Offshore Wind Lecture02 - Final
Offshore Wind Lecture02 - Final
Offshore Wind Lecture02 - Final
• The volume of air flowing per second through a cross-sectional area A normal to the
direction of the wind = u.A
• Hence, the K.E. of the volume of air flowing per second through this area = E.u.A
• This is called the wind power P (i.e., energy per second) and can be expressed as:
1 1 1
P = E.A.u = .u2 .A.u = .A.u3 = .( .r 2 ).u3 r = radius of blade
2 2 2
• Thus, the power in the wind “P” varies as the cube of the wind speed u.
Key Insights:
P u3
Calculate the power (P) in a wind moving with a speed u = 5 m/s incident on a WT with blades of 100 m
diameter (r = 50 m). How does the power change if the wind speed increases to u = 10 m/s? Assume
the density of air = 1.2 kg/m3
Solution:
1
P= 1 .A.u3 = x(1.2)x(3.142x502 )x(53 ) 0.6MW
2
10 m / s
3
P (2)3
5 m/ s
Doubling the wind speed will increase the power P by a factor of 8 (=23), hence:
The wind power would increase to 8 x 0.6 MW = 4.8 MW
Maximum Rotor Efficiency (CP)
There are two extreme situations and none of them makes
physical sense:
25
Kinetic Energy Extracted by the Turbine Blades
1 •
(
(KE)b = m v2 − vd2
2
)
ṁ = mass flow rate of air within stream tube
v = upwind undisturbed wind speed
vd = downwind wind speed
m = Avb (6.19)
• Assume the velocity through the rotor vb is the average of
upwind velocity v and downwind velocity vd, then:
v + vd v + vd
vb = m = A
2 2
Energy Extracted by the Turbine Blades
•
Substituting m in the kinetic energy equations gives:
v + vd 2 2
(KE)b = A
1
(
v − vd )
2 2
Let,
Downwind velocity vd
= Wind Speed Ratio = =
Upwind velocity v
v + v 2
1
(KEP)bb = A
2 2
(v − v )
2 2
(6.22)
v + v v3 2 v3 v3 3v3
2 (v2
− v )
2 2
= - + -
2 2 2 2
v3
= (1+ )- 2 (1+ )
2
(1+ )(1− 2 )
v3
=
2
(KEP)bb = Av (1+ )(1− 2 )
1 3 1
(6.22)
2 2
(KE)b= Energy in the wind CP = Rotor efficiency
Maximum Rotor Efficiency (CP)
• Now, we need to determine the wind speed ratio λ which
maximizes the rotor efficiency, CP
• From the previous slide
CP = (1+ )(1− 2 ) = - + -
2 3
1 1
2 2 2 2 2
Set the derivative of rotor efficiency to zero and solve for λ:
CP
=-2 +1− 32 = 0 Solve one equation in one unknown ()
CP
=32 + 2 −1 = 0 This value will maximize the rotor efficiency
CP 1
=(3 −1)( +1) = 0 =
3
Maximum Rotor Efficiency (CP)
1 1 1 16
CP = 1+ 1− 2 = = 59.3% (6.26)
2 3 3 27
• The maximum rotor efficiency of 59.3% occurs when the wind velocity is slowed to
1/3 of its upstream value.
rpm .D
TSR = 60 TSR is dimensionless
v
• D = rotor diameter (m)
• v = upwind undisturbed wind speed (m/s)
• rpm = rotor speed, (revolutions/min)
Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR)
Cp = 59.3%
2 2 4
1 1
Ideal WT Power = Av3 Actual WT Power = Av3
2 2
Vtip
=
u0
Solution:
The time (in seconds) for one revolution of the tip of a bade of length R is:
= 2R = Distance
Vtip Velocity
2R nrpm
Vtip = = 2R. = 2 (40)(15) / 60 = 62.8 m / s
60
Vtip 62.8
TSR = = = = 7.85
Vmean _ wind _ speed 8
Example:
Calculate the average power output (P) of a WT with blades of 85 m diameter (D)
operating in wind with a mean speed of 7 m/s. At this speed, the rotor power
coefficient Cp is 0.45. The rated rotor output power is 1.5 MW when the wind
speed is greater than 13 m/s. What is the power coefficient Cp at a wind speed of
13 m/s?
Assume the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3
Solution: P P
Cp = = = 0.45
1
.u03.A (1/ 2).(1.2)( .852 ).(7 3 )
2 4
Hence,
P = 526 kW = 0.526 MW
• Onshore suitable locations include high altitude plains, exposed ridges, open
lands and coastal areas.
• Offshore wind farms need undersea electric cables to land and installation &
maintenance costs which are higher than onshore farms.