Formula and definitions

1. Mechanics
Curl of vector, physical significance
Find div gradient numerical
Find period T of resulting eleptical orbit
2. Projectile (Projectile, height and relation with kinetic energy, angle of projection numerical
3. Mass and Energy (circular motion and centrifugal force, equation of energy)
4. Work and Force ( Effect of force on normal force applied on block laying on floor, work doen by
the system and work done on the system
5. Rotation
Which has greater magniture angular momentum of earth with rotation on its axis or orbital
motion around sun, altitude value of g is three quarters
6. Fluids (Viscosity, effect of T on viscosity, coefficient of viscosity numerical, volume flux
calculation numerical, compressible and incompressible fluid, streamline and turbulent flow
7. Waves (Mechanical energy lost in damped oscillator numerical, rate at which wave energy
through traveling wave is transported numerical, wavelength numerical,constructive
interderence occur and thickness numerical
8. Laser Source (Unique about laser source, blue laser light useful, angle of divergence numerical
9. Sound waves (Speed of sound waves, bulk modulus and T, doppler effect numerical
10. Thermodynamics (Entropy calculation numerical, van der wal numerical,plasma and plasma
frequency

Derivations

1. Mechanics
Vector triple product.
Divergence of vector field and significance
Line Integral
Stokes theorem
2. Momentum ( Difference between linear and angular momentum and laws of conservation of
angular momentum, angular momentum constant in absence of torque, angular momentum of
regid body about fixed axis,parallel axis theorem,rotational inertia of hollow cylinder,
3. Mass and energy (Equivalence
4. Simple harmonic motion (Total mechanical energy in SHM, grapgh of energy vs Time and energy
vs position
5. Work ( W- difference of kinetic energies, work done by conservative body is zero
6. Rotation (speed of missile measured by observer on earth, amount of work done by star’s
gravitational force
Kepler’s law, kepler’s law of periods and areas of planetary motion,value of g is three quarters of
value on earth
Time dilation (microscopic and macroscopic), time dilation in special relativity, time dilation
when measured from two different inertial frames, length of contraction in special theory of
relativity, Relativity effect on mass length and time, position and time coordinates lorentz
Galileo’s principle of relativity, einsteins postulates of special theory of relativity,
7. Fluids (viscosity and effect of T, surface tension, level of mercury down in capillary when placed
in container as compared to in water, viscosity of liquid using stoke’s method, Bernoulli
equation of steady flow
8. Speed of light (Lorentz transformation and speed of light independent of relative motion
9. Waves (damped harmonic oscillator,equation of motion and solution, Travelling waves and rate
at which energy is transported by wave along string, Michelson-Morley experiment and negative
result interpretation, polarization of waves and plane polarized light obtained by polarization
sheet, polarization of light and reflection, phase and group velocity and its relation,
superposition of waves and standing waves produced, diffraction grating, how grating diffracts
light and relation of resolving power of grating, coherence and expression for coherence length
of wave train woth frequency bandwidth of deltav, formation of newton rings and mth dark ring
proportional to underroot of wavelength, diffraction from a single slit and conditions for maxima
and minima, Fresnel and Fraun Hoffer’s diffraction, doppler effect
10. Maxwell equation for electromagnetic wave equation
11. Laser source (neat diagram of process of absorption of light,spontaneous emission and
stimulated emission, energy level diagram and HE-Ne gas laser, resolving and magnifying power
of telescope
12. Thermodynamics ( Volume and pressure corrections by van del waals, zeroth law of
thermodynamics, equipartition theorem. 3rd law of thermodynamics, difference between fermi-
dirac, bose-einstein and Maxwell boltzman, entropy constant in reversible process but increases
in irreversible one, entropy and second law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic
changes, volume pressure diagram, first law of thermodynamics applications

Short notes:

1. Gyroscope
2. Spin and Precession
3. Classical- Maxwell Boltzman statistics
4. He-Ne Gas LASER
5. Gravitational potential energy
6. Classical statistical and quantum mechanics
 7. Polarization of light and applications in determining specific rotation
8. Wave equation on string
9. Normal and anomalous dispersion of light
10. Kinetic theory of gases
11. Applications of first law of thermodynamics
12. Lissajous patterns
13. Bernoulli theorem
14. Newton rings
15. Brownian motion
16. Standing waves
17. Electromagnetic waves
18. Components of vector
19. Travelling waves

