2016, corrected version May 2019

Bemessung von Kläranlagen in warmen und kalten Klimazonen

Oktober 2016 · T4/2016, korrigierte Fassung Mai 2019

Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

ISBN: 978-3-88721-615-3 (Print)

978-3-88721-616 -0 (E-Book)
DWA-Topics T4/2016

German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (DWA)

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 · 53773 Hennef · Germany
Telefon: +49 2242 872-333 · Fax: +49 2242 872-100
[email protected] · en.dwa.de
en.dwa.de

Clear Concepts. Clean Environment.

DWA-Topics
Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot
and cold climates

October 2016 · T4/2016, corrected version May 2019

Bemessung von Kläranlagen in warmen und kalten Klimazonen

Oktober 2016 · T4/2016, korrigierte Fassung Mai 2019
Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

The German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (DWA) is deeply committed to the develop-
ment of reliable and sustainable water management systems. As a politically and economically inde-
pendent organization of technical experts, it operates in the areas of water management, wastewater,
waste and soil protection.

Here, the DWA is the association with the largest number of members in Europe. Due to its profes-
sional expertise, it plays an exceptional role with regard to standardization and the provision of training
and information for specialists, as well as the general public. Its approximately 14,000 members are
specialists and executive managers working for municipalities, universities, engineering offices, au-
thorities and companies.

Imprint
Published and sold by: Corrected version:
DWA Deutsche Vereinigung für May 2019
Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e. V. Translation:
Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 Friederike Boone, Gelsenkirchen
53773 Hennef, Germany
Phone: +49 2242 872-333
Typesetting:
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German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste

All rights reserved, in particular those of translations into other languages. No part of this publication may be
reproducedin any form – by photocopy, digitization or any other process – or transferred into a language usable
by systems, particularly data processing systems, without the written consent of the publisher.

2 DWA Topics October 2016

 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Foreword
The design of wastewater treatment plants under deviating wastewater and climatic conditions in
other countries requires an amendment of existing design rules compliant to the DWA set of rules
which have been primarily developed for Central European conditions. To close this gap, the German
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) sponsored the research project "Technology
transfer-oriented research and development in the wastewater sector - validation at industrial-scale
plants" (EXPOVAL) for the development of internationally applicable design approaches. Target regions
are hot and cold climatic zones, frequently comprising developing, emerging and transition economies.

For this DWA Topic, the results of this research project were compiled by the DWA work group BIZ-
11.3 "Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climatic zones" as design approaches
analogous to the applicable DWA set of rules. Additionally, practicable model calculations were com-
piled for all processes (Appendix B).

Apart from the extension and adaptation of the design specifications to the special conditions in an
international context, in this Topic the design algorithms for the treatment target of carbon reduction
were all converted to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) which, among others, allows the balancing
of sludge formation.

The DWA work group thanks the BMBF for the financial support without which the preparation of this
Topic and the preceding investigations would not have been possible.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Holger Scheer Essen, September 2016

Spokesman of the DWA work group BIZ-11.3
"Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot
and cold climatic zones"

October 2016 DWA Topics 3

Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Authors
This DWA Topic was prepared by the DWA work group BIZ-11.3 "Design of wastewater treatment
plants in hot and cold climatic zones" within the sub-committee "International cooperation".

Following members and guests of working group BIZ-11.3 have collaborated in preparing the German
version of this Topic:

BAUERFELD, Katrin Dr.-Ing., Braunschweig

BEIER, Maike Dr.-Ing., Hannover
CORNEL, Peter Prof. Dr.-Ing., Darmstadt (Deputy spokesman of work group)
DELLBRÜGGE, Rosa Dipl.-Ing., Braunschweig
DICHTL, Norbert Prof. Dr.-Ing., Braunschweig
FUHRMANN, Tim Dr.-Ing., Essen (Editorship of the Topic)
FUCHS, Heiner Dipl.-Ing. (FH), Mayen
FUCHS, Leonhard Dipl.-Ing., Mayen
GRIEB, Alexander Dipl.-Ing., Frankfurt (Project advisory committee)
GÜNTHERT, Wolfgang Prof. Dr.-Ing., Neubiberg (Project advisory committee)
JEKEL, Martin Prof. Dr.-Ing., Berlin (Project advisory committee)
HARTWIG, Peter Prof. Dr.-Ing., Hannover
HENRICH, Christian-D. Dr. Dipl.-Ing. (FH), Hürth
HERZER, Daniel Dipl.-Ing., Bochum
KARL, Volker Dipl.-Ing., Bad Nauheim
KLINGSPOR, Gunnar Dipl.-Ing., Hamburg
KNEIDL, Stefan M. Sc., Darmstadt
LÜBKEN, Manfred Dr.-Ing., Bochum
MARGGRAFF, Martin Dipl.-Wi.-Ing., Hürth
MIESKE, Robert M. Eng., Braunschweig
NEIS, Uwe Prof. Dr.-Ing., Hamburg
NELTING, Klaus M. Sc., Hannover
OLES, Jürgen Dr.-Ing., Gladbeck
ORTH, Hermann Prof. Dr.-Ing., Bochum (Project advisory committee)
PARIS, Stefania Dr.-Ing., Berching
ROSENWINKEL, Karl-Heinz Prof. Dr.-Ing., Hannover
RUDOLPH, Karl-Ulrich Prof. Dr. mult., Witten
SANDER, Stephan M. Sc., Darmstadt
SCHEER, Holger Prof. Dr.-Ing., Essen (Spokesman of work group)
SEEGER, Michael M. Sc., Stuttgart
STEINMETZ, Heidrun Prof. Dr.-Ing., Stuttgart
WAGNER, Martin Prof. Dr.-Ing., Darmstadt
WEIL, Sebastian M. Sc., Witten
WICHERN, Marc Prof. Dr.-Ing., Bochum
WULF, Peter Dipl.-Ing., Essen

