Islamic Aqidah and Fiqh A Textbook of Islamic Belief and Jurisprudence
Islamic Aqidah and Fiqh A Textbook of Islamic Belief and Jurisprudence
Islamic Aqidah and Fiqh A Textbook of Islamic Belief and Jurisprudence
Aisha Lemu
Tawkid Sc Fi
B. Aiska L emu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments i
I. ISLAMIC AQlDAH
Lesson 2
‘
Islamic Aqldah A Summary oilman
: 4
Lesson 3 Where Did the Heavens and Earth come from? 7
Lesson 4 Allah Brings Things into Existence 10
Lesson 5 Allah Is the Only Creator; He Has No Partners 12
Lesson 6 The Signs of Allah 15
Lesson 7 The Names of Allah $£ 18
Lesson 8 Creation of the First Man 21
Lesson 9 Allah Guidethe 24
Lesson 10 Malai’kah The Angels
: 26
Lesson 1 The Books of Allah 29
Lesson 12 Al-Qur’an: The Final Revelation 32
Lesson 13 The Prophets and Messengers of Allah #£ 36
Lesson 14 Muhammad, the Last Messenger 39
Lesson 15 The Akhirah What Will Happen to Us when
: We Die? 43
Lesson 16 What are Paradise and Hell? 47
Lesson 17 Al-Qadr The Power of Allah $£
:
II. FIQH
Lesson 24 129
Lesson 25 Salah Under Special Circumstances 132
Lesson 26 Supererogatory Salah: the NawafU 134
Lesson 27 Examples of Nawafil Salah 137
Lesson 28: Salawat al-'Idain: 'Id al-Fitr & Yd al-Adha 142
Lesson 29: Special Prayers 146
Lesson 30: Introduction to A s-Siyam 149
Lesson 3 1 : The Fast of Ramadan 1 52
Lesson 32: Exemption from Sawm during Ramadan 154
Lesson 33: Conditions that Nullify Sawm; Qada (Restitution) 157
Lesson 34: Conditions that Nullify Sawm; Kaffarah (Expiation) 159
Lesson 35 Extra Worship during Ramadan 161
Lesson 36 The Benefits of Sawm 165
Lesson 31 Introduction to Zakah 167
Lesson 38 Determining Zakah on Various Items 171
Lesson 39 Zakat al-Fitr 175
Lesson 40 Introduction to Hajj & ‘Umrah: The Pilgrimage 177
Lesson 4 1 Preparation for Hajj: Entering the Ihram 1 82
Lesson 42 Performing the ‘Umrah 1 85
Lesson 43 The Chronology of Hajj 1 89
Lesson 44 The Hajj Code of Conduct 192
Lesson 45 The Visit to Madinah 195
Lesson 46 The Significance and Benefits of Hajj 201
Lesson 47 Sharkah: the Way of Justice 204
Lesson 48 Islamic Principles of Honest Business and Trade
Under the Sharkah 207
Lesson 49 Marriage 210
Lesson 50 Divorce 214
707M ’
Transliteration Chart 217
Islamic Invocations 218
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my husband, Sheikh Ahmed Lemu, Grand Qadlof the
Shari'ah Court of Appeal, Niger State, for checking the manuscripts and offering
much useful advice.
During the eighties, when I first devised the Program of Islamic Studies for Nigerian
schools, I proposed a new approach to the teaching and presentation of Islamic
Studies in response to the challenge of modem ideologies and the information
revolution. Mere memorization of beliefs and rituals without a rational explanation
of their significance was method of learning. I am grateful
fast losing its validity as a
to Allah it, for making this approach popular not only in Nigeria and West Africa but
across the world.
This textbook was originally written according to the Maliki Fiqh in accordance with
the needs of the Nigerian syllabi at the time of publication. It also covers additional
topics that every young Muslim should know. The textbook became very popular
after its first printing and was published in several authorized and unauthorized
editions. IQRA’s revised edition offers a broadened perspective by including the
views of all the schools of Fiqh. In addition, the overall quality of production has
been vastly improved.
As Muslims we know that the Qur’an is full of rational argument. In fact, it is this
quality that gives its message its irrefutable power, thereby bringing those who study
it to a state of 7man. The Prophet Si put special emphasis on a logical approach to
presenting Islam’s message to the first generation of Muslims. Therefore, as Muslim
educators, we must follow his example and provide the rationale behind the tenets
of Islam.
In the modem world, the entire methodology of teaching has been revolutionized and
institutionalized. Therefore, to keep up with the demands of our rapidly changing
world, we must apply modem methodology to the writing and teaching of Islamic
Studies. The frustration a Muslim student faces is thus: while going through public
school education, he is facilitated by professionally produced textbooks, trained
teachers anda proper educational environment, whereas he is faced with a very
traditional, often antiquated, approach in his Islamic education. Islamic education
is at a loss in the comparison. Ultimately, it is the student who loses out.
Only if we are able to challenge the spirit and intellect of our youth, will they find the
inspiration to become models of Islamic behavior. If supplied with authentic, well-
produced information, a resourceful teacher can create a dynamic learning
environment for students of Islamic Studies that combines mental excitement,
communication and interaction.
At the beginning of each volume of this series, some brief notes are given to guide
the teacher. However, for detailed discussion of teaching methods, the teacher should
refer to my earlier book: Methodology of Primary Islamic Studies - a Handbook for
Teachers, published by Islamic Publication Bureau, P.M.B. 3881, Lagos. Nigeria.
i
IQRA' Foundation is pleased to publish the revised and expanded edition of Tawhld
and Fiqh by Hajjah Aisha B. Lemu. This textbook, like its sister volume Tahdhib
and Sirah (now revised and published by IQRA' as Islamic Tahdhib and Akhlaq In :
Theory and Practice was originally published in 1983 for the junior high school
)
curriculum of Nigerian schools. It covered the Maliki Fiqh, which is the most
prevalent school of jurisprudence in Nigeria and West Africa. was later published
It
and used in Islamic schools throughout the U.K. and the U.S. The textbook has been
fully revised to cover four other schools of Sunni Fiqh and reviewed by several
scholars to ensure authenticity.
Teaching Islamic Aqa'id and Fiqh has been a serious challenge for Islamic schools
in Western societies. All the schools of Islamic Fiqh are practiced by a diverse
population of Muslims attending the same schools and belonging to the same
mosques. The Muslim world has long been divided between the followers of the four
prominent schools of Sunni Fiqh and the two equally well-known schools of Shi'
Fiqh. Accepting the validity of all schools, Muslims have traditionally been tolerant
of those following schools other than their own. All Muslims are advised to follow
the Imam or community practice wherever there are differences.
However, in a small portion of the population, there have been some conflicts of
opinion between the followers of Shi'i and Sunni Fiqh. In reality, however, the
actual difference between Shi'i and Sunni Fiqh is no more discemable than the
differences among the other schools of Sunni Fiqh. Notably, in most cases, the
friction between Shi'i and Sunni groups has had its roots in politics rather than
disagreements over issues of Fiqh.
Many prominent leaders of Shi'i and Sunni schools have taken steps to bridge this
gap and establish accord among all believers. Apart from the long standing Shi'i and
Sunni Fiqh controversy, among some Sunni followers, their is a strong loyalty to
their own school of Fiqh. While the vast majority of Muslims recognize the validity
of all the schools of Fiqh, friction still tends to arise over certain sensitive issues.
Islamic scholars have characterized the differences in Fiqh as a Rahmah (Mercy) and
not Zahmah (Hardship) from Allah $£, much less a factor to divide the Ummah and
iv
lead it to strife.
Thus far, the North American Muslim community has remained relatively untouched
by such dissension. Here, we find Muslim children belonging to all the schools of
Fiqh (of both Sunni and Shi'i schools) studying together. There is no standard
curriculum advocating the superiority of any particular school of Fiqh. However,
with the growth of the community and immigration of Muslims from all over the
world, regional differences may be imported, and schisms may develop, if a serious
effort is not made to develop tolerance and basic understanding.
From the very beginning of its efforts, IQRA' International faced the special
challenge of developing a program of Islamic Fiqh which addresses the issues
relevant to all Muslims. we have all schools of Fiqh and sects of
In America,
Muslims in one school, so we teach all schools of Fiqh without
it is important that
being dogmatic about any of them. Students should be made to understand that the
different schools of thought are a Rahmah in our religion, and one’s preference of
one school is not a reason for division and hostility.
In theory, being tolerant and reasonable seems simple enough. However, when it
IQRA’ Foundation, in the development of its literature, strongly advocates the unity
of the Ummah. In hopes of maintaining a positive relationship with the rest of the
humanity, the Foundation has striven hard to make of IQRA’ literature free of
polemics, bias and controversy. At the elementary level, we offered the textbook. Our
Faith and Worship Part I and II . primarily in accordance with the HanafI Fiqh, but
accommodating others as far as possible. At the junior level, we are presenting this
textbook, originally written according the Maliki Fiqh, accommodating other schools
of Sunni Fiqh. We have Jafari and Zaidi Fiqh for two
intentionally not included
reasons: (1) It would make the subject range of the book unmanageable and; (2) We
need the consensus of Sunni and Shi'i scholars for such an effort. However, in
classrooms consisting of Shi'i students, the teachers may use other books of Fiqh
reflecting the views of Shi'i schools.
We are fully aware of the fact that we cannot discuss all the Fiqh issues at this level.
V
Therefore, those seeking a deeper understanding of their respective schools of Fiqh
should refer to other books specifically written on their subjects of interest.
We are presenting this revised edition for review and opinion and shall be grateful
to receive your opinions and comments. You can help us in improving the content
and production by your active participation in the IQRA Comprehensive Program
’
of Islamic Studies.
VI
ISLAMIC AQlDAH
INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON AQIDAH FOR TEACHERS
The aim of this section of the book is to help the student develop a clear
understanding for the Islamic ‘Aqidah of Taw hid the unity of Allah
: lob;, the guidance
of Allah 3b; through His prophets and books. His angels, the life after death and
accountability on the Day of Judgment.
The teacher should encourage the students to discuss the points raised. He/she should
lead them to relate these points to their own experience and perception. They should
be able to apply these concepts to other subjects they are learning such as Arts and
Crafts, Carpentry, Home Economics (see Lesson 3) and Science (see Lessons 1, 2,
4 and 5). Generating lively discussion should help reinforce the students’ beliefs,
because it is drawn from the revelation and backed by their own reasoning and
observation. They will have learned how to read some of the signs of Allah 3b;.
This method will help children face the modem challenges of plurality of ideas and
secular materialism, as they are brought up in a world society which is becoming
secular and pluralistic.
The text that follows and the exercises at the end of each lesson should not be
regarded as mere statements or questions-and-answers, but as discussion points for
teachers and students on the way to reaching solid conclusions in important matters.
viii
LESSON 1
Basic to a Muslim’s belief is the testimony that Allah exists, and that He
is One.
1 bear witness that there is no god besides Allah, alone, with no partner.
A Muslim also believes that Muhammad fit is the last messenger of Allah
Since we know the above to be true, it follows that the message brought by
Prophet Muhammad fit, the Qur’an, is Allah’s final and perfect guidance
for humankind. Therefore, in order to be successful in this life and in the
Hereafter, one must study and live by the teachings and lessons of the Qur’an.
As Muslims, we should learn our role in this life through the example of
1
'
Thus, we can see that it is not enough for humans to simply believe in Allah
In this textbook, we shall deal with the beliefs (Aqa ’id) of a Muslim and what
actions he/she is responsible for. The Qur’an and the Sunnah teach us what
righteous belief Aqldah ) and describe the actions to enhance our belief.
is(
Allah jt" tells us that He and our fellow human beings have certain rights over
us, and we must consider it our duty to fulfill them. Allah’s it rights over us
are called 'Ibadat. The rights of our fellow human beings are called
Mu 'amalat. The subject which teaches the details of our duties to Allah it is
called the Fiqh. We shall study these details of the Fiqh of 'Ibadat in the
second part of this book.
Our other textbook, Islamic Akhlaq and Tahdhib : In Theory and Practice,
deals with the details of Mu 'amalat and correct Islamic behavior with other
people.
EXERCISES
1. How can a person find out what kind of behavior Allah it likes and
dislikes?
2. What is Islam?
3. What is a Muslim?
4. In your best handwriting, write out the Kalimah ash-Shahadah in
Arabic, and write its meaning in English.
5. What is the definition of 'Ibadatl
6. What is the definition of Mu amalat ?
'
2
7. How do we learn the details of 'Ibadatl
8. What are the sayings and actions of Rasulullah called?
9. Why is it important to study the meaning of the Qur’an in addition to
memorizing it?
3
LESSON 2
All of this is a part of a Muslim’s 'Aqldah (faith) and is called ‘Iman (Belief).
Keep in mind these are only the basic beliefs. They are the foundation of
‘Iman. To be you need to know more about Islam. As
a complete Muslim,
you study the remaining sections of this book and other books in the Program
of Islamic Studies, you will learn more about the actual practices required to
live as a true Muslim.
4
Allah 3tS, in His mercy, has provided us with all the information we need.
We just have to seek it, learn it, and live by it. The answers we are looking
for can be found in the following resources:
Allah has give us the intelligence to choose between good and evil, and
he will reward or punish us according to our belief and actions. Through
we can become worthy of His
our efforts, love and earn a place in His
Jannah. He reminds us in the Qur’an:
/ EXERCISES
1 . List and explain the 7 basic beliefs of a Muslim.
2. Is that all a Muslim needs to know?
5
3. Where can a Muslim find the information he needs to lead a truly
Islamic life?
4. Why is the Arabic language important for the study of Islam?
5. What is the difference between Sirah and Haditffl.
6
LESSON 3
Everyday, we see the sun rise in the East and set in the West. With its light, we
wake up, we can see the world, and do our work. This same light and warmth
causes the plants to grow and the fruits to ripen. Many animals also wake up
when the sun rises, and go out to find their food.
Have you ever wondered where the sun, the moon, the stars, and the earth
came from? This is an important question. Did anybody make them, or did
they make themselves? Does the sun have a brain? Could it have made itself?
Could it generate its own energy? Does the moon have a brain? Could it
know how to change its shape as the days of the month go by? Does the earth
have a brain? Does it know how to make the air, the water, the plants, and the
animals?
We know that the sun and the moon, the earth and the stars do not have a
brain. They could not make themselves. If they did not make themselves,
then who made them? The name of that Maker of the heavens and the earth
is Allah
7
Blessed is He Who made heaven mansions of the stars,
the
and placed therein a (radiant) lamp and a moon giving light.
( Al-Furqan 25:61)
What caused the world and all the living things to come into existence? Who
made the first chicken, the first apple, the first man? Who causes them to stay
alive and to reproduce themselves right up until this day?
It is Allah $£ the Creator of the heavens and the earth. In the Qur’an,
,
He is
We have learned that Allah One God, the Creator of all that is in the
jsfcs is the
heavens and the earth. Yet, Allah was not created by anyone or anything.
He has always existed and will always exist. One of His Names is Al- ’Awwal,
al-Akhir. which means “The First and The Last.”
Human beings are very intelligent, but they cannot create something out of
nothing. The carpenter may say, “I have made a chair.” Yet, he cannot make
a chair without wood or metal. He can only use what Allah has created. A
baker may say, “I have made a cake.” But, she cannot make a cake without
flour, eggs, butter, and sugar. She cannot create a cake out of nothing.
Only Allah has the power to create out of nothing. Allah ihr, has another
name in the Qur’an, Al-Khaliq, which means “The Creator.” This trait is
8
V
> 4 / •>—
ro/O
When He wills a thing, He says to it only ‘Be! ’
and it is.
(YaSin 36:82)
/ EXERCISES
1 . Who is the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth?
2. Who made living things, and who keeps things alive?
3. Write two words in Arabic describing Allah with their English
translations?
4. Test whether you can create something out of nothing: Wish for a cake
or a bicycle, and say “Be!” Are you able to create something out of
nothing? Try to think of something that a human being can create out
of nothing.
5. Look at a doll or toy animal. It has the shape of an animal, but is it
life? Can it see? Can it hear? Can it eat? Can it breathe? Can it
run?
6. Can anyone give life to that toy? Can you make a toy that is alive?
Can a man create a living flower, animal or human being?
9
LESSON 4
In the previous lesson, we learned that only Allah jSs; can create something
from nothing and give life. Now, let’s take a closer look at some of the things
that Allah has created. Look at the different flowers and leaves that you
brought to class. Are they all the same? You will notice many differences.
2. Compare their SHAPES. Some are round, some long, some shaped
like fans, or knives, or stars, or bells or trumpets.
3. Compare their COLORS. How many different colors can you see?
4. Compare their SMELL. Some smell sweet, some not very nice, and
some have no scent at all.
5. Compare their TEXTURE. Some are hard, some soft, some thick and
fleshy, some thinner than paper.
Why aren’t they all the same? Who has made them different from one
another?
Think about some animals you know. You may have seen pictures of other
animals in books. If you begin naming them, you will never finish your list,
because there are so many. Why are there so many different kinds of animals?
10
Allah ^ has answered this He says that He creates
question in the Qur’an.
what He likes, and that He is never tired of creating. He is called Al-Bari Al-
Musctwwir, “The Maker and The Fashioner,” which means the One Who gives
things their shape and their way of being.
Allah’s 5kg is all-powerful. Think of all the things in the heavens and the earth
that were created and given its own unique shape by Him. Who or what can
we compare with Allah $2*? Indeed, there is nothing that can be compared
with Him!
Allah 5kg says that even the sun, the moon, the stars and the earth had a
beginning, and will one day have an end.
Only Allah has no beginning and no end. He is limitless. -^Hlah >ikg is not
a created thing, and He is not like the things He created. Allah 5kg also has the
name Al-BaqI, which means “The Everlasting.” Everything on earth will die,
All that is on earth will pass away, but will exist forever the
EXERCISES
3. Make a list of the different plants and animals you know. How long
can each of them live?
4. Is there any creature that lives forever?
li
LESSON 5
^ /A "
Say: He, Allah, is the One, Allah, the Everlasting, Allah, the Eternal.