Paper 2:

Electricity and magnetism:

Derivations: faraday’s law and Lenz law, electric field intensity vertically at distance y, meant by point
charge, importance of faraday’s law, Gauss law, Electric intensity outside volume distribution, Maxwell
equation from magneto and electrostatic models, use of dielectric materials between conducting
plates of capacitor, Gauss law differential form and derive Laplace and poisson equation, electric field
due to infinite sheet of charge, cylindrical and spherical capacitor, Biot Savart law, Ampere law

Numerical : RLC and dielectric, current calculation, B at center,

Solid state physics:

Derivation: P-N junction as rectifier, transistor formation and construction and application, resistivity of
semiconductor, moving coil microphone and electric guitar, Ground fault interrupter and metal
detector, diode, V-A characteristics of diode, amplitude modulation, advantage of digital signal over
digital, common base static characteristics, Rayleigh and Jeans go wrong and plank radiation formula.
RLC series using J method and frequency, impedance of circuit, A>C main supply advantage, forward and
reverse biased PN junction characteristics, bridge rectifier, semiconductor devices over vacuum, series
and parallel resonant circuits, construction and operation of transformer and energy losses, dipole
movement and potential and electric field,

Orbital: Insulator, conductor using energy band

Numerical:
Quantum physics:

Derivation: Campton and photoelectric effect, De-broglie hypothesis, carbon target, wave nature of
bullet, modern physics and failure of classical physics and photoelectric effect and quantum physics,
photoelectric equation, ionization energy and work function, eigen function and values, schrondingar
equation, stern Gerlach experiment , quantum numbers and hydrogenic wave functions, strange
particles, Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Nuclear Physics:

Radioactivity, half life, proton as elementary particle, nuclear fission and fusion, radioactive decay,
elementary particles and properties, scintillation and bubble chamber, radioisotopes, nucelar reactor,
curie and becquerel, half life and mean life, liquid drop model, magic numbers and shell model, Geiger
Muller counter, gamma rays, strange particles.

Cubic crystal lattice,

Past paper question

Electricity and magnetism:

1. How can an LRC series circuit made to find the dielectric constant of a medium?
2. A 1.5-mH inductor in an LC circuit stores a maximum energy of 17 uj. What is the
peak current I?
3. Obtain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Emphasize the role of the Lenz’s
law.
(b) A solenoid has length L = 1.23 m and inner diameter d = 3.55 cm. It has five layers
of windings of 850 turns each and carries a current io = 5.57 A. What is B at its
center?

Charge is uniformly distributed on a line with charge density λ. Calculate the electric
field intensity at a point lying vertically at a distance y from the center of charge
distribution.
In a uniform electric field near the surface of earth, a particle having charge of
q = -3x10-9 C is acted upon by a force 5x10-6 N. Find
(i) The magnitude of electric field.
(ii) Find the magnitude and direction of electric force on an electron placed in this
field.
(iii) Find the ratio of electric force and gravitational force in this case.
What is meant by point charge?
State the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Using this law, find the
inductance due to a current carrying coil in the specific case of solenoid.
A solenoid 126cm long is formed from 1870 windings carrying a current of 4.36A.
The core of the solenoid is filled with iron and the effective permeability constant is
968. Calculate the inductance of the solenoid assuming that it can be treated as ideal
with a diameter of 4.45cm.
Write the importance of Faraday’s law in today’s prospective.

State and explain Gauss’s Law in electrostatics and express it in differential form.
(b) Find the electric intensity at a point out side a volume distribution of charge
confined in a region of radius R.
(10)
(10)
Q.No.3. (a) State and explain Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.
(b) How Maxwell’s equations are derived from fundamental relations for
electrostatic and magneto static models? Explain these equations.
(10)
(10)
Q.No.4. (a) Explain P-N junction as rectifier.
(b) How a transistor is formed. Give construction and symbol of a PNP transistor?
(c) How resistivity of semiconductors change with temperature.
(6)
(8)
(6)
Q.No.5. (a) Explain Compton Effect and Photoelectric Effect. How they support photon
theory of light?
(b) Discuss De-Broglie’s Hypothesis.