Project Manager in the DWA Federal Office:

KNITSCHKY, Roland Dipl.-Geol., Hennef
Department Education and International Collaboration

4 DWA Topics October 2016

 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Principle authors of the single sections in this Topic

The following principle authors are responsible for the listed sections of the German version of this
Topic:

1 Scope SCHEER, Holger; FUHRMANN, Tim; WULF, Peter

2 Symbols and abbreviations FUHRMANN, Tim
3 Input quantities and SCHEER, Holger; FUHRMANN, Tim; WULF, Peter
treatment requirements
4 Cross-process GRIEB, Alexander; KARL, Volker
aspects
5 Mechanical pre-treatment DELLBRÜGGE, Rosa; MIESKE, Robert; DICHTL, Norbert
5.4 Primary sedimentation WULF, Peter
5.5 Exhaust air treatment PUSCHMANN, Marco
5.6 Lamella separators MARGGRAFF, Martin; HENRICH, Christian-D.
6 Aeration plant WICHERN, Marc; LÜBKEN, Manfred; HERZER, Daniel;
WULF, Peter; SCHEER, Holger
7 Aeration systems SANDER, Stephan; WAGNER, Martin
8 Trickling filter systems HENRICH, Christian-D.; SEEGER, Michael
9 Anaerobic systems NELTING, Klaus; ROSENWINKEL, Karl-Heinz
10 Wastewater ponds WEIL, Sebastian; FUCHS, Heiner; FUCHS, Leonhard;
RUDOLPH, Karl-Ulrich
11 Anaerobic sludge stabilisation MIESKE, Robert; BAUERFELD, Katrin; DICHTL, Norbert
systems
12 Solar sewage sludge drying DELLBRÜGGE, Rosa; BAUERFELD, Katrin; DICHTL, Norbert
systems
13 Elimination helminths eggs and dis- KNEIDL, Stefan; CORNEL, Peter
infection
14 Information on general operational GRIEB, Alexander; KARL, Volker
conditions relating to the
plant design
14.5 Impact of different RUDOLPH, Karl-Ulrich
organisation models
A Examples for influent data and SCHEER, Holger; FUHRMANN, Tim; WULF, Peter
effluent requirements
B / Model calculations / see above mentioned authors of Chapter 5.4 to 12

October 2016 DWA Topics 5

Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Preparation of this DWA Topic within the EXPOVAL joint project

The primary contents of the German version of this Topic have been compiled in a joint research pro-
ject entitled "Technology transfer-oriented research and development in the wastewater sector - val-
idation at industrial-scale plants" (EXPOVAL). The German Federal Ministry of Education and
Research (BMBF) sponsored that joint project with a grant under the reference codes 02WA1252A to
02WA1252S. The responsibitity for the content of this Topic is with the above-mentioned authors.

Emscher Wassertechnik GmbH was in charge of the overall coordination and the scientific-technical
support of the EXPOVAL joint project:

SCHEER, Holger Prof. Dr.-Ing., Essen

FUHRMANN, Tim Dr.-Ing., Essen
WULF, Peter Dipl.-Ing., Essen

The overall coordination was supported by research sub-coordinators at the Technical University
Darmstadt and the Leibniz University Hannover:

BEIER, Maike Dr.-Ing., Hannover

CORNEL, Peter Prof. Dr.-Ing., Darmstadt
ROSENWINKEL, Karl-Heinz Prof. Dr.-Ing., Hannover
WAGNER, Martin Prof. Dr.-Ing., Darmstadt

English Translation of this DWA Topic

The translation of DWA Topic T4/2016 into English language has been carried out by order of DWA. The
responsibility for the translation is with the DWA.

6 DWA Topics October 2016

 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 3

Authors .................................................................................................................................... 4

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 13

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 16

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 20
1.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 20
1.2 Scope of applicability .................................................................................................. 20
1.3 Further applicable DWA set of rules .......................................................................... 20

2 Symbols and abbreviations ....................................................................................... 21

2.1 Formula symbols and other symbols ......................................................................... 21
2.2 Other abbreviations .................................................................................................... 25

3 Input quantities and treatment requirements ......................................................... 26

3.1 Assessment and verification of design values ........................................................... 26
3.1.1 Limited availability and quality of input data .............................................................. 26
3.1.2 Typical inflow data ...................................................................................................... 27
3.1.3 Fractionation of solids and chemical oxygen demand in the inflow .......................... 29
3.1.4 Salt concentration....................................................................................................... 30
3.1.5 Daily hydrographs of influent parameters ................................................................. 30
3.2 Requirements on the effluent..................................................................................... 31
3.2.1 Treatment targets ....................................................................................................... 31
3.2.2 Monitoring methods.................................................................................................... 32

4 Cross-cutting aspects ................................................................................................ 34

4.1 Preliminary remarks .................................................................................................. 34
4.2 Special conditions onsite ............................................................................................ 35
4.3 Special wastewater contents and treatment requirements ...................................... 38
4.4 Applicable processes .................................................................................................. 39
4.5 Step-by-step extension for capacity increase ............................................................ 40

5 Physical/mechanical pre-treatment ......................................................................... 41

5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 41
5.2 Screen ......................................................................................................................... 41
5.2.1 Notes on design .......................................................................................................... 41
5.2.2 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 41
5.3 Grit chamber and grease trap .................................................................................... 42
5.3.1 Notes on design .......................................................................................................... 42
5.3.2 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 44
5.4 Primary sedimentation ............................................................................................... 45
5.4.1 Preliminary remarks .................................................................................................. 45
5.4.2 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 45
5.4.3 Notes on design .......................................................................................................... 45
5.4.4 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 47

October 2016 DWA Topics 7

Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

5.5 Exhaust air treatment ................................................................................................. 48