He does not beget (children), nor is He begotten (by any parents),
And there is nothing that could be compared with Him.
{Surah Al- ’Ikhlas 112:1-4)
Human beings are created by Allah $£. Some have special talents and gifts
from Allah $£, but no human is perfect. All humans are bom, and they all
die. They all need to eat, drink and sleep for survival. Only Allah is
Allah $£ is not a human being and has no need for any of these things. We
should never say that any human being is Allah or a son of Allah $£. No
human can be a partner of Allah Allah is the creator of all and He is not
created by anyone.
We should not believe that any human being is a god. It is wrong to worship
any of the following:
12
(a) creatures such as angels or animals;
(b) created objects such as trees, stones, or mountains;
(c) man-made objects such as idols, statues, or pictures;
(d) imaginary gods and spirits.
Worship in Islam is reserved for Allah alone, He is our Lord and Creator.
This is the pure faith taught by all the prophets is
You (Allah M) alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help.
{Surah Al-Fatihah 1 :5)
All of us come from Allah and one day, we will return to him. Life is our
journey back to our Creator. We begin this journey as babies, helpless and
dependent on our parents to take care of us and love us. They teach us the
difference between right and wrong, and the ways of the world. As we grow
older, our experience of the world makes us wiser, and soon, we can take care
of ourselves. As adults, we are strong, independent, and often feel like
nothing can hurt us. Eventually, our bodies become weak, and our health
often makes us dependent on others once again, almost helpless, like we were
when we were babies. As we grow older, we get closer to the end of our time
on earth. However, life and death is decided by Allah alone, and anyone’s
death can come at anytime.
Allah tells us in Qur’an that we were put on this earth to worship Him
alone and then to return to Him.
13
So, we must always be ready to meet our Maker. We must do good deeds
and win His favor to be included in those who will enter Paradise.
EXERCISES
1 . Why doesn’t Allah need parents or children?
2. Can a human being be God?
3. Name some of the things a Muslim should not worship, and discuss
why it is useless to worship them.
4. Where will we go when we die?
14
LESSON 6
us closer to the Creator, Allah $£. Here is a very important passage from the
Qur’an about the signs of Allah $2 for students to study:
*
Jf/i fj g-ilk
d your god is One God: there is no god but Him, the Most Gracious,
the Merciful. Truly, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and
the differenceof night and day; and the ships that run upon the sea
with that which is useful to man; and in the waters which Allah sends
down from the sky; thereby reviving the earth after it had been lifeless;
and causing all manner of living creatures to multiply thereon; and in
the change of the winds; and the clouds that run their appointed courses
between the sky and the earth: (in all this) there are signs for people who
use their reason.
(Al-Baqarah 2: 163-164)
15
In examining these signs of Allah we can better understand the different
schemes of life. We understand the answers to complex questions, such as:
1 . Who could be great enough to create the magnificent stars in the sky,
and also the tiny grains of pollen on a flower?
2. Who could be mighty enough to create the earth with its mountains,
rivers and seas?
3. What causes heavy ships to float on water? If you place an iron nail in
the water, it will sink. But if you put a great iron ship in the water, it
4. Clouds are made of water. Water is heavier than air. How does so
much water get up into the sky? And why doesn’t it fall all at once?
5. What causes water to bring seeds to life? Why does the earth have so
much water? Two-thirds of the earth is covered by water (the sea).
6. Why are there so many different kinds of animals and plants? What
gives them their individual characteristics?
7. What causes the winds to change? Why don’t they always blow in the
same direction around the world?
8. What causes the clouds to be carried here and there by the winds,
coming and going between the different seasons?
Some may say that all of these things happen as a result of nature. The
question arises: “What is nature?” The word “nature” is used to describe
certain basic behavior. For example, the nature of an ant is to live in a nest.
The nature of a bee is to make honey. The nature of a bird is to fly and sing.
16
In the name ofAllah, the Most Gracious, the Merciful.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord and Sustainer of all the worlds.
( Al-Fati hah 1:1-2)
When you study geography and science, you can learn a lot about how these
things work. The more you know about how they work, the more you will
marvel at Allah’s arrangement, power and wisdom. Despite allknowledge
the
that science, geography, and other disciplines provide mankind, there is a
wealth of knowledge that remains untapped, only to be known by Allah £i£.
*
This is what scientists refer to as the “mysteries of life.” Perhaps, Allah $2
may choose to unravel these mysteries some day. Until then, we must
continue our search for His Signs and try to gain wisdom in what He has
provided us.
EXERCISES
1 . What is the use of looking at the heavens and the earth and thinking
about them?
2. Did “nature” create the heavens and the earth?
3. What is “nature” in the Islamic context?
17
LESSON 7
There is one particular passage in the Qur’an in which Allah $£ reveals much
about Himself through many of His names and attributes:
of naught. His (alone) are the Most Beautiful Names; All that is in the
18
'
heavens and the earth glorify Him and He is the Mighty, the Wise!
(Al-Hashr 59: 22-24)
Two very important names of Allah found in the Qur’an repeatedly, and
at the beginning of almost every Surah are Ar-Rahman, ,
Ar-Rahm “The Most
,
£1
Allah is the Light of the Heavens and the earth.
(An-Nur 2W35)
And We (God) are nearer to him (man) than his jugular vein.
(2^50:16)
* ^» t •
-t
Moreover, it has been reported by Abu Hurairah & that Rasulullah said:
19
Ihsan is to worship Allah as ifyou see Him; and ifyou do
not achieve this state of devotion, then Allah sees you.
(Transmitted by Muslim)
EXERCISES
1. Discuss the meaning of the above passage of the Qur’an {Surah Al-
Hashr 59, verses 22-24).
2. Memorize the passage in Arabic.
3. Memorize the meaning of the passage in English.
20
LESSON 8
Allah it blessed Adam ,£« with the gift of speech and the ability to
communicate with other beings. Adam was also given intelligence,
emotions, and the ability to reason. He was blessed with the freedom of
choice to obey or to disobey His commands. Man is truly a unique creation.
Allah ordered the angels to respectfully bow down to Adam Since they
were created to obey Allah’s commands unquestioningly, the angels obeyed.
However, among them was a stubborn jinn, named Iblls. He refused to bow
to Adam protesting:
• i
y^ if ''Jtf >’
Allah yir created the Jinn before He created human beings. They are created
from fire. Like humans, they have the freedom to obey or disobey Allah it-
Therefore, some Jinn are good, and others are bad. On the Day of Judgment,
they too will be judged for their actions.
was proud and rebelled against Allah it- Allah it cursed him and could
Iblls
have destroyed him that very instant, but Shaitan (another name for Iblis)
begged Allah it to delay his punishment until theDay of Judgment. Allah
$£, in His infinite wisdom, decided to grant his request to teach him a lesson.
21
The ungrateful Shaitan vowed to lead Adam Ju and all other human beings
astray. Allah jSs gave him permission to tiy, but told the Shaitan that His true
servants would never be led astray. Allah also warned him that, on the Day
of Judgement, He would condemn the Shaitan and those who followed him
to Hell for a torturous eternity. Thus was the beginning of Allah’s test to all
human beings until the Day of Judgement.
people, whispering in their minds, confusing bad with good. Some human
beings behave like Shaitan by misleading others into wrong-doing, creating
false justification for evil ideas. They are called “the Shaitan of men.”
How can we avoid following Shaitan into doing wrong? First, we should
study the teachings of Allah hf thoroughly, so we can recognize good from
bad, and right from wrong. The better informed we are, the stronger our
‘Iman will become. Armed with knowledge and the truth, the Shaitan’s
attempts to deceive us will fail.
Second, we should always try to worship Allah 3i£ with complete devotion,
even if this sometimes becomes difficult. This is the only way we can gain
Allah’s protection and guidance in our struggle against Shaitan. must We
always remember that we should prepare for the Day of Judgement, and that
our every deed is being recorded.
<OlL
It is not enough just to say we must be firm and take action to get
it:
away from evil. A great Muslim scholar, Imam Al-Ghazali, wrote that
a person who simply recites the above du ’a \ but fails to make an effort
to get away from evil, is like a man who sees a lion coming to attack
22
him, but simply states: “I seek refuge in that tree over there,” without
making any move to run towards the tree.
Thus, we must make a genuine effort to avoid evil actions, and pray to
Allah jjuS to help us in this effort. Allah has given us a Surah in the
Qur’an for such circumstances. In this du ’a’, we ask Allah $?, to protect
us from any kind of Shaitan who may whisper into our minds:
.
Cp tjj
ilit
’
**
Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of men, the King of men, the
God of men. From the evil of the whispering tempter, who
whispers into the hearts of men from amongjinn and among men.
{An-Nas 114:1-6)
EXERCISES
23
LESSON 9
has also provided us with the guidance of the Qur’an and the example of His
Prophet to show us how to use our instincts and intelligence. His angels
serve to carry out his orders and help us in ways we don’t know and can’t see.
Truly, He has given us every chance for success in this test.
Allah 5kg has given us the ability to look after ourselves. Similarly, He created
animals with special survival instincts. An instinct is a form of guidance
inside every living thing. Who teaches a duckling how to swim? Who
teaches a little bird how to fly? Who teaches a baby to drink milk? All of
these instincts necessary for survival are present at birth. Remarkably, no one
taught them these inborn behaviors. A scientist may call this phenomenon
“nature,” but as Muslims, we know that Allah 5kg has created every creature
certain innate characteristics that enable it to survive and grow.
Allah 5kg also gave us special guidance through His prophets is. Their mission
was to teach their people to use their intelligence and wisdom in the service
of Allah 5kg. The prophets is defined good and bad behavior, as Allah 5kg
24
in this life and in the Hereafter. As stated in the Qur’an, we are blessed that
Allah it, is Al-Hadi, “The Guide.”
EXERCISES
25
LESSON 10
The angels were created by Allah as His servants. They are invisible
creatures made of divine light (Nur ). We cannot see them unless by Allah’s
$3 permission, but they can see us.
They are created to carry out the commands of Allah They do not possess
the ability to choose right from wrong like we do. They have been created
solely to obey Allah $£. Therefore, they are always good.
They serve Allah $£ in many different ways. Some of them carry Allah’s
messages for the guidance of mankind. Others record our deeds. And still
others carry out Allah’s commands and regulate natural occurrences, such as
rainfall. They encourage and help the believers when they are in difficulty or
danger. There are special angels who guard Heaven and Hell.
They have no free will of their own. They have no personal desires and no
feelings of hunger and sex. There is no male or female among them. Their
knowledge is limited to what Allah $£ has given them.
Some of the angels are assigned special tasks. Some of them are created to
glorify Allah Some of the angels go around the 'ArsJju the seat of Divine
manifestation, and continuously praise Allah There are angels who are in
charge of Jannah and they welcome the believers as they enter Jannah. There
are other angels who Jahannum, and they wait for the
are responsible for
disbelievers to arrive. They ask them: “Why did you not believe when the
message of Allah had come to you and many prophets gave you warnings
of this coming day?”
26
which means, “may peace be upon him.”
The chief of the angels is Jibril (Gabriel) who was responsible for bringing
the message of Allah to the prophets. He brought Allah’ s its final message
of the Qur’an to Rasulullah fir. He is described in the Qur’an as “very strong”
(Shadid al-Quwa), “trustworthy” (Al-Amm) and “generous messenger”
(Rasulun Karan). Rasulullah saw him on various occasions. One
fir time, he
appeared in human form, and even several Sahabah saw him.
Angel Izra’il is responsible for carrying out the order for death. He
approaches people, informing them that their time in this world is over, and
then he extricates their souls. Angel Israfil & will blow the trumpet (Sur)
before the day of Judgment. Its sound will become so fierce and loud that it
will shatter and destroy everything. Then, he shall blow the trumpet a second
time to recreate everything, thus marking the commencement of the Day of
Judgment. Angel Mika’Tl (Michael) is responsible for the rainfall and
supply of provisions.
Two angels, Kiraman Katibm, are assigned to each individual to record their
actions on a scroll. One records the good deeds, and the other records the bad
deeds. On the Day of Judgment, their record will be presented before Allah
. Those who believed and did good deeds will go to Jannah, and those who
did not believe and did evil deeds will be condemned to Jahannum.
Two angels, Munkir and Naklr, will visit the dead in the grave soon after the
burial. They will ask the three questions: 1 . Who is your Lord?; 2. Who is
your messenger?; and, 3. What is your religion?
The believers will answer these questions correctly and receive the good news
of meeting their Lord on the Day of Judgment. The non-believers will be
confused and will not know the answers.
27
S EXERCISES
1 . What is the role of the angels?
2. Are they Allah’s $£ children? Do they share powers with Him?
3. Who is Angel Jibrfl JL, and what are his various titles?
4. Can the angels have their own desires, and can they disobey Allah’s
commandments?
5. What questions would Munkir JL and Naklr j£» ask in the grave?
6. Name three important angels and describe their role?
28
1
LESSON 1
evil and earn Allah’s anger. They will all be judged on the Day of
Judgment for their beliefs and actions.
Allah $£ has created human beings on the Fitrah, the true nature. The Fitrah
means that true human nature is innocent. There is no concept of “Original
Sin” in Islam. Islam does not advocate the Christian idea that because Adam
the first man and the first prophet, disobeyed Allah M by eating the
forbidden fruit, all humanity is bom in sin.
Human beings face many challenges in this life. They also have many desires
and the God-given freedom to follow them. The Shaitan is always busy trying
to misguide them and make them forget Allah jfc;. Many times, people
succumb to the Shaitan’s temptations. Sometimes, their environment is bad,
and it corrupts even good people. Humans tend to be forgetful, and they need
constant reminders. Thus, human Fitrah requires constant guidance and
reminders to remain steadfast on Allah’s path.
Allah $£ knows the nature of His creatures. Out of His love, and He wants to
guide them to the right path. From the time of creation, He sent his prophets
and messengers to guide humanity to His path and become worthy of His
reward in this world and the Hereafter.
Allah sent many prophets Anbiya ’) and sent His Wahl, the revelation,
(
through Angel Jibrfl ,t-. Some of the prophets received the Wahl'm the form
29
of a book as a complete code. Such prophets are called the messengers
( Rusul). Thus, every messenger is a prophet, but every prophet is not a
messenger.
The revelations taught them the truth about Allah $£, the mission of His
prophets and the teachings about leading a righteous life.The revelations
clearly laid down what is Halal, or permissible, and what is Haram or ,
forbidden.
The teachings revealed by Allah through His prophets and written down
in His Books make up Islam. Islam means submission to Allah The
religion of Islam teaches us to submit our will to the Will of Allah and
follow His revelation in all walks of life. Islam has been Allah’s $5 chosen
religion for humanity for times and all places, and it was revealed to
all
We do not know the exact number of the books, nor do we know which of the
existing religious books and sacred literature is truly divine revelation. Allah
$5 mentions only five prophets and the names of the books they received in
the Qur’an:
30
In the next chapter, we shall books
discuss the truth and authenticity of these
and the Qur’an. The Muslims must believe in all the books of Allah $£ which
are mentioned in the Qur’an. Muslims must also respect all other sacred and
religious books, although we cannot be certain of how authentic they are. We
must neither affirm nor deny their divine origin, but show them our respect.
As far as the truth of these books is concerned, we have the teachings of the
Qur’an as the criteria. The truth, as contained in these books, also came from
divine revelations. We must seek the truth wherever it is and accept it.
Rasulullah^i said:
Islam also forbids us to ridicule other people and laugh at their beliefs and
religious practices. If we have differences, we must make our explanations
with kindness and understanding.
/ EXERCISES
”
1 . Compare and contrast the concepts of “Fitrah and “Original Sin”?
2. What happened to the earlier revelations?
3. What books are mentioned in the Qur’an?
4. Name the prophets who received the Books.
5. Why has Allah sent his revelations to people?
6. How should we treat other books which are not mentioned in the
Qur’an?
7. How should Muslims treat people of other religions?
31
LESSON 12
The Qur’an is the final revelation of Allah #£, sent to Prophet Muhammad fife
j
Indeed, we have revealed this Dhikr
(the Qur’an ), and We will safeguard '
it.
(Al-Hijr 15:9)
Allah sent many prophets with His guidance and many messengers with
His books. However, over time, these messages were either lost or changed.
The Qur’an informed us fourteen hundred years ago that all these books have
been changed. Most of the modem scholars are confirming this fact. Many
of the original teachings have been lost or intentionally removed from the
books. Some teachings have been misinterpreted to give them a different
meaning. Some words have been changed to give them totally different
meanings, and even new teachings have been added to these divine
revelations.
We do not even know the names of most of the revealed books. We have a
mention of only four other books in the Qur’an. The Suhufof Ibrahim have
been completely lost, and we have no information about them. Tawrait and
Zabur now form part of Old Testament. The InjH is part of the New
Testament. All of these books have gone through many changes, and the
original documents are no longer available.
Although these books have been tampered with and distorted, the Qur’an
recognizes them as revealed books and accepts that they still contain some
32
truth. The Qur’an Jews and Christians to accept the final and
invited the
complete truth as it was revealed to Rasulullah i&. However, if they do not
accept the truth of Islam as contained in the Qur’an, then at least, they are
asked to follow the teachings of their revealed books truthfully. The Qur’an
criticizes them for accepting only what suits them and rejecting what is not
agreeable to them. It also asked them to read the scriptures, seeking the truth
with sincerity instead of trying to find their own ideas within them.
The Qur’an described the Jews and Christians as Ahl al-Kitab, the People of
theBook. Islam established a special relationship between Muslims and the
Ahl al-Kitab. Islam also granted them the right to practice their religion freely.
The Qur’an teaches Muslims to speak to them kindly, seek unity with them in
the worship of one common God, and cooperate with them in those things that
are good and righteous.
There are many other religions, and they have theirown sacred books.
Although Muslims cannot include other religious groups among the Ahl al-
Kitab with certainty, they have traditionally treated them with the same
tolerance as they did the Jews and Christians, both socially and politically.
so Allah did not reveal his complete Shavi ah (Islamic laws and
regulations) then. The Qur’an completes and finalizes the SharTah.