A nonconducting disk of radius R has a uniform positive surface charge density σ.

Find the electric field at a point along the axis of the disk a distance x from its
center. Assume that x is positive.
(9)
(b) Explain the use of dielectric materials between the conducting plates of the
capacitor?
(6)
(c) The parallel plates of a 1.0 F capacitor are 1.0 mm apart. What is their area? (5)
Q.NO.3. (a) Explain the working mechanism of the moving coil microphone and electric
guitar.
(3+3)
(b) Explain the working mechanism of the Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
and walk-through metal detector.
(3+3)
(c) An observer is 1.8 m from a light source (of dimensions much smaller than 1.8 m)
whose power output is 250 W. Calculate the rms value of electric field at the
position of the observer. Assume that the source irradiates uniformly in all
directions.
(8)
Q.NO.4. (a) Enlist the practical applications of the diode. (5)
(b) Explain volt-ampere characteristics of the diode. (6)
(c) Differentiate between insulator, conductor and semiconductor materials using
energy band gap approach.
(9)
Q.NO.5. (a) State and explain the amplitude modulation in communication systems. (8)
(b) Explain the construction of PNP transistor and give its one practical application in
detail.
(4+4)
(c) What are the advantages of digital signal over analog signal?

Solid state physics:

Discuss and explain the common-base static characteristics. (10)

(b) Where did Rayleigh and Jeans go wrong? How did Planck radiation formula account
for the discrepancy in the black body radiations

State and prove Gauss’s law of electrostatics. Derive its differential form.
(b) Use Gauss’s law to calculate the electric field due to a line charge.
(c) A point charge of is at the centre of a cubical Gaussian surface
on edge. What is the net electric flux through this surface? Use
.
Q. No. 2.
(14)
(04)
(02) (20)
(a) Analyze the RLC-series circuit using j-operator method and discuss its
frequency response. Discuss the importance of this circuit.
(b) Find the impedance of a circuit consisting of a resistor,
capacitor and inductor in series at a frequency of .
(c) What are the advantages of A.C. mains supply?
Q. No. 3.
(06)
(12)
(02) (20)
(a) Describe the forward and reverse biased characteristics of a PN junction.
(b) Explain the working of a bridge rectifier using a neat and labelled circuit
diagram.
(c) Why semiconductor devices are preferred over the vacuum tubes?
Q. No. 4.
(16)
(4)
(20)
(a) What is meant by Compton Effect? Derive an expression for Compton
shift in wavelength.
(b) A beam of X-rays is scattered by a carbon target. At from the beam
direction the scattered X-rays have a wavelength of . What is the

Define electric field intensity􀜧􁈬⃗. State its value for a point charge and give its units.
(b) State differential form of Gauss’s law and from there develops the poisson’s &
Laplace’s equations.
(c) A charge of 10√2 Coulomb is located at 􀵫3i 􁈘
+ 4j􁈘
+ 5􀝇􀷠􀵯􀝉. Calculate the electric
field intensity at a point having position vector 􀵫5i􁈘+ 4j􁈘
+ 3􀝇􀷠􀵯􀝉.
(8)
(8)
(4)
Q. No. 3. (a) Differentiate between a series and parallel resonant circuits.
(b) Explain the construction and operation of a transformer. What are energy losses in
a transformer and how are they reduced to a minimum.
(c) A series LCR circuit contains a coil with L=2.25H, a capacitor having C=16μF
and a resistor with R=50Ω. Calculate the impedance and the phase difference
between current and voltage. (Take frequency f = 50Hz)