5.6 Lamella separators .................................................................................................... 49

6 Activated sludge plants ............................................................................................. 50

6.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 50
6.2 Extension in contrast to the usual design in Germany............................................... 50
6.3 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 51
6.4 Design ......................................................................................................................... 55
6.4.1 Design process ........................................................................................................... 55
6.4.2 Selecting a process..................................................................................................... 57
6.4.3 Fractionation of the chemical oxygen demand .......................................................... 57
6.4.4 Calculating the sludge age ......................................................................................... 57
6.4.4.1 Plants with carbon elimination (without targeted nitrification) ................................. 57
6.4.4.2 Facilities with nitrification .......................................................................................... 59
6.4.4.3 Facilities with nitrification and denitrification ............................................................ 62
6.4.4.4 Facilities with simultaneous aerobic sludge stabilisation ......................................... 62
6.4.5 Calculation of sludge production (surplus sludge production) .................................. 63
6.4.6 Oxygen uptake for carbon reduction .......................................................................... 64
6.4.7 Comparison of oxygen uptake and actual oxygen supply .......................................... 64
6.4.8 Phosphorus incorporation and hydrolysis.................................................................. 65
6.4.9 Design of secondary sedimentation ........................................................................... 66
6.4.10 Oxygen uptake for nitrification ................................................................................... 66
6.5 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 66
6.6 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 67

7 Aeration systems ....................................................................................................... 69

7.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 69
7.2 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 70
7.3 Design ......................................................................................................................... 72
7.3.1 Preliminary remarks .................................................................................................. 72
7.3.2 Design process for pressure aeration systems ......................................................... 72
7.3.3 Design process for surface aeration systems ............................................................ 75
7.4 Extension in contrast to the usual design in Germany............................................... 76
7.4.1 Design load case activated sludge systems
(Pressure and surface aeration systems) .................................................................. 76
7.4.2 Impact factors fC and fN for higher and lower rated sludge ages
(pressure and surface aeration systems) .................................................................. 76
7.4.3 Salt correction terms (Pressure aeration systems)................................................... 77
7.4.4 Assumption of α values (Pressure aeration systems) ............................................... 78
7.4.5 Salt correction terms (Surface aeration systems) ..................................................... 79
7.4.6 Assumption of α values (Surface aeration systems) .................................................. 79
7.5 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 80
7.6 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 81

8 DWA Topics October 2016

 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

8 Trickling filter systems ............................................................................................. 82

8.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 82
8.2 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 82
8.3 Design ......................................................................................................................... 86
8.3.1 Fundamentals of trickling filterdesign ....................................................................... 86
8.3.2 Design process, methodology .................................................................................... 88
8.3.3 Design input data ........................................................................................................ 89
8.3.4 Cleaning target carbon oxidation ............................................................................... 89
8.3.5 Cleaning target nitrification ........................................................................................ 90
8.3.6 Cleaning target carbon oxidation combined with nitrification ................................... 91
8.3.7 Safety concept ............................................................................................................. 92
8.3.8 Water distribution, hydraulics and flushing power .................................................... 92
8.3.9 Excess sludge ............................................................................................................. 95
8.3.10 Tolerance to increased salt contents ......................................................................... 96
8.3.11 Acidity .......................................................................................................................... 96
8.3.12 Simultaneous denitrification ...................................................................................... 96
8.3.13 Output values of dimensioning ................................................................................... 97
8.4 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 98
8.4.1 Pre-treatment ............................................................................................................. 98
8.4.2 Post-treatment ........................................................................................................... 99
8.4.3 Configuration options ................................................................................................. 99
8.4.4 Filter media................................................................................................................. 101
8.4.5 Supporting grid, space below filter media and base .................................................. 103
8.4.6 Air supply .................................................................................................................... 103
8.4.7 Flushing of trickling filters ......................................................................................... 104
8.4.8 Causes of malfunctions and approaches ................................................................... 105
8.5 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 106

9 Anaerobic systems ..................................................................................................... 107

9.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 107
9.1.1 Anaerobic treatment methods for municipal wastewater ......................................... 107
9.1.2 Use of municipal UASB reactors ................................................................................ 107
9.1.3 Design of municipal UASB reactors ........................................................................... 108
9.1.4 Differentiation between municipal and industrial UASB reactors ............................. 109
9.1.5 Greenhouse gas emissions and potential for energy recovery .................................. 112
9.1.5.1 Emission sources........................................................................................................ 112
9.1.5.2 Dissolved methane in the effluent of the UASB reactor ............................................ 114
9.1.5.3 Energy recovery potential ........................................................................................... 114
9.2 Extension of the usual design approaches ................................................................. 116
9.3 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 117
9.4 Design ......................................................................................................................... 121
9.4.1 Design process ........................................................................................................... 121
9.4.2 Geometry (step 1) ........................................................................................................ 122
9.4.2.1 Reactor geometry and size (step 1.1) ......................................................................... 122
9.4.2.2 Verification of hydraulic load (step 1.2) ...................................................................... 123
9.4.2.3 Sludge mass (step 1.3)................................................................................................ 124

October 2016 DWA Topics 9

Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

9.4.3 COD elimination (step 2) ............................................................................................. 125