33
There are hundreds and thousands of people all across the world who have
memorized the entire Qur’an word for word. These people are called the
Huffaz (singular: Hafiz). Every Muslim has some part of the Qur’an
memorized. Some people have learned how to beautifully recite the Qur’an;
they are called Muqris or Qaris. Yet, there are others who have mastered the
art of calligraphy; they write the Qur’an in an artistic manner. These are called
the Khattat. There are scholars who specialize in its study and interpretation.
These scholars are called Mufassirun (singular: Mufassir).
The Qur’an gives us a complete code of life. It clearly defines what is Halal
and what is Haram. It teaches us best morals and manners. There is no part of
life that it does not provide us the guidance. This book is for all human beings
and for all time to come.
May Allah include us among those who love His book, care about it and
strive to safeguard it.
/ EXERCISES
1 . If earlier revelations teach the same truth, why is the Qur’an needed?
2. Inwhat way have the earlier revelations been changed?
3. Who are the Ahl al-Kitab, and what relationship they have with
Muslims?
4. How have the Muslims treated other religious communities?
5. How Allah has safeguarded the Qur’an.
34
6. How is the Qur’an a complete code of life?
7. What are the following people called?
i. Those who write the Qur’an.
ii. Those who recite the Qur’an.
iii. Those who interpret the Qur’an.
iv. Those who memorize the Qur’an.
35
LESSON 13
We have not created the Jinns and humans except to worship us.
is like Him. He is the Creator and Lord of everyone, and no one shares His
power. Worshiping Him also means to follow His Sharfah (Islamic laws,
rules and regulations) and lead our lives according to His Will.
How can human beings know what Tawhld is, and what His Will is?
Allah $£, in His Kindness, has sent many prophets (Anbiya and messengers ’)
and deliver it to human beings. A prophet is not an angel, Jinn or other non-
human creature. He is an ordinary human being, a servant of Allah $£, whom
Allah $£ chooses for His Divine purpose.
Allah sent His prophets to enlighten people all over the world. All of the
prophets brought the same message:
•Worship no one but one God.
36
•Do not commit Shirk by accepting partners with Him
•Do not commit Kufr by denying His favors to humanity.
•Follow His religion of submission, Islam.
•Lead a moral life according to the divine guidance.
•Prepare yourself for the Akhirah, you will be judged for his
actions committed in this world.
Thus, the message of Allah reached all the people, and Allah $£ left no
people or nations without His guidance. Yet, humans have a tendency to
become forgetful, and if they are not vigilant, they lose their way. Sometimes,
the believers were ruled by evil people who, for their personal interest,
changed these pure teachings of Islam. They introduced Shirk (hypocrisy) and
Kufr (disbelief) among the people. They made rules to suit their own needs,
instead of adhering to the authentic rules of Shari'ah.
For centuries, Allah $5 kept sending his prophets to lead humanity back to the
right path. According to a tradition of the Prophet 2&, over one hundred
thousand prophets came to this world. We know some of their stories.
However, there are many prophets that we know very little about besides their
names. And still there were others of whom no record remains (Qur’an
4: 164). There are twenty-five prophets mentioned by name in the Qur’an:
Adam, Nuh, Salih, Shu'aib, Hud, Ibrahim, Lut, Isma’il, Ishaq, Ya'qub, Yusuf,
Yunus, Musa, Harun, Ayyub, Da’ud, Sulaiman, Ilyas, Al-Yas'a, Dhul-Kifl,
Idns, Zakariyyah, Yahya, 'Isa, and of course, Muhammadis
A Muslim must believe and respect all the prophets. The Qur’an says:
The Messenger believes in what has been revealed to Him from His Lord,
37
as do the believers. Each one of them believes, in Allah, and His angels,
and His books and His prophets. We make no distinction between one
and another of His messengers. And they say we hear and we obey.
We seek your forgiveness our Lord, and to you is the end of all journeys.
(Al-Baqarah 2: 285)
/ EXERCISES
1 . What are the qualifications to become a prophet?
2. What was the basic message of the prophets?
3. Mention some of the names of important prophets in the Qur’an.
38
LESSON 14
Prophet Muhammad Jfr taught the religion of Islam. It is the same religion
which had been taught by all the prophets. The Islam taught by Rasulullah Sr
completes the message brought by all the earlier prophets: Ibrahim Musa
& Tsa Ju. Allah ffc; has promised to preserve the purity of His message and
make His Dm (religion) victorious against all other ideologies.
While all the other prophets were sent primarily to their own people,
Rasulullah was sent for all humanity (Kaffatan li (a)n-Nas ). His message
was full of mercy for all the worlds and all the creation, Allah 3% named him
Rahmatun li (a)l- 'Alamm, (a Mercy for all humankind).
39
Allah 5kg gave him the most noble character. He was known as Al-Amm (the
Rasulullah was sent as the best model for all human beings to follow. The
Qur’an says:
actions that he approved are written and collected in many volumes. The
written Sunnah is called HadSh, HadBh_ means a narration, story or incident.
Before he passed away, he said:
I am leaving with you two things, ifyou will follow them you
will never go astray; thebook ofAllah and my Sunnah.
(Transmitted by Muslim)
Rasulullah Sfr struggled for the cause of Allah 5kg and brought us His message
truthfully. He loved his ‘Ummah and asked Allah’s 5kg forgiveness for its
shortcomings. Allah 5kg has blessed him with the river Kawthar in Jannah.
Rasulullah would offer the water of Kawthar to his ‘Ummah. Those who
shall drink from it shall never go thirsty. On the Day of Judgment, he will be,
with Allah’s 5kg permission, the ShafT (Intercessor) of his ‘Ummah. He will
40
plead to Allah to forgive their sins and admit them
Jannah. Allah Jp in to
His Mercy will accept the Shafa'ah of His beloved Rasul and honor his
"Ummah with the Jannah.
Muslims love their prophet. They try to follow His Sunnah. They accept
what he enjoined and reject what he forbade. The Muslims love his family,
ahl al-Bait, his Sahabah and respect his wives as their mothers. The Qur’an
says:
CAl-Ahzab 33:6)
/ EXERCISES
1 . Is Islam a new religion? What were the teachings of earlier prophets?
2. What do we mean by the statement: “Muhammad Sir is the final
prophet”?
41
3 . What would you call a person who claims to be a prophet or messenger
after the coming of Rasulullah fir?
4. What is the difference in the mission of Rasulullah fir and the other
prophets?
5. Why do the believers love Rasulullah fir?
6. How does the Qur’an describe the character and mission of Rasulullah
fir?
42
LESSON 15
says that He gave men and women life and intelligence to test which of
them would obey Him.
Allah has given each human a soul which does not die. When a person
dies, his body turns back into earth, but his soul is preserved. On the Day of
Judgment, the universe will come to an end, and human beings will be
brought back to life. Every one of us will be asked whether we worshiped
Allah and behaved righteously on earth.
All the books of Allah teach us that this life is temporary. Eternal life starts
after the end of this life. We have been sent here for a very short period of
time to be tested for our faith and actions. Allah says:
(Allah) Who has created life and death that he may try you to see which
one ofyou is best in his actions: and He is Mighty and Forgiving.
{Al-Mulk 67:2)
The Qur’an informs us that one day, all life of this world will come to a
complete end and it will usher into a new life. Angel Israfil will blow the Stir
(the trumpet). As its sound increases, the world will be shattered to pieces. It
will be the beginning of the Qiyamah, the Day of Judgment. The Qur’an gives
us many graphic descriptions of that day:
43
6
This will be the end of all existence. Only Allah $£ would remain that day:
s s ’J
The day they come forth, nothing of them hidden from Allah.
To whom belongs the Sovereignty and Power this day?
To Allah the One, Almighty.
(.Al-Mu ’min 40 : 1 )
Then, Allah 5k£ will ask the Angel Israfil to blow up the trumpet once more.
The second sounding of the trumpet will bring back the creation. People will
come out of their graves. That is the Day of Qiyamah, the Judgment. Every
soul will be presented before Allah’s seat of power and Majesty. The scrolls
of both good and bad deeds prepared by the angels, Kiraman Katibrn, will be
presented. Allah $£ would give power of speech to all our organs that day.
They will testify before Allah $£, bringing forth all our good and bad deeds.
The righteous will have the scrolls of their deeds in their right hands, and the
evil will have the scrolls of their deeds in their left hands. The faces of the
believers will radiate with heavenly light. They receive all that Allah had
promised them. The faces of the Kuffar will be dark and gloomy. They will
be lamenting over their fate and ask Allah to give them a second chance.
There will be no second chance that day. They will blame their leaders and
44
and priests for their ill-guidance. Likewise, the leaders will abandon their
people and return the blame upon them.
The believers will have the assurance of the Mercy of Allah $£ and the
Shafa'ah of Rasulullah They will be admitted to Jannah.
favoring them.
Their friends, relatives and angels will greet them with, “Assalamu 'Alai-
kum ”. Allah $£ Himself would welcome them with Salam.
as those who refused to worship and obey Allah $£ will be punished in Hell.
On Day of Judgment, only Allah Zte; will be the judge. No one in this
the
world can say who will be saved, and who will be punished. Allah did not
give this authority to any human being. No prophet, priest, magician and
leader has the authority to declare another human being as entitled to Jannah
or the Jahannum. However, the Qur’an and the Sunnah have clearly defined
the faith and actions that could earn a person access to Jannah. It also clearly
specifies the evil actions that would lead one to Jahannum.
45
S EXERCISES
1 . What is Qiyamahl
the
2. What actionswould help people on the Day of Judgment?
3. How people would come to know about their good or bad deeds?
4. What kind of assurance the believers have on that day?
46
LESSON 16
What is Paradise? Rasulullah & said that beyond anything that we can
it is
rivers, flowers, beautiful houses and wonderful things to eat and drink, and
the company of loved ones. Everything will be a source of peace and
happiness; being so close to Allah iji£ Himself will be the greatest joy.
Here is one of many verses of the Qur’an that speaks about the Hereafter:
^ J yy
J Ig-1 \
fy' * '
(Lh3J
' *\
47
You will see the evil-doers fearful of that which they have earned,
and it will surely befall them; While those who believed and did
good works (will be) in the flowering meadows of the Gardens ,
having what they wish from their Lord. This is the great preferment.
(Ash-Shura 42:22)
Which would you rather enter: Paradise or Hell? The people who choose
Paradise sincerely believe in Allah $?, and do as much good as they can to win
His pleasure. The people destined for Hell earn His anger by disregarding His
message and His warnings. May Allah $£ guide us on the right path!
EXERCISES
1 . How is Paradise described in the Qur’an?
2. How is Hell described in the Qur’an?
3. What should a person do to enter Paradise?
4. How can a person avoid going to Hell?
5. Since it is by doing good deeds you may enter Paradise, tell your
that
teacher three good deeds which you would like to do or intend to do,
Insha’ Allah.
48
LESSON 17
which we are different from horses, cows, birds, fish, and insects?
Allah jjbr has given us all this intelligence and understanding so that we can
recognize Allah as the One Who has created all the wonderful things in the
heavens and the earth. He has allowed humans to understand the difference
between good and bad. Allah ££ has full power to control all of His creations,
including Man. However, He has given us the power to choose between good
and bad.
Suppose a mother asks her children to help her at home. Knowing that
helping her would make her happy, some children choose to obey her request.
However, some children refuse to obey, making their mothers sad and angry
with them.
From this example, you can see that Allah has given the people the
freedom to choose good or bad. He loves those who do good and is angered
by those who do wrong.
49
The Qur’an says:
JL3
^ ^ x , 'i''
U--Xs 9
,4m/ (by) the soul and Him Who perfected it, and inspired it
(with conscious of) what is wrong for itand (what is) right for it.
Indeed, he succeeds, who purifies it (his soul) and he is indeed
Allah has given humans the gift of His guidance. He has promised to help
those who ask Him obey Him. Allah $£ has also given
and sincerely try to
humans the freedom to turn away from His guidance. Some people choose
not to be guided by Allah $£ and they try to guide themselves. Such people
go astray and will never be happy in this world or in the next.
It is important to understand that our conscience, the voice of our soul, is the
most valuable possession we have. A child is bom with a pure soul. As long
as he believes in Allah $£ and tries to do good, his soul will stay pure and
bright, like a mirror. But if he chooses to ignore Allah’s guidance and
behaves in a manner that his conscience knows is wrong, his soul will
resemble a mirror that has been covered with dirt. He will have lost sight of
Allah’s guiding light and will be left in eternal darkness. It is for this reason
that Allah commands us to pray to Him everyday. Consider the words of
Surah al-Fatihah (1 : 6-7):
ji L'JlJi
rr
50
EXERCISES
51
INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON FIQH FOR TEACHERS
In treating the subject of Fiqh at the junior level, the author was faced with a
dilemma. If the subject is treated properly, it is quite complex, and young learners
may have some difficulty in following the text. However, if the subject is simplified
too much, it could lead to errors and omissions in the performance of their religious
duties. This latter danger seems to be more serious than the former, especially since
the primary /junior levels marks the end of formal Islamic education for some
students.
The information given was originally written according to the Maliki school of Fiqh.
IQRA’ Foundation has expanded the text to include other schools of Fiqh. This
broadened perspective will greatly facilitate the teaching of Islamic Fiqh within the
realm of the classroom, which often represents a microcosm of all the schools of
Fiqh.
The modem world has evolved into a “global village.” Both through instruction and
experiences with one another, we learn about different religions, cultures, and
civilizations. In contrast, our knowledge of the various schools of Fiqh is lamentably
limited at best. In the United States and the rest of the Western world, the Muslim
community has an opportunity to expand its educational horizons while learning to
respect differences and appreciate the rich diversity of Islamic Civilization.
52
FIQH
LESSON 1
Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. It describes the details of our Islamic duties and
how to perform them.
3. Sawm: fasting
4. Zakah welfare: fees; obligatory charity
5. Hajj pilgrimage
:
Pillars are solid structures that hold up the roof of a building. Each pillar
needs to be equally strong to do the job effectively. If some pillars are weak,
the whole building becomes unstable and may fall apart.
Similarly, practicing the Five Pillars of Islam upholds the ‘in an (Faith) of the
believer and gives structure to his life. The Five Pillars of Islam describe the
most essential forms of worship to Allah $£. If a person does not take care to
uphold the Five Pillars, his in an will weaken, and he will become distanced
‘
from Allah j&t In such a vulnerable state, he may easily be led astray by the
Shaitan and lose all happiness in this world and in the Hereafter.
54
The Importance of the Five Pillars
Muslim observes the Five Pillars of Islam sincerely, Allah $$ will reward
If a
him by guiding him on the right path and strengthening his ‘Iman. Thus,
learning the correct way of performing these important tasks is essential to
leading a successful Islamic life.
section of the book (Fiqh ) will elaborate on the remaining four pillars of Islam
and some other important points of Fiqh and SharTah (Islamic Law).
EXERCISES
1 . What is Fiqh!
2. What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
3 . What is the purpose of practicing the F ive Pillars of Islam?
4. What is a pillar, and what does it do?
5. What are the results of failing to practice the Five Pillars of Islam?
55
LESSON 2
Before offering prayer, a Muslim must purify himself. He must wash his body
and cleanse his heart, mind, and soul in preparation for prayer.
Wudu’ (Ablution) and Ghusl (Ritual Bath) should be performed with pure
water. To be considered pure, water should be free of color, taste, or smell.
However, if any of these things come from dirt, rocks, salt, or other naturally
occurring sources, the water may be used. Furthermore, according to Hanafi
Fiqh, if any pure substance mixed with water, the water can
is still be used for
Wudu’ or Ghusl, as long as two of the three qualities (i.e. color, taste, or
smell) have not been changed.
The following sources of water are considered acceptable for Wudu’ and
Ghusl springs, wells,
: rivers, rain water, melted ice or snow, and sea water.
56
Cleanliness of Body. Clothes and Place of Worship
Before beginning the prayer, we must make sure that the place of worship is
EXERCISES
1 . What is the meaning of purification for prayer?
2. Name the three types of purification.
3. List the requirements for water to be suitable for purification.
4. Name five sources of pure water.
5. How can a Muslim ensure that his body and clothes are always clean
for prayer?
57
LESSON 3
LMS ill
* >
J\psft; pi
wash your face, and your hands (and arms) up to the elbows;
rub your heads (with water); and (wash) your feet to ankles.
(Al-Ma’idah 5:6)
The Wudu’ prepares our bodies for prayer. We are about to stand before
Allah our Creator, Lord and King, and we should try to present
ourselves in the best way possible. By washing ourselves, ensuring that
our clothes are clean and tidy, and making ourselves calm and attentive, we
humbly show that we are ready to be in Allah’s presence.
The Wudu’ prepares a Muslim mentally and spiritually for prayer. When
we wash the dirt from our bodies, we may imagine washing away the sins
58
from our bodies and souls. We must also have the intention not to repeat
our sins.
So, when we wash our hands, we should repent any wrong deeds that we
may have done with our hands. When we wash our mouths, we should
repent any wrong things we may have said, and so on.
EXERCISES
59
LESSON 4
Some of the acts of Wudu’ are Far o' (obligatory). If one of these required acts
is omitted, one must go back to complete it, and then repeat the remaining acts
of Wudu’ up to the end. madhhab. one must go back and
In the Hanafi
complete only the part that was omitted; and the remaining parts of the Wudu’
need not be repeated. If the person has already prayed by the time he
remembers that he has omitted a Fard act, he should repeat the whole Wudu’
and the prayer. The four Fard acts of Wudu’ are mentioned in the Qur’an.
Certain acts of Wudu’ are very important, because they were practiced by
Rasulullah ifr. These Sunnah acts of Wudu’ are called Smart al-Wudu’i. If
one of these acts is missed, it should be completed; although it is not necessary
to repeat the Wudu’. According to the Hanafi madhhab. any Sunnah act
which is missed does not nullify the Salah.
If one does not remember that he missed a Sunan al-Wudu’T until after
completing the prayer, his prayer is still valid. However, he should perform
60
a fresh, complete Wudu’ before offering the next obligatory prayer.