What is dipole moment? Obtain the expression for the potential and field
due to an electric dipole.
(b) Calculate the potential at a point on the axis of circular plastic disk of
radius R, one surface of which carries a uniform charge density σ.
(c) Why do we use unit “electron volts”?
Define and explain Gauss’ Law. Deduce Coulomb’s Law from Gauss’ Law.
(b) Find the Electric Field Intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge.
(c) The electric field near an infinite sheet of charge is 3.84× 105 N/C. What is the
surface charge density on the sheet? (ϵ0= 8.85× 10-12 C2/N. m2)
Derive an expression for capacitance of cylindrical and spherical capacitor.
(b) Show that the energy consumed in charging a capacitor to charge Q and voltage V can be
considered as potential energy stored in the field between the plates. Find expression for energy
stored in the field.
(c) An isolated conducting sphere whose radius R is 6.85 cm has a charge q=1.25 nC. How much
potential energy is stored in the electric field of this charged conductor? (ϵ0= 8.85× 10-12 C2/N. m2)
(10)
(8)
(2) (20)
Q. No. 3. (a) State and explain the Biot Savart law.
(b) State and prove Ampere’s law. Apply it to calculate the magnetic field
due to a solenoid.
(c) A long straight wire carries a current of 20 Amperes. An electron at 2.0
cm from the wire is travelling at a speed of 107 m/sec. What force acts on
the electron if its motion is directed (1) towards the wire, (2) parallel to
the wire and (3) at right angles to the direction given in (1) and (2).
(4)
(10)
(6) (20)
Q. No. 4. (a) Write the Maxwell’s equations and explain the significance of each
equation.
(b) Deduce the Maxwell equations for free space and also prove that
electromagnetic waves are transverse.
(c) What is index of refraction?

Derive an expression for time dependent Schrodinger’s wave equation.

(b) Explain de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter wave.
(c) Determine the de Broglie’s wavelength of an electron t

What is Transistor? Briefly explain three types of Transistor Circuit Configurations.

(b) Draw a neat diagram of Transistor Characteristics in Common Emitter Configuration for P-N-P
and N-P-N transistor. Also discuss types of characteristic curves for a transistor in Common Emitter
Configuration.
(c) Write a short note on Load line

Derive an expression for the torque and potential energy of (10)

an electric dipole in an electric field. (6)
(b) Show that the energy density of a parallel plate (4) (20)
capacitor with dielectric medium between them is directly
proportional to the square of electric field intensity.
(c) In a microwave oven torque acting on an electric dipole
is responsible for the production of heat. Comment.
Q. 3. (a) Discuss origin of magnetism by (8)
considering processes that creates (8)
magnetic field in an atom. (4) (20)
(b) What are ferromagnetic domains?
How does a typical ferromagnetic
material is investigated by Hysteresis
loop for technological applications?
(c) How does effect of nuclear
magnetism becomes important in
nuclear magnetic resonance?
Q. 4. (a) Derive an expression for the time-independ
Schrodinger wave equation in one dimension for a sin
particle. Define Hamiltonian operator.
(b) Discuss various quantum numbers to describe
complete behavior of an electron in an orbital.
(c) How slowly must an electron be moving for
deBroglie wave-length equal to 1mm

Quantum:

Is the Compton effect more supportive of the photon theory of light than the
photoelectric effect? Explain your answer.
(4,6)
(b) A bullet of mass 41 g travels at 960 m/s. What wavelength can we associate with it?
Why does the wave nature of the bullet not reveal itself through diffraction effects

What is Modern Physics? Give the failure of Classical Physics in explanation of

Photoelectric effect. Derive the photoelectric equation and comment how quantum
physics was successful in explanation of photoelectric effect. Also plot
photoelectric equation.
A beam of radiation with frequency 3.19x1015 hertz is incident on a metal surface
and knocks out electrons from it. If the work function of the metal is 2.33 eV, find
the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons in electron volts.
What is the difference between ionization energy and work function?
State and explain the basic postulates of Quantum Physics.
(b) Briefly explain with examples what do you mean by Eigen function and Eigen values.
(c) Derive the time-dependent Schrodinger Wave Equation for a free particle.

Describe the Stern Gerlach experiment that provided experimental

evidence of the space quantization of atomic magnetic moments.
(b) What is the physical significance of the three quantum numbers n, 1, and
m in the labelling of the hydrogenic wave functions?
(c) What do you understand by strange particles?

Orbital model:

How does the Rutherford orbital motion violate the classical physics? (10)
(b) Discuss the modification suggested in the Bohr’s atomic model to account for the
nuclear motion and the hydrogenic atoms.