9.4.3.1 Elimination of dissolved COD (step 2.1) ...................................................................... 125
9.4.3.2 Degradation of the particulate COD (step 2.2)............................................................ 126
9.4.3.3 Flush out of particulate COD (step 2.3) ...................................................................... 126
9.4.4 Solids balance (step 3) ................................................................................................ 127
9.4.4.1 Flush out of solids (step 3.1) ....................................................................................... 127
9.4.4.2 Hydrolysis of organic solids (step 3.2) ........................................................................ 128
9.4.4.3 Accumulation of solids (step 3.3)................................................................................ 128
9.4.4.4 Excess sludge removal (step 3.4) ............................................................................... 129
9.4.4.5 Sludge age (step 3.5) .................................................................................................. 130
9.4.5 Methane production (step 4) ....................................................................................... 130
9.4.5.1 Dissolved methane volume in the effluent of the UASB reactor (step 4.1) ............... 131
9.4.5.2 Recoverable methane in the three-phase separator (step 4.2) ................................. 132
9.5 Post-treatment steps ................................................................................................. 132
9.5.1 Elimination of carbon and solids ................................................................................ 132
9.5.2 Nutrients elimination .................................................................................................. 133
9.5.3 Disinfection ................................................................................................................. 133
9.5.4 Recovery of dissolved methane .................................................................................. 133
9.6 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 134
9.6.1 Pre-treatment ............................................................................................................. 134
9.6.2 Influent distribution .................................................................................................... 134
9.6.3 Reactor shape and height ........................................................................................... 136
9.6.4 Phase separation (3PS)............................................................................................... 136
9.6.5 Peripheral gas system ................................................................................................ 138
9.6.6 Sludge management................................................................................................... 138
9.6.7 Commissioning ........................................................................................................... 139
9.7 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 139

10 Wastewater ponds ..................................................................................................... 141

10.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 141
10.1.1 Application .................................................................................................................. 141
10.1.2 Types of wastewater ponds ........................................................................................ 141
10.2 Extension in contrast to the usual design in Germany............................................... 142
10.3 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 142
10.4 Design ......................................................................................................................... 143
10.4.1 Basic notes on design ................................................................................................. 143
10.4.2 Design temperature .................................................................................................... 144
10.4.3 Anaerobic ponds ......................................................................................................... 144
10.4.3.1 Preliminary remarks .................................................................................................. 144
10.4.3.2 Design process ........................................................................................................... 145
10.4.3.3 Design steps ............................................................................................................... 145
10.4.4 Facultative ponds ........................................................................................................ 147
10.4.4.1 Preliminary remarks .................................................................................................. 147
10.4.4.2 Design process ........................................................................................................... 147
10.4.4.3 Design steps ............................................................................................................... 148
10.4.5 Aerated ponds ............................................................................................................. 151

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 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

10.4.5.1 Design process ........................................................................................................... 151

10.4.5.2 Step-by-step temperature-dependent design ........................................................... 151
10.4.5.3 Oxygen uptake, oxygen requirements and aeration systems .................................... 153
10.4.6 Maturation ponds ........................................................................................................ 156
10.5 Notes on nitrogen elimination .................................................................................... 156
10.5.1 Nitrogen elimination in wastewater ponds ................................................................ 156
10.5.2 Estimation of the N effluent concentrations .............................................................. 157
10.5.3 Separate nitrogen elimination .................................................................................... 158
10.6 Notes on wastewater disinfection .............................................................................. 158
10.7 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 158
10.7.1 Basic principles for the planning of wastewater ponds ............................................. 158
10.7.2 Influence of particularly low temperatures ............................................................... 159
10.7.3 Hydraulic design ......................................................................................................... 160
10.7.4 Post-treatment with rock-filter dams ........................................................................ 161
10.7.5 Operation of wastewater ponds .................................................................................. 162
10.7.5.1 Desludging of ponds ................................................................................................... 162
10.7.5.2 Further operational aspects ....................................................................................... 162
10.7.6 Evaporation at particularly high temperatures .......................................................... 163
10.8 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 163
10.9 Notes on symbiotic algae bacteria ponds as a further development of
conventional pond systems ........................................................................................ 164
10.9.1 Process design............................................................................................................ 164
10.9.2 Practical recommendations for the design and operation of the SAB process ........ 166

11 Anaerobic sludge stabilisation systems ................................................................... 167

11.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 167
11.2 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 169
11.3 Upgrading of German Standard Design Parameters ................................................. 171
11.3.1 Design rules for anaerobic sludge stabilisation ........................................................ 171
11.3.2 Anaerobic sludge stabilisation at low and high temperatures .................................. 171
11.3.3 Adjusted digestion temperatures ............................................................................... 172
11.3.4 Digesters without thermal insulation ......................................................................... 172
11.4 Design ......................................................................................................................... 173
11.4.1 Process-specific input variables and application areas ............................................ 173
11.4.2 Design process ........................................................................................................... 179
11.4.3 The main design steps ................................................................................................ 181
11.4.4 Digesters without thermal insulation and unheated digesters ................................. 184
11.5 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 185
11.6 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 188
11.7 Sludge dewatering ...................................................................................................... 191

12 Solar sewage sludge drying systems ....................................................................... 192

12.1 Introduction and scope of application ........................................................................ 192
12.2 Upgrading of German standard design parameters .................................................. 194
12.3 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 194
12.4 Design ......................................................................................................................... 196
12.4.1 Explanation of the design approach ........................................................................... 196

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Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

12.4.2 Design process ........................................................................................................... 196

12.4.3 Explanation of the input parameters .......................................................................... 197
12.4.4 Determination of the potential evaporation (Ep,SD) ...................................................... 200
12.4.5 Calculation of the target evaporation (Etarget) .............................................................. 201
12.4.6 Calculation of the drying area (Adry) ............................................................................ 201
12.4.7 Examination of space requirement ............................................................................ 202
12.4.8 Determination of solids loading rate (SLR) ................................................................ 202
12.4.9 Determination of the air exchange rate (n) ................................................................ 203
12.5 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 205
12.6 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 206
12.7 Utilisation and disposal of dried sludge ..................................................................... 207
12.7.1 Contents of the dried sewage sludge ......................................................................... 207
12.7.2 Utilisation of dried sludge........................................................................................... 208
12.7.2.1 Current disposal methods .......................................................................................... 208
12.7.2.2 Agricultural utilisation ................................................................................................ 209