There are about five to ten other small acts which are recommended, because
theymake the Wudu’ more perfect. However, if they are not included, the
Wudu’ is still valid.
61
ACTS OF ABLUTION FARD SUNNAH MUSTAHAB
Say: Bismillah-ar-Rahman-ar-Rahim
Intention
Declaration of Faith
62
.
EXERCISES
63
)
LESSON 5
Step 1 Start with the name of Allah £!£ by reciting: Bismillahi (A)r-
Step 3 Wash the right hand, then the left hand. You should wash up to
the wrist and between the fingers. Doing this three times is
recommended. (Fard)
Step 5 Sniff water into the nose, and blow it out gently. Three times
is recommended. (Mustahab
Step 6 Wash the face, from hairline to chin, and from ear to ear.
According to all the Sunni madhahib. it is best to wash from the
top of the face downwards, but it may be done in any manner.
Doing this three times is recommended. {Fard)
Step 7 Wash the right arm up to the elbow three times. Repeat with the
left arm. According to the Hanafi, Malild, Shafi'i and Hanball
madhahib. one should wash from the hands up to the elbows.
Three times is recommended. {Fard)
64
Step 8 Make masah of the head. According to the Malik! and Hanbali
madhhahib. wet your hands and rub the head once from the
front hairline to the back of the neck and back again to the
front. According to the Hanafi madhhab, only one-fourth of the
head need be wiped with the wet hands. According to the
Shafi ‘i madhhab . it is required that the entire head, not missing
even a single hair, be wiped with wet hands. In. all of the
madhahib. one may make masah over a taqfyyah (cap) or
turban. (Sunnah)
Step 10 In the four Sunn! madhahib. we wash the feet from the toes to
the heels and ankles, starting with the right foot. Remember to
rub between the toes. Doing this three times is recommended.
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I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, One and without
partner, and 1 bear witness that Muhammad is His servant
and messenger.
65
Summary of Wudu’
mustahab to do so.
EXERCISES
1 . What is said in Arabic when you start your Wudu’l
2. Is the intention made out loud or silently?
3. What would you say in your intention to perform Wudu’?
4. Describe and demonstrate the acts of Wudu’.
5. What should you say in Arabic when you have completed the Wudu’,
and what is its meaning?
6. Summarize the order of Wudu’, according to the madhhab you follow.
66
THE PROCEDURE FOR WUDU’
STEPS STEP 6
Sniff water in nose. (Three times preferred) Wash face. (Three times preferred)
67
LESSON 6
According to the Hanafi madhhab. these conditions would nullify the Wudu’:
position
3 . Touching the private parts with the bare hand.
69
4.
Touching the skin of someone of the opposite sex who is not
related to you.
EXERCISES
70
LESSON 7
THE GHUSL
The Ghusl is a ritual bath performed to purify one’s body for prayer and other
acts of worship.
step mandatory.
71
Step 3 Wash the najasah from the private parts.
After Step 4 above (i.e. Wudu’), avoid touching the private parts with the
inside of the hand. If you do so, it will become necessary to perform Wudu’
again before Salah. This is not necessary in the Hanafi madhhab.
EXERCISES
1 . What is the Ghusl!
2. What necessitates the Ghusll
3. What should an adult who becomes a Muslim do before he offers his
first prayer?
4. What are the steps of the Ghusl, in their correct order?
5. What are the Fard acts of the Ghusll
72
LESSON 8
TAYAMMUM
Tayammum is a dry Wudu’, using dust instead of water.
Ifsomeone has prayed with Tayammum, and then water becomes available
before the end of the time of that prayer, he should make Wudu’ or bathe with
water and repeat the prayer. If the prayer time passes without the water being
available, the prayer with Tayammum
However, according to the
is valid.
Hanafi madhhab even if water is found before the end of the prayer time,
,
once the prayer has been completed, it does not have to be repeated.
73
THE PROCEDURE FOR TAYAMMUM
STEPS
Lift hands as shown, palms downwards,
with Bismilldh, make intention for gently hitting their sides together to knock
Tayammum. Press hands on grounds off extra dust.
surface.
74
STEP 7
Press your hands to the ground again, shaking off
extra dust, as in Step 5. Rub hands together.
STEP 8
Rub your right arm with your left hand, starting from
the back of the finders to the elbow, and back along the
inner arm to the hand, rubbing between the fingers.
Repeat with the other arm.
75
How to Perform Tayammum
Step 1 Find a piece of ground which is free of najasah: rock,
sand, dust, grass, or any other natural surface. Sand or
dustmay also be fetched from another place to perform
Tayammum.
“
Step 2 Begin the Tayammum with Bismillahi (A)r-Rahmani
(A)r-Rahim(if'
Step 7 Press your hands to the ground and hit their sides
together as in steps 4 and 5.
Step 8 Rub your right ami with your left hand, starting from the
back of your fingers to the elbow, and back along the
inner arm remembering to rub between the
to the hand,
fingers. Repeat with your other arm.
Summary of Tayammum
76
4. Rub face
5. Press hands on dust and knock hands together
6 . Rub right arm, then left
The same conditions that nullify Wudu’ also render Tayammum void (see
Lesson 5).
EXERCISES
no water, and water then becomes available at 9:30 p.m., what should
he do?
4. List the acts of Tayammum in their correct order.
1
5. What nullifies Tayammum ?
77
LESSON 9
THE SALAH
What is the Value of Salah to Muslims ?
Sal ah, or prayer, is the second Pillar of Islam. Salah offers us the opportunity
to communicate with God directly at any time and place. It is a time for
reflection and evaluation of our past actions and preparation for future actions.
As we shall see, Salah is important for both individual growth and community
solidarity.
I have only createdjinn and men that they may worship Me.
(Al-Zariyat 51:56)
human nature to seek a higher power for worship. Deep down, every
It is
human being feels the existence of God. This is evident by the existence of
so many religions in the world today. However, as promised in the Qur’an,
God’s true, unchanged word, only Islam shows us the meaning of true
worship. True worship is complete submission of heart, soul, mind, and body
to the Will of Allah Salah provides a means of submission, allowing
human beings to carry out the purpose for which they were created.
Indeed, the prayer prevents one from shameful and unjust acts.
-
(Al 'Ankabut 29:45)
Praying five times every day keeps our ‘Iman strong and makes us more
conscious of Allah ii£. The more aware we are of His presence, watching our
every action, the more we avoid breaking His laws and become better people.
Rasulullah 2£ advised:
Worship your Lord as ifyou see Him, and ifyou cannot do that,
In Islam, prayer includes both words and movements which are intended to
express our humility before Allah Thus, regardless of a person’s social
position or wealth, whether he is a king or a pauper, he must bow and
prostrate with his nose and forehead to the ground. Men and women are equal
in the eyes of Allah and the prayer helps to remove all feelings of pride
and superiority among human beings.
79
The Salah is a Formal Communication with Allah fc
A person engaged in prayer is able to express his needs directly to Allah £u“.
{Ghafir 40:60)
When the time for Salah approaches, we should not delay in offering the
prayer. All other activities must be stopped, and the Salah should become our
80
first priority. Any delay will give the Shaitan the opportunity to mislead us
away from Sal ah.
The benefits and blessings of the Salah in Islam are too numerous to mention
here. Those given above are just a few examples.
EXERCISES
81
LESSON 10
The five daily Salawat (prayers) should never be neglected. If a person is too
ill to stand, he may pray sitting. If he is too ill to sit, he may pray lying down.
Prayer is the most important link between the believer and Allah $£. If a
person is negligent of his Salah, he is breaking communication with Allah
The only Muslims who are excused from the Fard prayers are: (a)
adult
woman during her monthly period or during the blood of childbirth; (b) a
mentally incapacitated person; (c) an unconscious person. Those who fall into
these categories do not need to make up the missed prayers when they have
purified themselves or are recovered.
Often, young children imitate their parents when they pray. This should be
encouraged. The best way for children to leam the steps of Salah is by
following the example of their parents, elder brothers and sisters, and other
relatives.
Children should be encouraged to pray from the age of seven. From the age
of ten, they may be punished if they refuse to pray. It is a sin for any Muslim
who has reached the age of puberty to deliberately omit a Fard prayer.
82
The Five Daily Salawat
5. ’Isha’ (twilight)
Each prayer has an appointed time. A Muslim should always make sure to
pray each prayer at its appointed time. The appointed time and the extension
time of each prayer is as follows:
PRAYER TIMINGS
Fajr (Dawn) From dawn until the sky turns bright yellow
Zuhr (Afternoon) From after mid-day until mid-afternoon, i.e., when the
length of an object’s shadow is double it’s actual size.
‘Asr (Mid-afternoon) From the time that an object’s shadow becomes double
its size until just before sunset.
Maghrib (Sunset) Immediately after sunset until just before twilight (the
sky turns completely dark)
EXERCISES
1 . How should a sick person pray?
2. Name three conditions under which a Muslim is excused from the
83
Sal ah.
3. woman’s monthly period has ended, and she has performed the
If a
Ghusl (Ritual Bath), does she have to make up for the prayers she
missed during her period?
4. From what age should a Muslim child be admonished if he or she
refuses to pray?
5. What are the names of the five daily Salawat in Arabic, and their
English translation?
6. Describe the appointed time and the extension time for each of the five
daily Salawat.
84
LESSON 11
The Adhan should be called at the time of prayer in the mosque, in the home
or anywhere else that Muslims gather for the Salah. The person who calls the
Adhan is called a Mu ’adhdhin.
The Adhan reminds Muslims that it is time for the Salah. When a Muslim
hears the Adhan, he should leave whatever he is doing and prepare for the
Salah.
85
Hayya 'ala (a)s-Salah Hasten to prayer!
According to the Hanafis, Shafi’is, Malikls and Hanballs, after the second
“ Hayya 'ala (a)l-falah ”
of the Adhan for the Fajr Sal ah, the following must
be added (repeated twice):
The prayer may be offered in a Masjid, or any other clean place where
Muslims are gathered. We may also make our Salah at home, at a place of
business or factory, in the open air or any other convenient, clean location.
The most excellent Salah is that which is offered in Jama'ah (congregation).
As emphasized in previous lessons, one should make sure that he or she has
WuduAn preparation for Salah. The clothes should also be clean and decent.
Both boys and girls must cover their Satr properly. Satr is those parts of the
body that must be covered. A man’s Satr is that area between his navel and
his knees. Satr for the women includes her whole body except her face,
86
hands, and feet.
The Oiblah
Muslims must face the Qiblah when offering the Salah. The Qiblah is the
direction of Ka'bah in Makkah. The direction of Qiblah varies according to
the different parts of the world.
When Muslims pray in the Bait al-Haram in Makkah, they encircle the
Ka'bah. All Muslims face the same Qiblah in prayer. The Ka'bah is a symbol
of Muslim brotherhood and unity even though the Ummah (Muslim
community) is scattered throughout the world.
The Ka'bah, located in the Bait al-Haram, is the most sacred place of worship
in Islam. It was a place chosen by Allah Who directed first prophet, Adam
A, and then Prophet Ibrahim m and Prophet Isma'il ,ij, his son, to build a
house of worship for His servants.
After a period of time, people began to use the Masjid for idol worship. After
many centuries, Rasulullah fit destroyed the idols and purified the Ka'bah
from Shirk. Once more, the Ka'bah became Bait-Allah, the House of Allah ifc,
to be used for the worship of Allah Hz alone. The Ka'bah was chosen by Allah
as the Qiblah for all Muslims until the end of time.
EXERCISES
87
4. Which phrase is added to the Adhan of Fajr, and what does it mean?
Where is it added?
5. Which has greater reward: offering the Salah alone or in Jama ah!
Why?
6. Where should a Muslim offer his Salah ?
7. What is the Qiblah!
8. What is the Ka'bah?
9. Where is the Ka'bah located?
10. Who first built the Ka'bah?
1 1 . Who later cleaned the idols from the Ka'bah?
88
LESSON 12
The ‘lqamah is the call to the start of prayer. It is the signal to stand facing the
Qiblah, ready for the prayer to begin. Although it is not necessary for a
person praying alone to recite it, there is merit in doing so. If the Salah is
being offered in Jama ah, any member of the group may call it out loud.
However, it is preferable that the Mu ’adhdhin call the 'lqamah.
89
THE POSITION FOR ‘IQAMAH
90
La Halt a ilia (A) Halt, (lx) There is no god but Allah
According to the ShafTi school, it is only required to repeat each line once
instead of twice as presented above.
The worshiper then makes the intention for the Salah he is going to offer. At
the same time, he raises his hands to the level of his ears, or below them, and
says:
AllahuAkbar Allah is Most Great.
The intention should be made silently in any language. For example, one may
say: “O Allah $5, 1 intend to perform the prescribed ( name ofprayer)
prayer with ('number ofRaka'at) Rak'ah (type of Salah: Fard. Sunnah. or
.
Nafl) facing the Qiblah ,” and then begin the first Rak'ah.
EXERCISES
91
LESSON 13
1
.
Qiyam : standing facing the Qiblah, individually or in Jama ah.
2. Tilawah : recitation of Al-Fatihah and another Surah or long
Ayah (in the first two Raka'at only).
3. Ruku : bowing.
4. Qawmah : rising from bowing.
5. Sajdah: prostration
6. Jalsah : sitting between the two Sujud (prostrations).
We shall now leam in detail how each part of the Rak'ah is done, and what is
recited.
After making the intention for the prayer and saying 'AllahuAkbar' ( Takbiral
al-Ihram), as described in Lesson 12, the worshiper stands with his hands
folded just above the navel according to the Hanafis, folded and held higher
up by Shaft ’is and Hanballs, and held at the sides by Malilds.
ail
%
92
Subhanak Allahumma, wa bihamdika, wa tabarak
asmuka, wa Ta’ala jadduka, wa la ilaha ghayruka.
I have set my face, firmly and truly, towards Him Who created
the heavens and the earth, and never shall I make partners
with Allah. Truly, my prayer and my service of sacrifice, my
life and my death, are (all) for Allah, The Cher is her of all the
worlds; He has no partners: this am I commanded and I am the
first of those who bow to His Will.
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93
Sajdah: the position of prostration.
94
)
Rak'ah .
Finally, the worshiper recites another Surah of the Qur’an. One may choose
to recite one long verse or several relatively short verses of a Surah. The
recitation of a second Surah after al-Fatihah is done only in the first two
Raka ’at of the prayer (if it is a three or four Raka ’at prayer). Recitation of Al-
Fatihah and another Surah should be done aloud or silently, depending on
which Salah is being done (see Lesson 15).
u
The worshiper then says: Allahu Akbar” which means, “Allah is Most
Great!” and bows.
For ShafiTs the hands should be raised to shoulder level when saying the
takbir. In this position, one should quietly glorify Allah by saying three times:
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95
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Sami’ Allah u li-man hamidah, Rab-bana la-kal Hamd
Shafi'Is should raise their to shoulder level when coming up from ruktT.
Again, the worshiper declares: “Allahu Akbar,” moving into prostration, his
nose and forehead touching the ground.
Then raise your head from the ground, sitting back, and saying, “Allahu
”
Finally, while saying “Allahu Akbar rise to the Qiyam (standing) position for
the second Rak'ah.
This completes the first Rak'ah. The same procedure is followed for each of
the five daily prayers; the only difference is in the intention of the prayer.
96
EXERCISES
97
:
LESSON 14
The second Rak’ah follows the same pattern as the first Rak'ah
time)
(b) Make Ruku once.
’
The recitations in all positions are the same as in the first Rak'ah.
After the second Sajdah, the worshiper raises his head, proclaiming, “Allahu
Akbar,” and resumes the sitting position. In this position, he quietly recites
At-Tashahhud (The Testimony) as follows. According to the HanafI school:
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98
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At-tahlyyatu li-allahi, salamun ‘alaika ayyuhan nabiyyu wa
rahmatullahi wa barakatu-hu. Salamun ‘ala in a wa ' ala ‘ibadillah(a)s-
salihln. Ash-hadu an la ilaha (raise the index finger of the right hand) ila
All greetings to Allah. Peace be upon you, and the Mercy O Prophet,
ofAllah and His Blessings. Peace be to us and on the good servants
ofAllah. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I
bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger ofAllah.
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As-salamu ‘
ayyuha (a)n-nablyyu wa rahmatullahi wa
alai-ka
barakatuhu. Assalamu alaina wa ala ‘ibadi(A) llahi (a)s- sQlihin.
(Index finger of the right hand is raised) AsMiadu an la ilaha
99
illa-(A)llahu wahda-hu la sharikalahuwa ash_-hadu anna
Muhammadan abdu-huwa rasulu-h(u).
All greetings are for Allah. All righteousness is for Allah. All prayers
are for Allah. Peace be upon you, O Prophet,
and the Mercy of Allah
and His Blessings. Peace be on us and on the good servants ofAllah.
I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone and without partner.
And I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.
If At-Tashahhud is being recited in the last Rak'ah of a prayer (i.e. after the
second Rak'ah in the Fajr Prayer, or the third in the Maghrib, or the fourth
in all others), one should follow it with Du 'a’ Ibrahim, as follows:
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100
At-Tashahhud marks the end of the Second Rak'ah.
If there are only two Raka 'it total in the prayer you are doing, you should end
the prayer here as you would if it were a four-Rak'ah prayer (see next lesson
for details on how prayer is ended).
The daily prayers have the following number of Fard Rak' if.
As you can see, only the Fajr Salih consists of only two Raka' it. For the
other four prayers, the worshiper continues to the third Rak'ah, which will be
described in the next lesson.
EXERCISES
1 . Demonstrate the second Rak'ah with its steps and its recitations.
101
,
LESSON 15
Except in Salat-al-Fajr (the Dawn Prayer), one should rise after the first
Reading al-Fatihah
The pattern of the third and fourth Raka 'at is the same as the first Rak’ah,
except that there is no other Surah recited after al-Fatihah.
Salat-al -Maghrib
The Maghrib prayer consists of three Raka 'at. Following the third Rak’ah, the
worshiper should sit down for Salam, recite the full Tashahhud and Du ’a’
Ibrahim and say As-Salamu 'Alai-kum to complete his prayer.
These prayers all consist of four Raka ’at. The worshiper must complete four
Raka' at and then, while in the sitting position (Jalsah ), recite the full
Tashahhud and Du ’a’ Ibrahim. When he says As-Salamu 'Alai-kum, he has
completed his prayer.
102
03
Glorification of Allah ±::
Tasbihat:
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There is no God but Allah, Alone and with no partner. For His
is the kingdom, and all praise belongs to Him, and He has
power over everything.
104
Istaghfar :
We should always remember to ask Allah’s forgiveness for the sins we are
aware of as well as those we may have committed unknowingly. Repeating
Istaghfar. especially in the morning and before sleeping at night, is said to
clear the worshiper of all minor sins committed that day. In fact, Rasulullah
fii said:
Every one of the children ofAdam has been created with 360 joints so —
he who seeks forgiveness from Allah to the number 360 will walk
. . .
Women should recite all parts of the prayer silently. An Imam should recite
the Fatihah and another Surah (or part of a Surah ) aloud in the first two
Raka'at of the Fajr, Maghrib, and 'Isha' prayers.
EXERCISES
1 . Demonstrate the third and fourth Raka ’at with their movements and
recitations.
105
3. In which of the five daily prayers are al-Fatihah and another Surah
recited silently by all?
4. Explain how Tasbihat, Istaghfar and ‘Ad'iya’ are done after the ritual
Sal ah.
5. Do women recite anything out loud in any of the prayers?
106
LESSON 16
THE QUNUT
The Qunut is a special du ‘a that is recited during the Witr or the Fajr prayer,
depending on the madhhab. The word Qunut means “to be obedient.”
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Allahumma(a)hdina fi man hadait, wa 'afm fi man afait, wa
tawallanl fi man taw allait, wa barik la-na fi man 'a’tait, wa qina sharra
ma qadait,fa inna-ka taqdi wa layuqda alaik. Wa inna-hu layadillu
ma walait, tabarakta Rabbana wa ta’alait.
Allah, guide usamongst those you have guided. Make us healthy among
those You have made healthy. Befriend us among those you have
befriended. Bless us in what You have given us. Keep away from us the
you may have ordained, for surely, You ordain and are not
evil that
ordained upon and You do not misguide those whom you have befriended
and blessed and raised.
According to the Malild school, the Qunut is said during Salat-al-Fajr also,
but it is recited in the second rak 'ah, after the recitation of Fatihah and the
second Surah, just before entering ruku':
107
j
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j dill 1:1 j^JJi
turn away and give up the friendship of those who disobey You. Oh
Allah, You alone we worship, and for You alone, we offer Sal ah,
and to You alone, we make sajdah; and we make haste in turning to
You, we hope for Your mercy, and we fear Your punishment.
Indeed! Your severe punishment overtakes the kuffar.
According to the Hanafi madhhab the Qunut . is recited only during the Witr
prayer. The Qunut is recited in the third rak'ah, after the Fatihah and a second
Surah has beeen recited. Then, the hands are raised to the ears, as if making
108
Oh Allah we ,
seek Your help, Your guidance, and Your forgiveness and we
and we have trust in You, and we praise You in the best
believe in You,
way. We thank You, and we do not deny You, And we turn away and give
up the friendship of those who disobey You. Oh Allah, You alone we
worship, and for You alone, we offer Salah, and to You alone, we make
sajdah; and we make haste in turning to You, we hope for Your mercy, and
we fear Your punishment. Indeed! Your severe punishment overtakes the
kuffar.
EXERCISES
lesson.
3. When isQunut said according to Malik! Fiqhl
the
4. Write the meaning of the Qunut you have memorised.
5. When do Hanafis offer the Qunut ?
6. What does a believer promise to Allah in Qunut ?
109
LESSON 17
The Khutbah
The Imam first greets the congregation with a Khutbah (Sermon), preferably
offered in Arabic. However, in areas where Arabic is not spoken,
arrangements should be made for translation of the Khutbah in the local
The Imam then leads the congregation in a prayer consisting of two Raka ’at,
instead of the usual four Raka'at for the Zuhr Prayer. He recites out loud, and
the congregation follows silently.
The Friday Congregational Prayer is compulsory for men, unless they are on
a journey or too ill to attend. It is optional for women (i.e. they may choose
to attend or not). If a woman decides to pray at home, or if anyone is
prevented from attending Salat al-Jumu ah, he or she must pray the four
Raka ’at of the Zuhr Prayer in the usual manner.
no
Bath before Friday Prayer
Rasulullah ft* made it compulsoiy for everybody who is attending the Friday
prayer to bathe before going to the mosque. The bath should be performed in
the proper prescribed manner for Ghusl. Also, one should dress in one’s best
Among the many benefits of the Jumu’ah prayer, here are just a few:
of Islamic brotherhood.
c. The Khutbah serves as a weekly reminder of our responsibilities as
Muslims, warning us of evil and encouraging us to do good.
EXERCISES
ill
If someone is not able to go to the Masjid for the Friday Prayer, how
does he or she pray?
What important act of Sunnah should a Muslim perform before going
to Salat-al-Jumu'ah, and how should it be done?
List some of the benefits of Jumu'ah Prayer.
)
LESSON 18
omission occurs.
Sujud.
8. Two Sujud
9. Rising from Sujud
10. Jalsah
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1 1 . Saying Sal am to end the prayer
12. At-Tamaniyyah performing the
: acts of prayer at a steady speed,
without rushing
13. Offering the prayer attentively and not in carelessly
14. Performing the Fara’id as- Salah in their correct order
15. When praying behind an Imam, making the intention to follow
Imam in prayer.
the
1. Cleanliness of body
2. Cleanliness of clothes
3. Cleanliness of place
4. Covering the Satr
5. Facing the Qiblah
6. Praying at the appointed time
7. Intention of the Salah
Case II. If a person unintentionally omits a Fard act of the Salah, but
remembers it after he rises from Sajdah in the next Rak'ah he should discard ,
the Rak'ah in which he made the error and substitute it with the Rak'ah he is
now in. He should then complete the remaining Raka ’at of the prayer.
“
After Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa rahmatullah, ” he should perform two Sujud
of Sahw (see Lesson 22).
114
Case III. If a person unintentionally omits a Fard act of the Salah and does
not remember it until after finishing the Salah he should repeat the whole
,
Salah.
EXERCISES
115
LESSON 19
3.
1 .
* The recitation of a Surah or verse of the Qur'an after al-Fatihah
116
8. Rak'ah of the prayers that consists of more than two Rak ‘at.
9.
* The sitting position for the first Tashahhud (At-Tahiyyat)
12. When making Sajdah, the worshiper should rest his weight on
his hands, knees and toes, not on his elbows or forearms.
”
13. After saying the final “Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa rahmatullah
to the right, the follower of the Imam should say “Assalamu
‘ Alai-kum ” towards the Imam and towards any person who is
Case I. If a person omits any of the especially important Sunnah acts of Salah
(marked by * in the list above), he should perform two Sujud as-Sahw,
prostrations of amendment, before finishing his Salah with: “Assalamu ‘Alai-
1 17
kum wa rahmatu(A)llah ” (i.e. Sujud al-Qabli, see Lesson 22).
Case II. If a person omits only one of the other Sunnah acts of Salah, he
should not amend the Salah. By doing so, he would nullify his Salah.
Case III. However, if he omits two of the less important acts of the Salah, he
should perform two Sujud as-Sahw before finishing his Salah with:
‘'Assalamu Alai-kum wa rahmatullah ” (i.e. Sujud al-Qabli, see Lesson 22).
EXERCISES
(a) one of the eight more important acts of Sunan of the Salah ?
(b) one of the less important acts of Sunan as- Salah!
(c) two of the less important acts of Sunan as-Salah!
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LESSON 20
3. The recitation of the Qunut (see Lesson 16) before Ruku’ in the
"
4. To recite: Rabbana wa la-ka al-hamd”, which means: “Our
Lord, all praise belongs to You” after reciting:“Sami' Allahu li-
man hamidah ” when rising from Ruku'.
5 . To raise the hand during the TakbFat al-Ihram (the first “All ahu
Akbar”).
“
6. To say Amm ” after recitation of al-Fatihah.
Omission of any of these acts does not nullify the Salah, and no amendment
is required. However, inclusion of these acts greatly merits and benefits the
worshiper.
EXERCISES
A number of conditions may nullify the Salah. Some of the most important
ones to remember are:
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that Allah Zkz does not respond to the call of a negligent and careless heart.”
(TirmidhI) Therefore, it is important to avoid anything that may cause your
thoughts to wander during the Sal ah.
EXERCISES
1 . Name seven things which nullify the Salah.
2. what should the worshiper do?
If a Salah is nullified,
3. If one passes wind while he is praying, what should he do?
4. If someone talks to you while you are praying, what should you do?
5. Explain why paying attention during Salah is very important.
121
LESSON 22
Sujud Al-Oabll
If a worshiper omits one of the eight necessary Sunnah acts of the Salah (see
Lesson 19) in a Fard Salah, he should amend his Salah by making two Sujud
”
of amendment before saying, “Assalamu ‘Alai-kumwa rahmatu(A)llah. This
is called Sujud al-Qabll.
It must be understood that Sujud al-Qabll sh.oxx\<\ not be done for omission of
just one of the less important Sunnah acts of Salah, nor for the Mustahab acts
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of Salah. If the worshiper performs Suj ud al-Qablfwhen it is not required, the
Salah is nullified and should be repeated. This is why it is so important to
know the different categories of the acts of Salah.
Sujud al-Ra'di
According to Maliki Fiqh, if one of the following are repeated by mistake: (a)
a Fard act of Salah; (b) an important Sunnah act of Salah; or (c) two or more
of the less important Sunnah acts of Salah one should amend his Salah by
,
two prostrations after Salam. This is called Sujud al-Ba'df. Following is the
proper procedure to perform Sujud al-Ba'dl:
“ ”
1. After finishing the Salah with Assalamu ‘Alai-kum, remain
seated.
2. make the intention
Silently, to perform Sujud al-Ba ’di for the
amendment of Salah.
3. Perform the prostrations in the manner described above in #2
through #5 of Sujud al-Qabll.
Sujud al-Ba ’dimay be offered whenever the mistake is realized: after leaving
the place of worship, the next day, or even a year later.
EXERCISES
1 . What is Suj ud al-QablF
2. How is Sujud al-Qabllperformed'? Explain and demonstrate.
3. What kind of mistake makes Sujud al-Qabll necessary?
4. What should one do if he forgets to do Sujud al-Qabll aX its proper
“ ”?
time, before ending with: Assalamu Alai-kum
5. What is Sujud al-Ba'df!
6. How is Sujud al-Ba'di performed? Explain and demonstrate.
7. What would a person do if he forgets to do Sujud al-Ba'dlunXW after
leaving the place of worship?
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LESSON 23
The Imam is the one who leads others in Salah. He should stand in front. The
position of the followers will depend on their number, and whether they are
male or female.
The following chart shows how the positions of the Imam and followers vary
according to each situation. (Note: the position of the Imam is represented by
the A symbol, while males are represented by symbols, and females are
represented by • symbols.)
QIBLAH
A Am
•
•
Imam + 1 male Imam + 1 female Imam + 1 male + 1 female
A A. A
••
•• •••
Imam + 2 female Imam + 1 male +2 females
Imam + 3 male +3 females
If there are many followers, they can form rows. However, the front rows
should be filled first, leaving no gaps. The worshipers should stand shoulder-
124
to-shoulder in straight rows. Females rows should begin behind the males.
One of the worshipers will give the ‘Iqamah (i.e. the call to start the Salah ) out
loud, and the Salah will begin.
The followers should indicate in their intention that they are going to follow
an Imam in Salah.
When the Imam recites from the Qur’an out loud, the other worshipers should
follow the words silently. When the Imam recites from the Qur’an silently, the
other worshipers may also recite silently (i.e. Fatihah and any other Surah they
may choose). Similarly, At-Tashahhud should be read silently by both the
Imam and the followers.
“
The Imam ends his Salah saying, Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa rahmatu(A)llah”
out loud, turning his head to the right. The followers do the same, saying
“Assalamu ‘Alai-kum ” silently towards the Imam and again to anyone who may
be praying to their left. It is also correct for both the Imam and the followers
“ ”
to say Assalamu Alai-kum wa rahmatu(A)llah
‘
to the right and left.
125
A
4
Here, we see the Jama' ah at Jama Masjid in New Delhi, India. This is the largest mosque in India and the second
largest mosque in the world.
126
One Must Not Go Ahead of the Imam
The followers must offer the movements of the Salah after the Imam and
, not
race ahead of him. In particular, if any follower begins the Salah with “Allahu
“
‘Akbar” before the Imam, or says his final Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa
”
rahmatullah before the Imam ,
that person’s Salah becomes void and should
be repeated.
Maturity of an Imam
An Imam should have reached the age of maturity, if he is to lead other adults
in Salah. The age of maturity is marked by the onset of puberty.
EXERCISES
127
represented by • symbols.)
QIBLAH
a) b) A
•
Imam + 1 male Imam + 1 female
e) Ag A
•• •••
Imam + 1 male +2 females
Imam + 3 male +3 females
128
LESSON 24
If the Imam has already started the Salah, a latecomer can still join and
complete the remainder of the prayer in jama’ ah. He can then complete the
missed portion after the Imam has finished. However, if the latecomer joins the
Imam after he has completed the Ruku' of the last Rak'uh the latecomer should
,
offer the entire Salah individually, after the Imam finishes leading the prayer.
The latecomer should take his place, steady himself, make the intention to
follow the Imam in the Salah concerned, and do the Takbirat al-Ihram. He
then joins in the Salah, following the Imam at whatever stage of the Salah he
may be.
If he joins a Rak'ah before the Imam rises from the Ruku \ he should count that
Rak'ah as his first. However, if the Imam has already completed the Ruku', he
should not count this Rak'ah as his first. Instead, he should begin counting
from the next Rak'ah.
If the latecomer has missed only the first Rak ’ah with the Imam, he should not
participate in the final ‘"Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa rahmatu(A)llah” with the
jama' ah. Instead, he should rise and complete the first Rak'ah that he missed
(with al-Fatihah and another Surah, recited out loud or silently, depending on
the Salah) then sit for Tashahhud and end his Salah with Assalamu ‘Alai-kum
129
wa rahmatu(AJllah.
In this case, the latecomer completes the third and fourth Raka ‘at with the
“
Imam. When the Imam ends his Salah, the latecomer should not say Assalamu
‘Alai-kum wa rahmatu(A)llah. ” Instead, he should stand up, saying, Allahu
Akbar, and offer the first and second Raka' at that he missed, including al-
Fatihah and another Surah. Then, he should sit for at-Tashahhud and end his
“ ”
Salah with Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa rahmatu(A)llah.
'
In the case of a four -Raka' at Salah Zuhr Asr or IshS ), the latecomer
( ,
completes only the fourth Rak'ah with the Imam. When the Imam says,
“Assalamu ‘Alai-kum wa rahmatu(A)llah, the latecomer stands up and offers
”
the first Rak'ah with the al-Fatihah and another Surah and the third Rak'ah
(reciting the Fatihah only). He should then complete the Salah with at-
Tashahhud and Du ‘a’ Ibrahim, finishing with Salam to the right and left
Now, let us consider the case of the thr ee-Raka 'at Salah (the Maghrib Salah).
Having missed the first two Raka ’at, the latecomer can only offer one Rak'ah
(number three) with the Imam. When the Imam says Salam to end the prayer,
the latecomer does not follow the Imam. Instead, he stands up and offers the
first Rak'ah (with al-Fatihah and another Surah). Since, he has now
completed two Raka ‘at (number three and one), he should sit for Tashahhud.
Following this, he should stand up for the second missed Rak'ah (number two
with Al-Fatihah and another Surah) and continue with Tashahhud and Du ’a’
Ibrahim (Darud or Salat Ibrahimiyyah), completing his Salah with Salam to
130
the right and left shoulders.
If a person has missed one or more prayer, he must make it (them) up as soon
as he is able to do so. This kind of Salah is called Qada’. When praying
Qada’, he must mention in his intention the name of the Salah he is making up.
If a person misses fewer than five Salawat, he should complete them in their
correct order before the next due Salah. If he misses more than five Salawat,
he should pray the currently due Salah first, and then make up the missed
Salawat in their correct order.
One can make up a Salah at any time of the day or night. The missed Salawat
do not have to be made up at their respective correct times. However, since
they are already overdue, they should be made up as soon as possible.
EXERCISES
1. A latecomer has missed a Rak'ah if he joins Salah after the Imam has
(complete the sentence).
2. When the latecomer joins the Salah behind an Imam what should he do?
3. Describe or demonstrate how to complete the Salah if you have:
(a) missed the first Rak'ah of any Salah
(b) missed thetwo Raka ’at of a four-Raka ’at Salah
first
(c) missed the first three Raka ’at of a four- Raka 'at Salah
4. A person was prevented from praying his Fajr, Zuhr, 'Asr and Maghrib
Salawat at their appointed times. It is now time for Sal at al- 'Isha’. In
which order should he make up his missed prayers?
5. A person was prevented from praying all his five ritual Salawat for one
day, and also his Fajr Salah the following morning. It is now time
for Salat al-Zuhr. In which order will he make up the missed prayers?
131
LESSON 25
stand, he may pray sitting. If that is not possible, he may pray lying on his right
side. If all movement is impossible, he may pray in his heart, and move his
eyes to indicate when he would bow or prostrate. Thus, unless a person is
actually unconscious or mentally incapable, he is required to offer Salah in any
manner possible.
It is an important Sunnah that a traveler offer the Qasr (shortened) Sal ah. The
prayers that may be shortened are the four -Raka' at Salawat ( Zuhr ’Asr and ,
' Isha ’). The Fajr and Magh rib Salawat cannot be shortened. The traveler
makes the intention of shortening the Salah and prays the first two Raka ’at
only, then recites the Tashahhud and ends his Salah with Salam to the right and
left shoulders.
(b) The journey should not be for an illegal purpose (e.g. to commit
a crime);
132
(c) The traveler should have already started his journey; and must be
away from his city, town, or village.