13 Elimination of helminths eggs and disinfection ....................................................... 211

13.1 Introduction and limitations ....................................................................................... 211
13.1.1 Preliminary remarks .................................................................................................. 211
13.1.2 Process-specific symbols ........................................................................................... 211
13.1.3 Prevalence of helminths and factors influencing their occurrence .......................... 211
13.1.4 Helminth eggs in the wastewater treatment process................................................ 217
13.2 Process for disinfecting wastewater for reuse .......................................................... 221
13.3 Dimensioning of micro-screening plants for the elimination of helminth eggs....... 224
13.3.1 Recommendations for the analysis of helminth eggs ................................................ 224
13.3.2 Recommendations for the design of micro-screening plants ................................... 228
13.3.3 Planning and operational aspects .............................................................................. 229
13.3.4 Determinants of cost .................................................................................................. 230

14 Information on general operational conditions relating to the plant design.......... 231

14.1 Design-relevant aspects of plant operation ............................................................... 231
14.2 Qualification of the operating staff ............................................................................. 231
14.3 Operating instructions and commissioning ............................................................... 232
14.4 Operating supplies and spare parts ........................................................................... 232
14.5 Impact of different organisation models .................................................................... 232

Appendix A Examples for influent data and effluent requirements ......................................... 236
A.1 Example of influent data in an international context ................................................. 236
A.2 Examples of effluent requirements in an international context ................................ 237
A.3 Cleaning targets and monitoring methods in Germany ............................................. 239
A.4 Cleaning targets and monitoring methods in the European Union ........................... 239

Appendix B Model calculations ................................................................................................... 241

B.1 Input parameters and treatment requirements for the model calculations ............ 241
B.2 Model calculation for a primary sedimentation ......................................................... 244
B.2.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 244
B.2.2 Dimensioning the primary sedimentation .................................................................. 244

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 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

B.3 Model calculation for an activated sludge plant ........................................................ 245

B.3.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 245
B.3.2 Design rules ................................................................................................................ 246
B.3.3 Calculation of the sludge mass .................................................................................. 247
B.3.4 Dimensioning of the aeration system ......................................................................... 251
B.3.5 Dimensioning of aeration systems ............................................................................. 251
B.4 Model calculation for a trickling filter system ........................................................... 257
B.4.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 257
B.4.2 Start of the iteration and first iteration steps (without recirculation) ....................... 258
B.4.3 Dimensioning of the secondary sedimentation .......................................................... 260
B.4.4 Validation of results .................................................................................................... 261
B.4.5 Correction of the hydraulic parameters ..................................................................... 261
B.4.6 Continuation of the iteration (with recirculation) ....................................................... 262
B.4.7 Influence of salinity and safety concept ..................................................................... 264
B.4.8 Revalidation of results ................................................................................................ 264
B.4.9 Calculation of the output parameters and illustration of the trickling
filter dimensions ......................................................................................................... 265
B.5 Model calculation for a UASB reactor ........................................................................ 267
B.5.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 267
B.5.2 Step-by-step design.................................................................................................... 269
B.6 Model calculation for a wastewater pond system ...................................................... 273
B.6.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 273
B.6.2 Dimensioning of anaerobic ponds .............................................................................. 273
B.6.3 Dimensioning the facultative ponds ........................................................................... 274
B.7 Model computation for a process combination of anaerobic ponds and
trickling filters ............................................................................................................ 275
B.7.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 276
B.7.2 Dimensioning of anaerobic ponds .............................................................................. 276
B.7.3 Dimensioning of trickling filters ................................................................................. 277
B.8 Model calculation for anaerobic sewage sludge treatment....................................... 280
B.8.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 280
B.8.2 Step-by-step design.................................................................................................... 281
B.9 Model calculation for solar sewage sludge drying..................................................... 284
B.9.1 Compilation of the required input parameters .......................................................... 284
B.9.2 Design ......................................................................................................................... 285

Literature .................................................................................................................................... 287

List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Exemplary daily hydrographs of the wastewater inflow and selected inflow
concentrations for a wastewater treatment plant with 100,000 I........................ 31
Figure 3.2: Comparison of the assessment when monitoring by means of grab samples
and average daily values using an example of the COD day's course in the
effluent of a wastewater treatment plant ............................................................. 33
Figure 5.1: Settling velocity distribution vS of quartz sand .................................................... 44

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Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Figure 5.2: Hydrolysis rate in anaerobic hydrolysis as a function of the waste