The combined Salah may be done either ‘in advance’ or ‘in delay.’ When it
’
is ‘in advance,’ Asr is brought forward to the time of Zuhr and 'Isha’ is ,
brought forward to the time of Maghrib. When it is ‘in delay,’ Zuhr is delayed
until the time of Asr and Maghrib is delayed until the time of ’Is_ha’.
,
This permission to combine the Salah is very useful on a long journey, since
it is not always possible to stop at the appointed time. It also reduces delays
and minimizes the possibility of danger during a stop.
EXERCISES
133
LESSON 26
The Nawaftl prayers are strongly recommended for extra benefit and reward to
the worshiper. Some such prayers may be offered daily, just before or just after
the Fard Salah. Others are offered on special occasions and will be discussed
in the next lesson.
No ‘Iqamah is required for the Nawaftl Salawat. The worshiper makes the
intention for Nafl Salah and prays as usual. The Nawaftl Salawat occur in pairs
of two Ralca 'at each. Thus, if four Raka 'at are recommended, they should be
done in pairs two Raka 'at, each with a separate intention, each beginning with
its respective Takbirat-al-Ihram and ending with Salam.
The only exception is the last prayer of the night ( Witr ) which comprises only
one Rak'ah.
It is not desirable for a traveler who is shortening his Salah (see Lesson 26) to
offer the Nawaftl Salawat except for Shafa\ Witr Salah, and the two Raka 'at
before Salat al-Fajr.
134
The following table shows the recommended Nawafil Salawat
Salat ul-Zuhr Four Raka ‘at Before & Both Silently Fat hah & Surah
i
After
Salat ul- ‘Asr Four Raka ‘at Before Silently Fat ihah & Surah
Salat ul-Maghrib Two Raka ‘at After Silently or Fatihah & Surah
out loud
Salat-ul- ‘Isha Two Raka ‘at After Silently or Fat ihah & Surah
out loud
1. At sunrise.
2. At sunset.
3. During the Khutbah (Sermon) of Salat al-Jumu 'ah, (the Friday
Prayer).
4. Before offering Qada’ for a missed Fard Salah.
The Muslim who wishes to draw closer to Allah j&g will experience the benefits
and rewards of offering these extra prayers. Abu Hurairah fjc reported from
Rasulullah £Je reported that Allah ik“ said:
135
So often does My servant draw near to Me with the Nawafil acts
of worship until I love him. And if I love him, I will be his hearing
,
with which he hears, his sight with which he sees, and his hands with
which he holds, and his legs with which he walks. If he asks for
something, I shall grant it. If he seeks refuge, I shall grant him refuge.
(Al-Bukhari)
EXERCISES
136
LESSON 27
It was a tradition of Rasulullah it and his Sahabah fic to offer the Salat-at-
The preferred time for Salat-at-Tahajjud is during the last third of the night
before dawn. However, it can be offered in any part of the night.
It was Rasulullah’s habit to offer twelve Raka'at including Shafa (i.e. six
pairs) and end with the single Rak'ah of Witr. (According to the Hanafi school,
thetwo Nawafd of Shafa'' are combined with the one Witr Rak’ah). One may
do any number of pairs of Raka 'at with a minimum of one pair.
If a person has already prayed two Raka 'at of Shafa and one Rak 'ah of Witr
after the Tsha’ prayer in the early part of the night, there is no need to repeat
them.
137
the earlier part of the night after ‘Isha’ Salah and , is called Tarawih.
of the Qur’an, completing the entire recitation on any of the last ten odd nights
of Ramadan. A person may also offer the Tarawih at home, individually or
with the family, reciting all the portions of the Qur’an one remembers.
When a Muslim dies, adult or child, the body iswashed as for Wudu’ and
Expiation. It is then wrapped in Kafnan (clean, white unsewn sheets).
The body is then brought to a Masjid or public place where fellow Muslims,
led by an Imam, pray over the deceased. If possible, the body is placed on its
right side facing the Qiblah. The Imam stands behind the body and the
followers form rows behind him, all facing the Qiblah.
138
2. First Takbir ( Allahu Akbar ), raising hands up to the ears
3 . Praise of Allah jji£, blessings on Rasulullah & and du ’a’ for the
dead person and for the remaining believers
4. Second Takbir Allahu Akbar), raising hands as before
(.
5. Repeat #3 above
6. Third Takbir; repeat #3 above
7. Fourth Takbir; repeat #3 above
8. Salam to the right side only
There are several forms of recitation that can be used, such as:
0 / 0 / 0
0 * S 9 * y * s', 0 . . 9 > 9 *
s’
lu^>-
j
U) 8
*>• J> J
^
139
u
itef \ U'/s \
Jf i'Ji iL £# ^ j
O Allah, forgive those of us who are still alive and those who
have died, those who and those who are absent,
are present
the young amongst us and the old, the males and the females.
O Allah, the one from amongst us whom you wish to keep
alive make him live according to Islam and the one whom you
wish to die let him die in a state ofIman.
The body is then carried to the graveyard and buried in a simple grave, lying
on its right side, facing the Qiblah.
140
Significance of Salat al-.Ianazah
Salat-al-Janazah (the Funeral Prayer) signifies our love, concern and respect
for the dead, and sympathy for the bereaved family. We ask Allah’s Mercy
for the deceased, by praising Allah £5 and remembering Rasulullah it, whose
Shafa'ah (intercession) we all seek. We are also reminded that our own death
will come just as unexpectedly, so we must prepare for the Day of Judgement
by making Tawbah (repentance) for our sins and trying to do good while in
this world.
EXERCISES
141
LESSON 28
‘Id al-Fip- and ‘Id al- ‘Adha are the two most important festivals for Muslims
around the world. Before Rasulullah’s Si migration, it was the habit of the
Madinites to set aside two days each year for celebration and festivities. After
Rasulullah Sir settled in Madihah, he informed the Muslims that Allah had
selected two better occasions for them to celebrate and thank Him: the days
of ‘Id al-Fip- and ‘Id al- ‘A dha
Grooming
On the day of Muslims should perform a ritual bath ( Ghusl). dress in their
‘Id,
best clothes, and put on perfume. It is reported by Ja’far ibn Muhammad, who
related from his father, on the authority of his grandfather that Rasulullah Si
used to wear his Yemani coat on the occasion of ‘Id.
The Salawat al- idain (the Salawat of the two ids ) celebrate the two most
142
‘
important Islamic festivals: ‘Id al-Fitr and Id-al-‘Adha. The same procedure
is followed for the Salawat of both 'Idain.
The 'Id prayer is usually conducted in a large mosque or open space, so that
all the people of the town or locality can gather to offer the Salah together.
This special prayer may be offered from the time that the sun is three meters
above the horizon until it reaches its meridian. Most of the scholars agree that
Jabir reported that on the day of ‘Id, the Prophet it would go to the place
of prayer from one route and return home following a different route. Thus,
it is preferred to follow this Sunnah. However, there is no harm in following
The ‘Id prayer does not require Adhrn or Iqamah, since it is a Nafl prayer.
The procedure is similar to that of the two -Raka ’at Nawafil Salah, with the
exception of some additional Takbirat, as follows:
1. After making the intention for ‘Id Salah, the Imam and
followers begin the Salah with Takbirat-al-Ihram.
2. The Imam calls six additional Takbirat, which the congregation
follows, each time raising their hands to their ears, as in the first
Takbir. The rest of the first Rak ah ’ follows the same procedure
Rak'ah of any Fard Salah.
as the first
3. The second Rak'ah begins with six Takbirat. The rest of the
second Rak’ah follows the same procedure as the second
Rak'ah of the two -Raka ’at Fard Salah.
4. The Salah is followed by a special Khutbah delivered by the
Imam. It is an important part of the Id prayer and must be
143
listened to attentively.
Rasulullah 3& urged all Muslims; men, women, and children; to attend the ‘Id
Sal ah.
Breaking the fast on the morning of 'Id al-Fitr with dates or any other sweet
is Sunnah, and marks the beginning of the celebration . The 'Id celebration is
This festival takes place on the tenth day of the month of Dhul-Hijjah and it
‘Id al- ‘Adha also corresponds with one of the most important days of
Hajj. As you will learn in Lesson 43, the Hujjaj offer the same sacrifice on
this day in Mina.
144
an Islamic spirit. The distribution of the sacrificial meat is an example of this
spirit. It is divided into three parts: one-third is distributed to the poor and
needy, one-third to friends and relatives, and the remaining one-third is kept
'
for thehome. Especially during the days of Id no Muslim, however needy \
EXERCISES
145
LESSON 29
SPECIAL PRAYERS
Rain provides water, essential for the survival of all living things. Without it,
crops could not grow, there would be no food for animals and human beings,
and the climate would become unbearably hot and dry. Truly, Allah sends
the rains as a sign of His mercy.
No one can control rainfall, and even with all the advanced technology
available today, predicting rainfall is often very difficult. Thus, when rain is
In the morning, after sunrise but before noon, the worshipers should assemble
to offer the Salah in an open space or mosque. Following a two-Rak'ah
Salah, in which al-Fatihah and another Surah are recited aloud, a sermon may
be given. Then, the worshipers should stand and raise their hands and eyes
towards the heavens and pray to Allah ife for rain. The du'a’ may be as
follows:
* *
o •*. ® ' 0 »
^
iioL' -j
\
* An- 3 LP'
j *i.. i*
O our Lord! Send Your rain to Your servants and Your animals.
Shower Your mercy on us, and revive Your dead land!
146
Salah During an Eclipse of the Sun
A solar eclipse takes place when the moon passes between the sun and the
earth, blocking the sun’s light from the earth. In accordance with Allah’s
universal laws, such eclipses occur at regular intervals, which scientists can
now calculate and predict with accuracy.
The eclipse of the sun or the moon is only a sign of the greatness
ofAllah Tit;, and does not take place for death or life of anybody.
Whenever you see such an eclipse, hasten to pray to Allah Jskj-
( Transmitted by Bukhari)
Thus, prayer during an eclipse is an important Sunnah for every Muslim who
has reached the age of maturity. The Salah consists of two Raka 'at in which
the Qur’anic selections are to be read out loud. In each Rak’ah, al-Fatihah and
the Ruku’ (bowing) are offered twice.
A lunar eclipse takes place when the earth passes between the sun and the
moon, casting the earth’s shadow on the moon. The Salah during an eclipse
of the moon consists of two Raka 'at offered in the same way as the Salah
during a solar eclipse. However, it is recommended to pray it individually at
home.
147
EXERCISES
1 . Describe how to offer the Salah for rain.
2. What causes an eclipse of the sun?
3. Describe how to offer the Salah during an eclipse of the sun.
4. What causes an eclipse of the moon?
5. Describe how to offer the Salah during an eclipse of the moon.
6. What is the significance of the Salah during an eclipse of the sun or
moon?
148
LESSON 30
INTRODUCTION TO AS-SIYAM
Definition of Sawm
To truly benefit from the experience of fasting, a Muslim should purify his
thoughts and actions to gain the pleasure of Allah One should focus his
energies in the remembrance of Allah by spending extra time in prayer,
being charitable and forgiving towards others, and avoiding un-Islamic
behavior.
Types of Sawm
149
.
A. Sawm is prohibited on ‘Id days and the two days following ' Id al-A dha.
EXERCISES
150
4. Name three kinds of Fard fasts.
5. Which days are recommended for voluntary Sawm?
6. On which days is it prohibited to fast?
151
LESSON 31
The fast is to begin the day following the appearance of the new moon for the
month of Ramadan. If it is confirmed that the moon has been sighted in any
part of the world, a Muslim should begin his fast on dawn the following day.
Intention to Fast
The Muslim must make his formal intention of Sawm before dawn. He may
make the intention for the whole month of Ramadan, or he may make the
intention to fast one day at a time. However, if he chooses the latter, he must
remember to renew his intention every night for the next day’s fast.
When making the intention to fast for the whole month of Ramadan, a person
may declare in his mind:
152
meal is the Sunnah of Rasulullah ifr and it is intended to reduce the hardship
of Sawm during the day.
The Iftar
As soon as the sun has set, the Muslim should break his fast with Iftar
(breakfast). If the Iftar is light; for example, a few dates or other fruit and
water; one may have it before offering the Maghr ib (Sunset) Salah. However,
if one is having a heavy Iftar one should offer the
,
Magh ib Salah first to avoid
missing its proper time.
EXERCISES
1 . When should a Muslim start fasting the Fard fast of Ramadan?
2. When and how is the intention made for Sawm?
3. What is Suhur, and when is it eaten?
4. What is Iftar, and when is it eaten?
153
LESSON 32
During the month of Ramadan, Sawm is Fard for every Muslim who has
reached physical maturity. For girls, this is normally marked by the start of
menstruation, and for boys, by the first emission of semen.
Those who should not fast include: (a) women during menstruation;
(b) women during the blood of childbirth. However, after the month of
Ramadan, they should fast an equal number of days to those missed.
(a) The sick: if the Sawm is likely to make the illness worse.
(b) The mentally ill: for as long as the mental illness lasts.
(c) The traveler: if his journey is more than 77 kilometers
and serves a purpose permissible by the Sharfah (i.e.,
not stealing, drinking, gambling, etc.) If the traveler
began his journey after dawn, it is not permissible to
suspend the day’s fast. However, if the traveler leaves
after dawn with the intention of Sawm and is overcome
by exhaustion due to Sawm later in the day, he may
suspend the day’s fast.
154
health of the mother or her unborn child.
(e) The nursing mother: if the Sawm is likely to harm the
health of the mother and/or prevent her from having
enough milk for her baby.
After the end of Ramadan, these people should fast an equal number of days
to those missed.
The following types of people are completely exempt from Sawm and are not
required to make up days missed:
the rate of one Muddan Nab I for each day of the Ramadan fast. (A Muddan
Nabhs what can be contained by two hands of average size cupped together.)
EXERCISES
155
5 . Name three types of people who are excused from the fast of Ramadan
altogether.
6. What should a very old person who cannot fast do instead?
156
LESSON 33
QadS means restitution for a missed fast. If a person does not fast, or
if his fast is nullified for any of the reasons listed below, he should make up
the fast after Ramadan. The conditions that necessitate QadS are:
There are a number of other things that nullify a fast and require Qadit, but
the above are considered the most important ones to remember at this stage.
When to Do Oada'
A Muslim who has to do QadS may do it any time after the month of
157
.
Ramadan, but it is advisable not to delay it without cause. No one knows how
soon life may end, and one may not have time to make restitution. If a
Muslim carelessly delays his QadS until after the Ramadan of the following
year, he should do both Qad3 and 'Itam, i.e. giving out alms of Muddan NabI
(one handful) of staple foodstuff for each day of QadS
EXERCISES
158
LESSON 34
The conditions that necessitate Qada! (mentioned in the last lesson) fall into
two categories:
Muslim who refuses to observe the fast shows direct disobedience to Allah $£
and commits a sin. If he repents and wishes to clear himself of that sin, he
must do both QadS and Kaffarah for each day he broke his fast. In all cases,
Kaffarah: Expiation
There are three ways of doing the Kaffarah only one needs to be executed.
;
159
2. Free a female slave (if such a situation is applicable) for each
nullified fast.
3. Fast continuously for two lunar months (i.e. about 60 days) for
each day that his fast was rendered void.
There are other rules for the Kaffarah, but the above ones are considered the
most important at this stage.
EXERCISES
160
’
LESSON 35
The benefits of fasting are increased if a Muslim uses the month of Ramadan
to improve his other acts of worship. Through extra efforts towards purifying
one’s thoughts, increasing acts of charity, offering extra Salah, and paying
special attention to the reading and understanding the Qur’an, one can develop
a deeper spiritual awareness and closeness to Allah
Salat at-TarawIh
Tarawlh with Jama ah after the Isha prayer. Salat at-TarawIh may be
offered individually, but it is preferable to offer it in Jama ah, either at the
Masjid or with the family at home.
The Salat at-TarawIh is offered in sets of two Raka'at each. The worshipers
should make the intention of Salat at-TarawIh at the beginning of the Salah
for all the Raka ’at they intend to offer or at the beginning of each pair of
Raka 'at. If they are offering the Salah behind an Imam, they should also make
Each pair of Raka 'at includes the recitation of al-
the intention to follow him.
Fatihah and a Surah out loud, in the same way as in Salat al-Fajr.
Traditionally, the Imam of the Tarawih prayer is both a Hafiz {one who has
memorized the whole Qur’an) and a Muqrl{one who knows the art of reciting
161
the Qur’an with TajwTd). Starting at the beginning (Surat-al-Fatihah), each
day, the Imam recites a portion of the Qur’an, completing the reading over the
last ten days of the Ramadan. However, completion of the Qur’an is not a
condition of the Tarawih.
This is the night in which the Qur’an was revealed to Rasulullah it. The
Qur’an informs us:
'
> *
< M's *
OUyJ \j 1
oi 'NFr.
Ramadan is a month in which was sent down the Qur ’an, as a
guide to humankind, also clear (Signs) for guidance and
judgement (between right and wrong).
(Al-Baqarah 2:185)
j jJi) 4^ c* dljj s Uj
\ 1
162
decrees. (That night is)Peace, until the rising of the dawn.
cAl-Qadr 97-1-5)
:
Every righteous Muslim makes a special effort to find this night and make the
best out of it. Rasulullah is reported to have said:
There are other Ahadith which indicate that this night occurs in the last ten
odd nights of Ramadan. One particular hadith especially draws attention to the
night of the 27th. Not knowing the exact night is also a blessing. Every
believer puts forth an extra effort to find the Night of Power in the last 10
nights through sincere prayer and worship. He or she not only benefits from
the Night of Power, but is rewarded many times over for the extra sincere
worship in the blessed month of Ramadan.
Pitikaf
1‘itikaf refers to a religious retreat in the Masjid for the sole purpose of
engaging in worship, without distraction or interruption, in an effort to draw
closer to Allah
A person may engage in Pitikaf any time of the year. The period of seclusion
may be between 10 and 30 consecutive days. According to the tradition of
Rasulullah Sir, it is best to include the last ten days of Ramadan.
The man (or woman) in 1‘itikaf spends his/her time in Sal ah, asking Allah’s
forgiveness (Istaghfar), remembrance of Allah (Dhikr). reading the Qur’an
and invoking Allah’s blessings on the Prophet (Salat 'ala an-Nabj).
A person should begin I’itikaf with intention. He or she should then stay in
the masjid, day and night, and should not leave it except to go to the
bathroom, buy essential provisions nearby, or take a bath.
163
EXERCISES
164
LESSON 36
Sawm is an act of obedience to Allah $£. There are countless spiritual and
moral benefits to it. A fasting person is willing to sacrifice his basic worldly
needs in submission to Allah’s Will, seeking His pleasure and blessings. In
his hunger and thirst, he can feel the essence of Allah’s immense power.
Sawm trains a Muslim in Taqwa (awareness of Allah $£). During the fast, this
awareness holds him back from eating and drinking, despite temptation. Sawm
also tests his sincerity, because only Allah can know if a person is sincerely
fasting, or if he secretly breaks his fast.
Sawm teaches good behavior and discipline. Sawm does not only abstinence
from eating and drinking. A fasting Muslim must also try to control all his
Sawm helps us appreciate the Bounties of Allah $£. A thirsty person is truly
grateful when he finds water, while one who can drink water all day may take
water for granted.
165
Social Benefits
Sawm unites Muslims all over the world. It unites rich and poor, male and
female, educated and uneducated. Whatever their status, they share the same
experience of sacrifice to please Allah
Sawm helps us empathize with those who suffer poverty and hardship. By
feeling the effects of hunger and thirst, a Muslim can better understand the
suffering of the others. He/she is more inclined to give charity to the needy.
The bonds of Islamic brotherhood are renewed by social visits and gatherings
during Ramadan. Muslims are encouraged to invite others to join them in
Iftar, prayer, and recitation of the Qur’an at this time.
Health Benefits
Scientific research shows that fasting is healthy for the body. By giving
certain organs a break from the normal processes of digestion, circulation, and
excretion, the blood becomes purified, and certain stomach ailments improve.
It also helps people to break the unhealthy habits of smoking and overeating.
Thus, fasting not only offers rewards in the Hereafter, but offers numerous
benefits in this world as well.
EXERCISES
1 . Name as many of the spiritual and moral benefits of Sawm as you can
remember.
2. Name three social benefits of Sawm.
3. How does Sawm benefit our health?
166
LESSON 37
INTRODUCTION TO ZAKAH
What is Zakah?
Zakah literally means ‘‘to purify.” It is the fourth pillar of Islam and therefore
Far ^(obligatory) on every Muslim male and female. Zakah is a type of
it is
welfare tax that we pay our poor Muslim brothers and sisters. Through Zakah,
we become aware of our obligations to our fellow human beings.
( At-Tawbah 9:103)
Paying Zakah cleanses and purifies us by replacing selfishness and greed with
satisfaction gained by sharing our good fortune with those less fortunate. At
the same time, Zakah helps those in need out of their difficulties. By making
each Muslim responsible for the welfare of the brothers and sisters in his or
her community, Zakah fosters feelings of equality and brotherly love among
all members of society.
A Muslim, whether male or female, must pay Zakah when his/her wealth has
reached a certain determined amount called the Nisab. If his/her wealth is
below the value of Nisab, he/she pays nothing. In the case of gold, silver or
167
currency (including bank savings), Nisab should have been in the person’s
Nisab
Nisab refers to the minimum amount of wealth and property on which Zakah
should be paid. According to the SharTah a person . who possesses property
exceeding the Nisab for at least a year is capable of paying Zakah. The
SharTah has determined a fixed a Nisab for different assets, such as currency,
gold, silver, minerals, crops, property, animals, etc. Calculation of the Nisab
on various items is a complicated science which you may learn later. In
Lesson 38, we have briefly discussed the Nisab of some items.
According to the Qur’an, there are eight categories of people who are given
permission to receive Zakah {Surah At-Tawbah 9:60). They are as follows:
2. The Needy : This includes the destitute, i.e. those who are not sure of
having food for one day.
Islam, particularly those who may have suffered financial or other loss
because of rejection or persecution by their people.
168
5. Freeing Prisoners-of-War or Slaves: This refers to those captured in war.
They may be bought or ransomed using Zakah money, and then freed. This
is one of the many Islamic measures against slavery.
6. The Indebted This : includes those people who are weighed down with
debts which they have no means by which to clear their debts.
7. In the Way of Allah ifc : This covers all uses of money for the defense and
propagation of Islam. Islamic organizations dedicated to spreading the
message of Islam in our own age are eligible to receive Zakah.
In the Qur’an, the termSadaqah is sometimes used to include Zakah and all
forms of charity. However, Zakah is a Ford, a required duty. The time of
giving and the amount to be given are fixed. On the other hand, Sadaqah is
a general term meaning ‘charity.’ It can be any amount given at any time to
any person. This charity may be in the form of money, food or clothing.
EXERCISES
169
(a) to the one who gives it?
170
LESSON 38
The Nisab for gold, silver and currency depends on the current value of gold,
which changes from time to time. In traditional Arab currency, the Nisab for
gold is 20 Dinars (gold coins), the Nisab for silver is 20 Dirhams (silver
coins), and the Nisab for currency is the value of 200 Dirhams.
Similarly, Zakah is also paid on the value of items for trade; such as cloth,
books, machinery, cars, etc. Items for trade and business should be in the
person’s possession for a period of one year. The Nisab for these goods is
Zakah on Livestock
Zakah must be paid once a year on livestock; such as cows, camels, sheep and
goats; when their number has reached the level of the Nisab. The following
lists the Nisab for ownership of livestock and the Zakah owed accordingly.
171
Number of cows owned Zakah to be given
30 to 39 1 two-year-old cow
40 to 59 1 three-year-old cow
La—
Zakah is not required on fruits and vegetables which perish quickly when
picked, such as oranges, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, lettuce
172
spinach, tomatoes, peppers, etc.
The Nisab for grains and crops is 1 ,200 Muddan NabI by volume. (A Muddan
NabI is what can be contained by two hands of average size held together.)
EXERCISES
1. What is the percentage of Zakah on currency? (Choose one of the
following)
(a) 10
,
(b) 2 /a
(c) 5
(d)V/2
2. What is the percentage of Zakah on items of trade such as cars, cloth,
books etc.? (Choose one of the following)
(a) 12%
(b) 5
(c) 2!4
(d) 10
3. Which of the following items should Zakah be paid on? (Choose as
many as are applicable)
(a) A woman’s personal gold jewelry
(b) A rice-crop
(c) A student’s books
(d) A book-sellers books
(e) A herd of 40 cows
(f) A bank deposit
4. How often should Zakah be paid on livestock?
5 . man has 130 sheep, what would be the Zakah on them?
If a
(choose one):
173
(a) one-fifth (b) one-tenth (c) one-twentieth
174
LESSON 39
zakAt al-fitr
What is Zakat al-Fitr ?
The amount of Zakat al-Fitr due on behalf of each person, adult or child, is
one sa which is equal to approximately three kilograms of grain, such as
barley, com, rice, wheat, etc. We can also pay the equivalent cash value
instead.
Zakat al-Fitr is to be given to the poor on the 29th or 30th of Ramadan, when
the new moon of Shawwal is sighted. It may even be given on the day of ‘Id
before the ‘Id Salah, but it is advised not to delay it until after the Salah.
175
The payment of Zakat al-Fitr serves as atonement for such behavior and
purifies our fast.
Making Muslims responsible for each other provides all of us, rich or poor,
the opportunity to celebrate ‘Id al-Fitr, a joyous occasion which marks the end
of the Ramadan fast.
EXERCISES
176
LESSON 40
What is Hajj ?
Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, is the pilgrimage to the Ka'bah in Makkah on
specific dates in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah. It is also the largest gathering
of worshipers of any faith in the world. Allah jit: says in the Qur’an:
/ / ’-j' < ^ ^
AJ \ 9 Ual-oij \
We will discuss some major aspects of Hajj here, and our readers can study
it in greater details in the special books which are written for the Hujjaj
(pilgrims) when, insha Allah they have the honor of performing Hajj.
'
,
The pilgrimage season starts in the month of Shawwal while the actual
o f Dh u al-Hijjah. If a pilgrim visits
th th
pilgrimage is perfonned from 8 to 13
the Ka'bah at any other time of the year, he cannot perform Hajj, but he can
perform 'Umrah, which will be discussed in Lesson 45. An 'Umrah in Hajj
season is a part of the Hajj. The Hajj requires the completion of certain
As a pillar of Islam, Hajj is a Fard duty for every mentally capable, adult
177
Pilgrims performing Tawaf of the Ka bah during Hajj.
178
'
Muslim (male or female). One should perform Hajj at least once in his or her
lifetime, provided he or she has enough money for the journey, is healthy
enough to undertake the journey, and the journey does not involve particular
danger (e.g. traveling through a war-zone).
it does not exempt them from having to complete Hajj when they become
mature adults.
There are three ways of performing pilgrimage. The pilgrim should make his
intention according to the one he chooses to perform. The types of pilgrimage
are:
179
The Performance of TJmrah
The first part of the Hajj Tamattu', as we mentioned earlier is the performance
of the rites of Umrah which are descrbed here
' briefly:
The above would complete the rites of 'Umrah. The people who are
steps
performing only 'Umrah or Hajj Tamattu would now make Halq (shaving
of hairs of the head) or Taqsir (cutting the hair) and open the Ihr am. The
th
Hujjaj making Hajj Tamattu would wait for 8 of Dhu al-Hijjah to put on
Ihram of Hajj again.
Performance of Hajj
of Dh u al-Hijjah
th
2. Standing at ‘Arafat on the 9
th
3. Spending the night of 9 Dhu al-Hijjah at Muzdalifah
4. Stoning the Jamrat-al-'Aqaba in Mina on the 10 * of Dhu al-Hijjah\
^
5 . Offering sacrifice of an animal in Mina on the 1 0 of Dhu al-Hijjah
(if applicable)
6. Making Halq (shaving) or Taqsir (cutting the hair) and opening the
Ihram.
7. Tawaf-ul-Ifada (Tawaf of the Crowd): i.e. going around the Ka'bah
seven times. This Tawaf is followed by the Fard Sa'I of Hajj,
to be done according to the type of Hajj the pilgrim has intended.
8. Stoning the three Jamrat daily in Mina, for two or three days,
depending on the circumstances.
180
9. The Farewell Tawaf: circumambulating the Ka'bah for the last
time.
The Hajj rites are now complete and most of the Hujjaj leave to visit Masjid
an-Nabi in Madinah and offer Salah and Salam on Rasulullah The Hujjaj
who arrive early in Makkah often visit Madinah first and get ready to leave for
their homes after Hajj. The visit to Madinah is a journey of love and is not the
part of the Hajj ritual.
a. Formal intention and entrance into the state of Ihr am (the state of
consecration)
b. Tawaf (circumambulating the Ka'bah)
c. Sa ‘/(the walk between Safa and Marwah)
d. Wuquf (standing at Arafat)
EXERCISES
181
LESSON 41
In this chapter, we shall discuss the rites of Hajj in greater detail. On the way
to Makkah, pilgrims coming from various directions enter the state of Ihr am
at certain assembly points, called MTqat in Arabic.
Pilgrims, arriving by air from any part of the world, pass their MTqat before
landing in Jeddah. If they intend to go directly from Jeddah to Makkah, they
should either enter Ihram before boarding the plane, or before they pass the
MTqat. Sometimes, airlines make such anouncements to help the Hujjaj. In
case they are not able to put on Ihram, they must do so in Jeddah, but they
must sacrifice a sheep as hadya (atonement for having passed the MTqat before
entering Ihram.) However, if these pilgrims had the intention to go to
Madinah first, they must do so. No Ihram is required for a visit to Madinah.
After the visit to Madinah as they go to Makkah for theUmrah, they would
'
Requirements of Ihram
3. For men, putting on two pieces of unsewn white cloth, leaving the head
bare; sandals should not cover the heels. Female dress should cover
everything but the face and hands;
4. Wudu’ followed by a two -Rak'ah Salah;
5. Formal intention for Hajj, including the type of Hajj one intends: Ifrad,
Qiran or Tamattu ;
182
6. Talbiyah : announcing one’s arrivaJ for Hajj, from the time of entering
Ihram until arrival to Arafat. The pilgrims call out together:
Inna (a)lhamda wa a(n) ni'mata la-ka Certainly, all praise and grace
belongs to You
Wa (a)l-mulka la-ka la sharlka la-ka And Kingship belongs to you, You
have no parners.
All the acts and prohibitions of the state of Ihram help bring the pilgrim to a
higher state of mind. Removing himself from worldly affairs and his everyday
life, he puts on the same simple dress as every other pilgrim, and he becomes
undistinguished. The words of the Talbiyah and the wearing of the Ihram
bring him to a state of submission to Allah $£, and prepare him for the rites
of pilgrimage.
183
EXERCISES
1 . What is a MIqatl
2. If a pilgrim from the United States plans to fly directly to Jeddah and
continue directly from Jeddah to Makkah, when should he enter Ihr ami
3. What is Talbiyahl
4. What does a man wear when he enters Ihr ami
5. What does a woman wear when she enters Ihraml
6. Name three things that are forbidden while in Ihram.
184
LESSON 42
Ka'bah seven times in an anti-clockwise direction, with the Ka'bah to his left.
At the beginning of each round, the pilgrim should try to kiss the Black Stone,
declaring: ‘Allahu Akhar. If this is not possible, one should try to touch it
While circling the Ka'bah, the pilgrim should make personal du’a’
(supplication) for himself, his parents and others, simultaneously glorifying
Allah .fc
As soon as the seven rounds are completed, it is Sunnah that the pilgrim
should make du'a at the Multazim and then offer two Raka'at of Wajib at-
Tawaf Salah, preferably at a place called Maqam Ibrahim (the Station of
Ibrahim m). If that area is too crowded, one may pray anywhere in the
mosque.
three breaths as much as one could drink. Rasulullah fit advised us that when
drinking Zamzam make special Du 'a for whatever intention this water is
drunk Allah grants that Du 'a. This marks the end of the Tawaf. Without
delay, the pilgrim should proceed to perform Sa ‘I.
185
Sal: Walking Between Safa and Marwah
Sa 7is made between two low hills, Safa and Marwah, located a short distance
from the Ka' bah. The pilgrim starts at Safa. Facing the Ka' bah, he makes the
intention for Sa'T. After declaring, Allahu Akbar’, he hastens to Marwah.
Pilgrims are required to run a short distance along the way. This rite reminds
us of the story of Hajrah fe, who ran in search of water for her infant son,
Isma'il. Her love and concern for her son pleased Allah its ,
and He rewarded
her for her faith with the spring of Zamzam.
The pilgrim makes seven trips between Safa and Marwah, finishing his Sa 7
at Marwah. Whenever one mounts the hills of Safa or Marwah, Allahu Akbar' ‘
should be declared. Throughout the process of Sa ‘I, one should glorify Allah
ikg and make personal du ‘a . At the end of the seventh round Hajj must pray
to Allah ikg and make Halq or Taqslr of his head. Women clip one lock of
their hair, which is about one inch.
The 'Umrah now complete. Those who come to perform 'Umrah are now
is
free to return. The Hujjaj who are performing this 'Umrah in Hajj season as
th
part of Hajj Tamattu must wait for the 8 of Dhu al-Hijjah at which time,
‘
they shall put on Ihram of Hajj and go to Mina for the remaining rites.
EXERCISES
186
7. What are Safa and Marwah?
8. How many times does a pilgrim walk between Safa and Marwah?
9. On which hill does the pilgrim begin his Sa 7?
10. What is Arafat? (a) a plain; (b) a mountain; (c) a lake
1 1 . What is done in Wuqufl
187
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On the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, all pilgrims leave Makkah to spend the night at
On the morning of the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims move from Mina to
the plain of ‘Arafat. It is beyond Mina, a wide plain, bordered by hills. After
sunrise on the 9th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, pilgrims gather at 'Arafat. Spending
the day at Arafat is the most important rite of Hajj. There is no Hajj without
the Wuq ^(standing at ‘Arafat).
Upon entering ‘Arafat, the pilgrims make the intention of being present at this
divinely chosen place as part of Hajj. They stay at Arafat until sunset. The
Zuhr and ‘Asr prayers are combined and shortened to two Raka ’at each. The
pilgrims remain standing until sunset, glorifying Allah $£, praying for
Rasulullah for himself, his relatives, friends, and other Muslims. If tired,
they may sit down to rest occasionally. Females are allowed to remain seated
during the entire stay at ‘Arafat ,
if they wish.
The Hujjaj must leave ‘Arafat soon after sunset without performing Maghrib.
The Salah of Maghrib must be combined with the 'Isha and performed at
189
The 1 Qth of Dhu al-Hijjah: Night at Muzdalifah
Muzdalifah is located halfway between ‘Arafat and Mina. The Hujjaj spend
the night in this open field. As soon as they arrive, they must offer the
M
combined Salah of aghr ib and 'Isha\ preferably in the Masjid Mash 'ar al-
Haram. They must spend the night in prayer, rest and collecting pebbles to do
Rami Jimar stone the Jamrat the three symbolic Shaitans when they return
, ,
After throwing the stones, the pilgrims offer a sacrifice of a sheep, goat, cow,
or camel in Mina. However, pilgrims performing the single Hajj (Ifrad) need
not offer animal sacrifice, unless there is a special reason for it. Since the 10th
of Dh u al-Hijjah is the day of ‘Idal- ’Adha, Muslims all over the world offer
animal sacrifice also. Following the sacrifice, pilgrims shave their heads or
have a haircut. They come out of Ihram and change into regular clothes.
Next, the pilgrims leave for Makkah to perform the Fard Tawaf of Hajj, or
Tawaf al-Ifadah. This Tawaf is best done on the day of sacrifice, but may be
done later on, if necessary. If doing Hajj Tamattu' ( Hajj for pleasure), one
should perform Sa ‘/after the Tawaf.