water temperature ............................................................................................... 47
Figure 6.1: Design process for an activated sludge plant ..................................................... 56
Figure 6.2: Maximum net growth rates of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter ........................... 58
Figure 6.3: Critical point at 30°C for the ammonium and nitrite oxidising biomass,
Nitrobacter; Horizontal lines indicate the distance to the critical
point from the flushing-out point ......................................................................... 59
Figure 6.4: Stabilisation period as a function of temperature ............................................... 63
Figure 7.1: Design process for pressure aeration systems................................................... 73
Figure 7.2: Design process for surface aeration systems ..................................................... 75
Figure 8.1: Dividing the height of the trickling filter into segments of the same
height according to a layer model ....................................................................... 86
Figure 8.2: Distribution of the processes along the trickling body height............................. 87
Figure 8.3: Design process for trickling filters ...................................................................... 88
Figure 8.4: Single-stage trickling filter system for carbon degradation (example) .............. 99
Picture 8.5: Single-stage trickling filter system for carbon degradation and/or
nitrification (example) ......................................................................................... 100
Picture 8.6: Multi-stage trickling filter system for carbon degradation and/or
nitrification (example) .......................................................................................... 100
Figure 8.7: Multi-stage trickling filter system for further nitrogen degradation (Example).... 100
Figure 9.1: Design of a UASB reactor..................................................................................... 108
Figure 9.2: Illustration of open and covered UASB systems ................................................. 113
Figure 9.3: Potential loss of dissolved methane in the settling zone of a UASB
reactor as a function of the COD influent concentration, temperature and
methane concentration in the biogas ................................................................. 114
Figure 9.4: Design sequence for municipal UASB-reactors .................................................. 121
Figure 9.5: Functionality zones in a municipal UASB reactor ............................................... 122
Figure 9.6: Assemblies of UASB reactors .............................................................................. 140
Figure 10.1: Design process for anaerobic ponds ................................................................... 145
Figure 10.2: Guideline values for the COD reduction on a percentage basis as a
function of the wastewater temperature ............................................................. 146
Figure 10.3: Design process for facultative ponds................................................................... 148
Figure 10.4: Permissible COD surface loading rate in facultative ponds depending
on the water temperature and the solar radiation .............................................. 149
Figure 10.5: Design process for aerated wastewater ponds ................................................... 151
Figure 10.6: Permissible COD volumetric loading rate for aerated ponds
(for different k1 and k2) ......................................................................................... 152
Figure 10.7: Estimation of the COD degree of degradation for aerated ponds
(one-stage, k2 = 1.0) .............................................................................................. 153
Figure 10.8: Natural nitrogen elimination in ponds ................................................................. 157
Figure 10.9: Alignment of the pond with respect to the prevailing wind direction .................. 159
Figure 10.10: Structural elements of a pond dike ..................................................................... 159
Figure 10.11: Example of the installation of a horizontal filter dam ......................................... 161
Figure 10.12: Determinants of cost of wastewater ponds; Facultative ponds for plants
up to 30,000 inhabitants ....................................................................................... 163
Figure 10.13: Specific investment costs per inhabitant ............................................................. 164
Figure 10.14: Symbiotic interactions between algae and bacterial biomass ............................ 165
Figure 10.15: Schematic representation of the operation of the SAB process ......................... 165

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 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Figure 11.1: Basic treatment steps of anaerobic sludge stabilisation .................................... 167
Figure 11.2: Scheme of an egg-shaped digester ..................................................................... 168
Figure 11.3: Part of a world map with potential locations for digesters
without thermal insulation ................................................................................... 173
Figure 11.4: Range with sufficient stabilisation result in relation to the digestion
time and the digestion temperature ................................................................... 179
Figure11.5: Procedure for the dimensioning of a digestion stage.......................................... 180
Figure 11.6: Approximate shares of the investment costs of a wastewater treatment
plant for 100,000 I, with details on sludge treatment .......................................... 189
Figure 11.7: Power consumption of a wastewater treatment plant (100,000 I) with
a focus on sludge treatment ................................................................................ 190
Figure 12.1: Scheme of solar sewage sludge drying plant ..................................................... 193
Figure 12.2: Photo of a solar sewage sludge drying plant (ISWW) .......................................... 193
Figure 12.3: Design process for the solar sludge drying plant................................................ 197
Figure 12.4: Comparison of the calculated potential evaporation and the actual
measured evaporation ......................................................................................... 200
Figure 12.5: Dependence of the temperature on the irradiation ............................................. 201
Figure 12.6: Dependence of the relative humidity inside on the air exchange rate
with different relative humidity rates outside and Te = 20°C .............................. 204
Figure12.7: Dependence of the relative humidity inside on the air exchange rate
with different outside temperatures and e = 55 %............................................ 205
Figure12.8: Percental distribution of the investment costs for a solar sewage sludge
drying plant .......................................................................................................... 207
Figure 12.9: Sewage Sludge Utilisation in Europe 2012 ......................................................... 209
Figure 13.1: (A) Overall prevalence of STH in the respective country, (B) Share of
the country-specific prevalence in the global prevalence .................................. 212
Figure 13.2: Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths by species: (A) hookworms,
(B) Ascaris lumbricoides, (C) Trichuris trichiura .................................................... 213
Figure 13.3: Overview of the eggs of common helminth species (size in μm) ......................... 213
Figure 13.4: Eggs of the species Ascaris suum, Trichuris trichiura and egg of
the species hookworms ....................................................................................... 214
Figure 13.5: Membrane structure with "Mammillations" of the eggs of Ascaris sp. ................. 215
Figure13.6: Percental elimination of eggs of the species Ascaris spp. in water .................... 216
Figure 13.7: Solids-dependent, complete elimination of eggs of the species Ascaris
lumbricoides as a function of temperature and contact time (laboratory study) .. 216
Figure 13.8: Separation of helminth eggs in wastewater pond facilities as a function
of the retention time............................................................................................. 220
Figure 13.9: Flow chart of an analytical procedure for helminth eggs without incubation .... 227
Figure 13.10: Flowchart of design process ................................................................................ 228
Figure 13.11: Egg of the species Ascaris suum and substitute particles (on 50 μm cloth),
eggs of the species Trichuris trichiura (on 10 μm cloth) ...................................... 229
3
Figure 13.12: PE particles, blue and red, 38 μm to 45 μm, specific gravity: 1.08 g/cm ........... 230
Figure14.1: Organisational models for wastewater disposal ................................................. 233
Figure B.1: Flow chart for the process combination of sewage pond and trickling filter ..... 276

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Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