190
.
do Rami Jimar (stoning seven times each Jamrah ) for all the three Jamarat,
th
If a pilgrim decides to stay the night of 12 he must perform Rami Jimar after
It is Sunnah to pay a last visit to the Ka'bah for a farewell Tawaf)ust before
departure from Makkah.
EXERCISES
191
LESSON 44
If even one of the Fard rites of Hajj is omitted or improperly performed, the
Hajj is considered invalid. As stated in previous lessons, these include:
Ihr am (entering into a state of consecration); Wuquf (standing at Arafat);
Tawaf al-Ifadah (the Fard Tawaf of Hajj)-, Sa'T (walking between Safa and
Marwah). In addition, any sexual activity will also invalidate Hajj. This not
only includes sexual intercourse, but also emission of semen due to contact
with the opposite sex or prolonged sexual thoughts.
Even if a pilgrim is aware that his Hajj has been nullified, he should complete
the other rites of Hajj. The Hajj should then be repeated the following year,
or as one is able to do so.
Menstruation does not invalidate or ruin the Ihram or Hajj. However, Tawaf
should be avoided during menstruation. If a woman is menstruating, she
should delay her Tawaf and Sa'T (as required) until her period is over. She
should then perform Ghusl and then complete her Tawaf. This can be done
at any time during the rest of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
192
The Hajj Code of Conduct
The atmosphere during Hajj is unlike any other a Muslim can experience.
First of all, the pilgrim finally is given the opportunity to see the birthplace of
Islam and our beloved Rasulullah Being in the presence of the Ka'bah
gives the feeling of being very close to Allah j3i£. Sharing this experience with
thousands of other Muslims gives an overwhelming sense of the universal
strength of Islam. Truly, the Hajj is the ultimate sacred journey.
Out of respect for its sanctity, the Hajj should devote complete attention to the
correct perfonnance of Hajj to avoid any discrepancies. In addition, he should
maintain good behavior and relations with other pilgrims. The Qur’an says:
Thus, for a successful Hajj a pilgrim must learn self-control and set a high
,
standard of behavior for himself. He should also try to maintain it in his daily
EXERCISES
193
4. What kind of behavior does the Qur’an warn the pilgrims against
during Hajjl
5. Visit a Hajj in your community and interview him on his experiences.
194
LESSON 45
second holiest city of Islam. The journey from Makkah to Madinah is filled
with lots of emotions, as the Hujjaj make their way to Madinah saying Salam
and with the praises of Rasulullah fir in their hearts and on their lips.
Upon arrival to Rasulullah’s mosque in Madinah, the pilgrim should offer two
Raka ‘at of Tahiyyat al-Masjid Salah, preferably in the area of the mosque
called the Riyad al-Jannah. Rasulullah said:
rhe Hajj should then move to Mawajah Sharif, the area facing the grave of
195
Rasulullah He should stand there respectfully and recite Salam and Salat
'ala an-Nabi. two Khulafa’, Abu Bakr 2ft and ‘Umar 2ft are also
The first
buried next to Rasulullah fii. The pilgrim should pray for Allah’s Mercy and
Blessings on Abu Bakr 2ft and ‘Umar 2ft, respectively. Then, he should turn
'
toward the Qiblah and pray to Allah for humanity, the Ummah family, ,
One should not pray to Rasulullah & or make Sajdah toward his grave.
Sometimes, certain people, out of love for Rasulullah J^r, commit certain acts
which are Shirk, without realizing their evil. Rasulullah warned us against
all such acts. True love of Rasulullah Sir is to follow his Sunnah.
After this, the Hajj should return to the Rawdah, or any other part of the
Masjid available, and recite further Salah for Rasulullah Sir and his family.
This is a good time for the pilgrim to ask Allah’s forgiveness for his own sins.
He should invoke Allah’s Blessings and Mercy for his parents, relatives and
all Muslims and ask for the guidance of humanity to the path of Islam.
Another important spot in the Masjid is the Suffah, an elevated platform on the
north side of the Masjid. It was the residence of Ashab as- Suffah (People of
the Platform), Rasulullah’s Sahabah who had no homes and lived there.
The Suffah was the first residential university of Islam..
196
Masjid-an-Nabawi, Madinah Munawwarah
197
a
his Sahabah are located here. A Hajj generally visits the BaqT and offers
Du' for these blessed souls.
There are many important places and Mosques to visit in Madinah which
include:
was fought stand seven small mosques. These mosques represent the
tents of Rasulullah £ir and other important Sahabah.
3. Masjid Qiblatain (The Mosque of the Two Qiblahs ): This Masjid
stands at the spot where the Sahabah were offering the Salat al-Asr
when someone announced to them the command of Allah jjSg to change
the Qiblah (Direction) from Bait al-Maqdas to Bait Allah. During the
Salah, they turned to Bait Allah and completed the Salah.
4. Masjid Quba’\ This was the first Masjid established in Madinah by
’
198
the life of Rasulullah ££ and his Sahabah By seeing the Masajid, grave and
other historical sites, the pilgrim is reminded of the sacrifices made by the
early Muslims, and this enhances the Hajj experience and strengthens his
faithand conviction. One must return from Madinah and Hajj with the
commitment to follow the teachings of the Qur’an and the Sunnah and avoid
what is forbidden.
EXERCISES
1 . What should a pilgrim do at the mosque in Madinah when he goes to
visit Rasulullah Sit?
2. Name the two companions of Rasulullah Sit who are buried close to his
grave?
3 . Which other places in Madinah may a pilgrim choose to visit?
4. What is the importance of Masjid al-Quba and Masjid al-Qiblatainl
5. Should we pray to Rasulullah Sit and make Sajdah to his grave?
6. How can we express our true love for Rasulullah Sfe?
7. Is the visit to Madinah part of the Hajjl What is the real purpose of the
visit?
199
tll“"
they assemble in even larger numbers for the ‘Id prayer. By far, the Hajj is the
greatest gathering of all.
Every year, Hajj brings Muslims from all parts of the world together in a great
act of worship. Pilgrims from every nation meet in peace for the Hajj. They
participate in the greatest demonstration of Islamic brotherhood, which serves
to unify the Muslim ‘Ummah against all forms of racial and ethnic prejudice.
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Moral Enrichment
Hajj teaches many vital moral lessons. Leaving family, friends, and social
position behind, the pilgrim stands alone before Allah repenting his sins
and praying for guidance. Dressed in simple pieces of white cloth, the prince
and the poor man stand equally before Allah $£, inspiring a feeling of humility
in every pilgrim.
The reward for Hajj depends on the sincerity of the pilgrim’s intention. If one
isgoing to Hajj for the sake of Allah $?, he will receive the full benefit and
reward for it. If one is going to Hajj merely to earn the title of “Al-Hajj,” he
may be sacrificing the sanctity of his Hajj before Allah It is important for
the pilgrim to have his priorities in order before making the intention to
perform Hajj.
Rasulullah said:
202
O people! Behold, the action(s) are but (judged) by intention,
and every one shall have but that what one intends for.
(Agreed upon)
EXERCISES
1 . How does the gathering of Muslims for Hajj each year benefit the
‘Ummah at large?
2. Which prophets are connected with the building of the Ka'bah?
3. How can pilgrims gain stronger faith from the experience of Hajjl
4. Describe two ways in which pilgrims can gain moral benefits from
Hajj.
5. Give examples of how ignorance could ruin someone’s Hajj or make
him lose its full benefits.
203
LESSON 47
SharFah includes all the fundamental laws that serve to guide human behavior
as dictated by Allah We have learned that a Muslim’s purpose in this life
is to earn the pleasure of Allah j&s. By maintaining good behavior and
avoiding evil, one strives for a successful Akhirah, or life after death. The
SharTah is an essential tool in this pursuit, defining guidelines for good
versus bad behavior over a wide range of situations. It also provides practical
solutions to specific problems faced by Muslims on a daily basis. In essence,
the SharTah is a complete system of divine justice for Muslim life.
The SharTah is based on the injunctions and laws laid down by Allah in
the Qur’an, as explained and demonstrated by Rasulullah Sir in his lifetime and
recorded in the HadTth. They are Allah’s eternal laws for mankind.
Can the .
SharTah be Chang ed?
-.
The basic laws of the SharTah found in the Qur’an do not change. They stand
the test of time, because the nature of man and his basic needs do not change.
No one is more aware of the needs of mankind than The Creator and Sustainer
of mankind.
However, with the passage of time, certain circumstances may arise, and the
Muslim ‘Ummah is expected to interpret the SharTah under the guidance of
its learned scholars, so that it will continue to uphold justice for every age and
place.
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The Shan ‘ah Law Court
Certain aspects of the Shari ‘ah may be dealt with by the SharTah courts. For
example, if a person is accused of a crime, such as stealing or murder, the case
should be presented to a judge who is learned in Shari 'ah. If the person is
Following the Shari ‘ah faithfully is the duty of every Muslim. Denying the
Shari ‘ah is an act of direct disobedience to Allah By defining limits of
our behavior, these laws are meant to make our lives easier and more
fulfilling, while preparing us for our ultimate destiny on the Day of
Judgement. Thus, although to follow the Shari ‘ah is a duty, to do so benefits
the welfare of all humankind.
either by private agreement or through a Shari ‘ah court. Allah Sc?, tells us in
the Qur’an to follow the commands of to Allah ft? andSunnah of Rasulullah
(that is, consult the Qur’an and f/ar/T/f).
Jf*’ S'
(Al-Hashr 59:7)
205
In addition, Allah ^ has laid down laws defining the roles of husband, wife,
mother, father, child, sibling, teacher, and student, etc., so that we can
understand how to interact with each other in all situations.
Al-Ma’idah 5 44)
(. :
EXERCISES
1 . What is the Shari ‘ah!
2. On what principle isSharTah based?
the
3. Can the basic laws of the SharTah be changed? Why or why not?
4. What are the functions of the SharTah law courts?
5. How should a dispute between two Muslims be settled?
6. Why should every Muslim try to live in accordance with the SharTah!
206
LESSON 48
The laws of Shan ‘ah provide guidance for all aspects of life. The fields of
business, commerce, and economics are especially addressed in Islamic law.
The Qur’an and Hadith have given severe warnings about cheating in trade.
Traders may many ways: they may give a lesser
cheat their customers in
measure or lesser weight than agreed upon; they may deceive the buyer about
the quality of the product being sold; or they may hoard goods to create
shortages and then raise the price due to high demand. All such practices have
been forbidden in the Qur’an and Hadith.
Give full measure, and do not be of those who give less than (due). And
weigh with a straight balance and do not wrong mankind in their goods,
and do not do evil, making mischief in the earth.
(Ash-Shu ‘ara’ 26:181-3)
207
He who holds a monopoly is a sinner.
(Transmitted by Muslim)
prices rising at a rate higher than the rate of the value of currency) and cripple
the economy. In addition, sometimes people are forced into bankruptcy due
to exorbitant interest rates. Muslims are warned not make money an item
to
of trade. They should instead establish Islamic banks where money can be
invested, borrowed and loaned in a Hcilal (lawful) manner, without giving or
taking interest.
"
Is
As:
208
Delaying (payment of a debt) by a rich man is wrong-doing.
(Agreed Upon)
A Trustworthy Trader
The above Islamic trade practices ensure that trade and business are conducted
with good will, trust and benefit to the whole community.
EXERCISES
1 . Give some examples of trade practices forbidden by Islam.
2. What is hoarding?
3. WhatisR/6a?
4. How can Muslims avoid giving or taking RibSl
5. What did Rasulullah Sir say about payment of debts?
6. What did Rasulullah Sir say about payment to laborers?
209
LESSON 49
MARRIAGE
As an individual matures, he goes through many changes. As an adult, he
begins to desire companionship and a family of his own. The Islamic manner
of fulfilling this desire is through marriage. Marriage is strongly
recommended in Islam for reasons well-documented in the Qur’an and
Hadith. Let us discuss a few of them here.
Companionship
( Ar-Rum 30:21)
Upon maturity, men and women experience attraction toward each other. In
210
marriage, these feelings are blessed by Allah However, out of wedlock,
to act on such feelings is forbidden, an act of Haram. Rasulullah warned:
(Transmitted by Tirmidhl)
The Shaitan is always looking for opportunities to mislead us, so we must try
to avoid circumstances that may create temptations beyond our control.
Through marriage, men and women can fulfill their attraction towards the
opposite sex in a beautiful, Islamic way; thus protecting them from temptation
to commit adultery. Allah $£ says in the Qur’an that a husband and wife are
“garments for one another.” This means that they help protect each other from
indecency, just as garments (clothes) cover and protect the body from
nakedness.
Care of Children
211
Marriage may be arranged in several ways. For example, the parents of a boy
or girl may look for a suitable partner for their daughter or son, or the boy may
tell his parents that he wishes to marry a particular girl he knows. If the
families, the boy and the girl all approve of the match, the marriage may be
arranged.
There are many cultural customs associated with marriage. However, there
are only four Islamic requirements for marriage:
1 . The Wall. As guardian of the bride, this is the man who speaks on behalf
of the girl’s family and gives her in marriage. The Wali may be the girl’s
father or any other man appointed by the bride’s family.
2. The giving of Sadaq (or Mihr), a gift to the bride from the bridegroom. It
may be money or any other kind of gift. It may be of any value as long as
it is acceptable to the bride.
3. Witnesses. The marriage must be witnessed by at least two very reliable
male witnesses.
4. Sigah. This is the formal process in which the bridegroom or his
representative asks for the bride’s hand in marriage, and the bride's Wall
agrees to give the bride, who is then formally accepted.
Responsibilities in Marriage
The husband and wife are to be faithful to each other in marriage. With love,
care, and understanding, they should try to satisfy each other to the best of
their ability.
The husband is legally responsible for supporting his wife and children,
providing their housing, clothing and food, according to his ability. Even if
the wife is wealthy or is earning money, the husband is still responsible for the
212
maintenance of his family. However, she may help him if she wishes.
The wife should respect her husband as head of the family. He should consult
her, and she may offer him advice, but final decisions on matters affecting the
family should be left to the husband, as long as his decisions are not contrary
to Islamic teachings. In turn, the husband is expected to be kind and
reasonable in his treatment of his wife. Many injunctions in the Qur’an and
Hadlth of Rasulullah have emphasized the importance of a husband’s just
treatment of his wife.
EXERCISES
213
LESSON 50
DIVORCE
Marriage is very important for a Muslim. The separation of husband and wife
by divorce is a great misfortune, particularly if they have children.
Rasulullah said:
The proper way for a husband to give a divorce is to declare his intention
once, when the wife is free from menstruation. This is a revocable divorce.
214
The wife should pass the time of her ‘Iddah or waiting period (about three
months) in her husband’s house, and he should provide her food, clothing, and
other necessities as usual. It is hoped that the husband and wife will reconcile
during this waiting period. If this happens, the husband may revoke the
divorce, and the marriage is reinstated. Divorce can be revoked in this way
twice, but on the third occasion it cannot be revoked.
If the 'Iddah period is completed, and the couple is unable to reconcile, the
divorce becomes permanent. Both parties are then free to marry other people.
However, once divorced, the same couple cannot remarry each other unless
thewoman first marries someone else. It means the couple could only get
married if the woman marries some one and is either divorced or her husband
dies.
In case of divorce by the husband, he has no right to take back any of the
dowry or presents he has given his wife.
A wife who wishes to be released from marriage may ask her husband to give
her Khul'ah. In this case, she agrees to give back all or part of her dowry,
and anything else that is mutually agreed upon in return for her release.
If her husband is not treating her properly, a wife may take her complaint to
the court. The court will investigate her complaint, and if it is found to be
valid, the judge may order the marriage to be dissolved. In this case, the wife
is not required to return anything to the husband.
The ‘Iddah
The ‘Iddah, or waiting period of the wife, has two main purposes. The first
215
is to allow time for reconciliation. The second is to establish whether the
divorced wife is pregnant. ‘Iddah covers three clear intervals between
menstrual periods, normally lasting between three to four months. If the
divorced wife is pregnant, ‘Iddah lasts until she delivers her child.
Custody of Children
In the case of divorce, children should normally go with their mother, boys
until puberty and girls until their marriage. If the mother gets married again,
or for some reason, is unable to look after the children, they should go to her
own mother, or her grandmother, or her sister. If none of these relatives of the
mother can look after them, they should go to the husband’s mother or his
grandmother. If they cannot look after them, the children should stay with
their father. These are the rules for custody of children in the Malik! School
of Shari ‘ah (Islamic Law). However, wherever the children stay, their father
EXERCISES
1 .
Quote one Hadlth about divorce.
2. What are the three main types of divorce?
3. What is the ‘Iddah?
4. Who is responsible for providing a divorced wife’s food, clothes, and
accommodations during her ‘Iddah?
5. What is the order of priority among relatives for custody of children
after divorce?
216
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217
TST.AMTC INVOCATIONS:
Rasulullah, Sulla Allahu 'alaihiwa Sallam (
|JL,j till ), and the Qur'an teaches
us to glorify Allah x when we mention His Name and to invoke His Blessings when we
mention the names of His Angels, Messengers, the Sahdbah and the Pious Ancestors.
to glorify Allah.
When we mention the name of Rasulullah is we must say: Salla Allahu 'alai-hi wa-
(
fMiJl <di). Upon him be peace.
We write ,tx to remind ourselves to invoke Allah’s Peace upon him.
For more than two, Radiya-(A)lldhu Ta'dld ‘art-hum, (p-r-^ ill! May Allah be
pleased with them.
We write ix to remind ourselves to invoke Allah's pleasure on them.
For two of them, Radiya-(A)lldhu Ta'dld ‘an-huma ( sjji -.j ), May Allah be
pleased with both of them.
We write ix to remind ourselves to invoke Allah’s pleasure on them.
When we hear the name of the Pious Ancestor (As-Salaf as-Salih) we must say:
For a man, Rahmatu-(A)llah 'alai-hi(*xil Jji iss-j), May Allah’s Mercy be upon him.
For a woman, Rahmatu-(A)lldh ‘atai-ha ( n -
if jji Ls j)
),May Allah’s Mercy be with her.
218
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