List of Tables
Table 3.1: Examples for different inflow qualities in different countries .................................. 28
Table 3.2: Empirical values for some fractions of the chemical oxygen demand in
the influent according to Standard DWA-A 131 .................................................. 30
Table 4.1: Local peculiarities and resulting planning consequences .................................. 36
Table 4.2: Meeting treatment targets by selected wastewater treatment processes ......... 39
Table 5.1: Design parameters for aerated grit chambers in KAUB according to ATV,
LONDONG, SEYFRIED and STEIN as well as DWA-FA KA-5 ....................................... 43
Table 5.2: Elimination efficiency ηPST of the primary sedimentation in correlation to the
hydraulic retention time HRT based on the mean dry weather flow QDW,d,aM ....... 46
Table 5.3: Provides benchmarks for the retention time HRT for different cleaning
targets and sludge treatment processes ............................................................ 46
Table 6.1: Aerobic sludge age for carbon elimination (without targeted nitrification) ........ 57
Table 6.2: Process factor depending on the TKN influent fluctuations for a
temperature range of 5°C to 30°C ....................................................................... 60
Table 6.3: Aerobic sludge age for plant sizes up to 20,000 I as a function of the
temperature and ammonium effluent values as a daily mean ........................... 61
Table 6.4: Aerobic sludge age for plant sizes above 100,000 I as a function of the
temperature and ammonium nitrogen effluent values as a daily mean ............. 61
Table 6.5: Alphadb as a function of temperature ................................................................... 65
Table 7.1: Impact factors for oxygen uptake ........................................................................ 77
Table 7.2: α-values for fine-bubble aeration systems as a function of the treatment
process and the cleaning target for each design load case ................................ 79
Table 8.1: Input parameters for the design of the trickling filter ........................................ 89
Table 8.2: Application of the Gujer-and-Boller-equation in the transition area .................. 91
Table 8.3: Guidance values for FP factors (Intermediate values must be interpolated) ..... 93
Table 8.4: Design output values of the trickling filter .......................................................... 97
3 2 0.5
Table 8.5: Examples for k20 values for different types of filter media in (m /(h·m ))
for a filter media height of 5.2 m ......................................................................... 102
Table 9.1: Recommended calculated hydraulic retention time according to
different design guidelines .................................................................................. 110
Table 9.2: Recommended upstream velocity from different design guidelines .................. 111
Table 9.3: Comparison of the theoretical maximum quantity of dissolved methane with
actual measured quantities in large-scale UASB reactors at 20°C to 25°C ....... 115
Table 9.4: Minimum calculative hydraulic retention time in the digester HRTdigester at
a digester height of hdigester = 2.5 - 3.0 m and as a function of the temperature ...... 123
Table 9.5: Estimates for the average organic sludge concentration XVSS,digester as
a function of the digester and the sludge bed height (LOITSS = 0.6)...................... 124
Table 9.6: Effluent concentration of the dissolved COD SCOD,ER as a function
of the influent concentration SCOD, IR ..................................................................... 125
Table 9.7: Effluent concentration of the particulate COD XCOD, ER as a function
of the upstream - velocity vup .............................................................................. 126
Table 9.8: Solid concentration XTSS,ES at different digester heights as a function of the
total sludge bed height; Sludge blanket limit 0.5 m below the bottom edge
of the three-phase separator (XVSS ≤ 5 g/l) ............................................................ 129
Table 9.9: Recommended sludge age SRTt as a function of the temperature...................... 130
Table 9.10: The reference values for the recoverable volume of methane in the
three-phase separator QDW,CH4,3PS as a function of the wastewater temperature ... 131

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 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Table 9.11: Reference values for the saturation concentration of dissolved methane
3 3
CS,CH4 (Nm CH4-diss/m wastewater) at the bottom edge of the
three-phase separator ......................................................................................... 131
Table 9.12: Compilation of design values for mechanical pre-treatment in
municipal UASB reactors ..................................................................................... 134
Table 9.13: Designing the feed line......................................................................................... 135
Table 9.14: Recommended areal hydraulic load per inflow pipe depending
on the sludge structure and volumetric loading rate .......................................... 136
Table 9.15: Design of the gas collection zone ......................................................................... 137
Table 9.16: Design values for upstream velocities and hydraulic retention times
in a three-phase separator for municipal wastewater ........................................ 137
Table 9.17: The most important cost items for anaerobic municipal wastewater treatment .. 141
Table 10.1: Types and designations of wastewater ponds ..................................................... 142
Table 10.2: Combination examples for multi-stage wastewater ponds ................................ 144
Table 10.3: Guideline values for the permissible COD volumetric loading rate
and the COD elimination on a percentage basis .................................................. 145
Table 10.4: Common dimensions for the geometrical design of anaerobic ponds................ 147
Table 10.5: Common dimensions for the geometrical design of facultative ponds ............... 149
Table 10.6: Guideline values for the degree of degradation of the COD concentration
in the effluent of a plant with aerated wastewater ponds in compliance
with the permissible volumetric loading rate ...................................................... 151
Table 10.7: Factors influencing the determination of the COD volumetric loading
rate of aerated wastewater ponds ....................................................................... 152
Table 10.8: Common dimensions for the geometrical design of aerated wastewater ponds ..... 153
Table 10.9: Guideline values for structural elements of a wastewater pond ........................ 159
Table 10.10: Recommendations for the removal of sludge ..................................................... 162
Table 11.1: Temperature ranges and hydraulic retention time for sewage sludge digestion ... 171
Table 11.2: Stabilisation parameters for different sludge types ............................................ 175
Table 11.3: Reference values for biogas yields in relation to the feed load of
volatile solids........................................................................................................ 176
Table 11.4: Summary list of possible co-substrates .............................................................. 177
Table 11.5: Solids contents of substrates in the influent of the digester .............................. 181
Table 11.6: Expansion of the recommended rated sludge age according to DWA-M 368 ..... 182
Table 11.7: Summary of specific costs for the sludge treatment of a exemplary
wastewater treatment plant with 100,000 I ......................................................... 191
Table 11.8: Distinguishing features of different dewatering systems ................................... 191
Table 12.1: Magnitudes for mean annual values of irradiation Hg ......................................... 198
Table 12.2: Transmission values  of different covers .......................................................... 198
Table 12.3: Examples of the evaporation performance of different heat sources
on a semi-industrial scale ................................................................................... 199
Table 12.4: Temperature increase T due to the greenhouse effect depending
on the climatic conditions of the location ........................................................... 199
Table 12.5: Temperature difference T taking into account the difference
between outdoor climate and indoor climate ...................................................... 203
Table 12.6: Change of sludge constituents in the drying process ......................................... 208
Table 12.7: Limit values and recommendations for the agricultural use of
sewage sludge ...................................................................................................... 210

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Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Table 13.1: Usual, maximum survival time of relevant microorganisms

and helminth eggs................................................................................................ 214
Table 13.2: Usual size ranges of eggs of common helminth species .................................... 218
Table 13.3: Comparison of specific density and mean sedimentation rates of
different helminth species ................................................................................... 218
Table 13.4: Reduction rates for helminth eggs in various wastewater treatment
processes mostly amended by HINDIYEH and JIMÉNEZ .......................................... 219
Table 13.5: Empirical values for the reduction (elimination) of helminth eggs using
different sludge treatment processes ................................................................. 221
Table 13.6: Concentration levels of some pathogenic organisms in wastewater
from developing and non-developing countries .................................................. 222
Table 13.9: Representation of the retention on commercial screen cloths .......................... 229
Table A.1: Influent values for the design of the wastewater treatment plant
according to the tender documents ..................................................................... 236
Table A.2: Extract from the effluent requirements .............................................................. 237
Table A.3: Concentrations in influent and effluent requirements ........................................ 237
Table A.4: Concentrations in influent and effluent requirements ........................................ 238
Table A.5: Requirements on municipal wastewater in accordance with the
German Waste Water Ordinance ......................................................................... 239
Table A.6: Requirements on discharges from municipal wastewater plants
according to European Directive 91/271/EEC ..................................................... 240
Table A.7: Requirements on discharges from municipal wastewater plants in
sensitive areas according to European Directive 91/271/EEC ........................... 240
Table A.8: Allowable number of samples with deviations in accordance with
European Directive 91/271/EEC .......................................................................... 241
Table B.1: Influent values as input parameters for the model calculations ........................ 241
Table B.2: Wastewater temperatures, salt contents and effluent requirements
for the model calculations .................................................................................. 242
Table B.3: Overview model calculations for wastewater and sludge treatment .................. 242
Table B.4: Exemplary daily hydrographs of wastewater influent and concentrations
of pollution parameters in a wastewater treatment plant for 100,000 I ............. 243
Table B.5: Input parameters for dimensioning the primary sedimentation ......................... 244
Table B.6: Influent loads, elimination efficiency and resulting loads in the effluent
of the primary sedimentation............................................................................... 245
Table B.7: Input parameters for dimensioning the aeration plant ....................................... 246
Table B.8: Input parameters for dimensioning the aeration system .................................... 252
Table B.9: Calculation of SOTR in diffused aeration systems ............................................... 255
Table B.10: Calculation of SOTR in surface aeration systems ................................................ 256
Table B.11: Input parameters for dimensioning the trickling filter ....................................... 257
Table B.12: Input values for the design algorithm .................................................................. 258
3 2 0.5
Table B.13: Start of the iteration: k20,5.5m = 0.00233 (m /(h·m )) adjusted to a filter
media height of 5.5 m; segment height( ) for the calculation = 0.1 m
(values were rounded up or down for the presentation) ..................................... 259
Table B.14: Concentrations in the trickling filter influent and effluent after n
iteration steps; Recirculation = 100 %, qA = 1.10 m/h,
3 2 0.5
k20,5.5m = 0.00231 (m /(h·m )) and TW = 30°C ........................................................ 262
Table B.15: Concentrations in the trickling filter influent and effluent at the end
of iteration; Recirculation = 100 %, qA = 1.10 m/h,
3 2 0.5
k20,5.8m = 0.00227 (m /(h·m )) and TW = 30° C ....................................................... 262

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 Design of wastewater treatment plants in hot and cold climates

Table B.16: Segmental calculation after completion of the iteration with recirculation
3 2 0.5
rate = 100 %, qA = 1.10 m/h, k20,5.8m = 0.00227 (m /(h·m )) und TW = 30°C........... 263
Table B.17: Concentrations in the trickling filter influent and effluent after application
of the safety concept; Filter media height = 6.1 m; Recirculation = 100 %,
3 2 0.5
qA = 1.10 m/h; k20,6.1m = 0.00222 (m /(h·m )) und TW = 30°C................................ 264
Table B.18: Output parameters (effluent secondary settlement tank)................................... 266
Table B.19: Dimensioning of trickling filters and secondary sedimentation ......................... 266
Table B.20: Input parameters for dimensioning the UASB reactor........................................ 267
Table B.21: Overview iteration, to comply with SRT (adjusted parameters are marked
in bold) .................................................................................................................. 271
Table B.22: Input parameters for dimensioning a wastewater pond system ......................... 273
Table B.23: Input parameters for dimensioning the anaerobic pond ..................................... 276
Table B.24: Dimensioning of anaerobic ponds........................................................................ 277
Table B.25: Input parameters for dimensioning the trickling filter ....................................... 277
Table B.26: Input parameters for the design algorithm (without recirculation) .................... 278
Table B.27: Concentrations in the trickling filter influent and effluent; Filter media
3 2
height = 5.8 m; Recirculation = 50 %, qA = 1.10 m/h; Aspec = 125 (m /m ;
3 2 0.5
k20,5.8m = 0.00227 (m /(h·m )) und TW = 30 C°.......................................................... 279
Table B.28: Result values from dimensioning the trickling filter (Values for the
effluent of the secondary sedimentation) ............................................................ 279
Table B.29: Dimensioning of trickling filters and secondary sedimentation ......................... 280
Table B.30: Input parameters for dimensioning the anaerobic sludge treatment................. 281
Table B.31: Input parameters for the calculation of solar sewage sludge drying ................. 284

October 2016 DWA Topics 19