In what basic ways do the so-called strong force and the electrostatic force differ?
Explain your answer.
(10)
(b) Analysis of Potassium and Argon atoms in a moon rock sample by a mass
spectrometer shows that the ratio of the number of (stable) 40Ar atoms present to the
number of (radioactive) 40K atoms is 10.3. Assume that all the Argon atoms were
produced by the decay of Potassium atoms, with a half-life of 1.25 X 109 y. How old
is the rock
Why the resistivity of metals increases with temperature but that of semiconductor
decreases?
(b) In the process of making semiconductor devices, why silicon is preferred over
Germanium?
(c) Briefly explain the construction and operation of a Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT). How it can be used as an Amplifier?

Differentiate the Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators on the basis of Energy

Band Theory.
What is a PN junction? How it is formed and why it is called a diode.
What is a rectifier? How we can use diode as a rectifier? Explain full-wave and
half-wave rectification in detail.

Discuss Bohr’s atomic model and its success. How Rutherford’s orbital motion
violate classical physics?
(b) Describe Schrodinger’s wave equation.
Explain the Lyman, Balmer and Paschen series of atomic hydrogen. (3+3+3)
(b) State and explain photoelectric effect. (5)
(c) Some major features of photoelectric effect cannot be explained in the terms of
classical wave theory of light, discuss in detail.
(6)
Q.NO.7. (a) Explain Zeeman effect in the context of energy level diagram. (8)
(b) Explain dual nature of light. (4)
(c) State and explain Heisenberg’s uncertainly principle

Differentiate the Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators on the basis of

Energy Band Theory.
(b) What is a rectifier? How we can use diode as a rectifier? Explain halfwave
rectification in detail with diagrams.

Nuclear:

What is Radioactivity? What changes occur in radioactive nucleus when α, β and γ

radiation are emitted from it. How we can differentiate these rays experimentally.
Define half-life of a radio element. Describe the law of radioactive decay and plot a
graph between half life and activity of a radio-nuclide.
Is proton an elementary particle; comment.
Define nuclear Fission and Fusion Reactions. What is the source of energy released in
these reactions; Justify your answer with examples. Explain Fission Chain Reaction.
A 7Li3 is bombarded by a proton. Two alpha particles (4He2) are produced. Find the
reaction energy.
Mass of proton = 1.007825amu Mass of 7Li3 = 7.016003amu
Mass of alpha particle = 4.002603amu
In the given nuclear reaction 13Al27 + 1H1 zXA + 2He4 ; What is X?

What is Radioactive decay? Define half life and average life and relate half life to
the disintegration constant.
(b) Discuss elementary particles and their properties.

Explain the working mechanism of the scintillation counter and bubble chamber in
detail.
(4+4)
(b) State and explain nuclear fission giving at least three examples. (6)
(c) A small cyclotron of maximum radius R=0.25 m accelerates protons in a 1.7 T
magnetic field. Calculate (i) the frequency needed for the applied alternating
voltage, and (ii) the kinetic energy of the protons when they leave the cyclotron

Derive expressions for half-life and mean life of a radioactive substance.

(b) The activity of a certain radionuclide decreases to 15 percent of the
original value in 10 days. Find its half-life.
(c) Give any two industrial or medical uses of radioisotopes.
Q. No. 6.
(03)
(13)
(04)
(20)
(a) Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a nuclear reactor and explain the functions of
various parts.
(c) Calculate the energy released in the following fission reaction induced by
slow neutrons.
What do <111>, [010], (111), and {100} represents for a cubic crystal lattice.
(b) What is packing factor? Determine the Atomic Packing factor of FCC lattice.
(c) With neat diagram showing X-ray diffraction, derive an expression for Bragg’s Law.
(5)
(5)
(10)
Q. No. 7. Define Curie and Becquerel. Establish the relation between them.
Calculate the Decay Constant for 14C which has half-life of 5730 years.
State and explain Half-life and Mean life of a radioactive element. Show that < T > is
greater than T1/2.
(6)
(4)
(10)
Roll Number
What is liquid drop model of nucleus and write down its essential
features?
(b) What are magic numbers? How can they be generated on the basis of shell
model?
(c) What is nuclear fusion?
What do you understand by nuclear fission? How was it explained theoretically on the basis of liquid
drop model?
(b) Briefly describe important uses of radioisotopes.
(c) A 5.30 MeV alpha particle happens, by chance, to be headed directly towards the nucleus of an
atom of gold, which contains 79 protons. How close does the alpha particle get to the centre of the
nucleus before coming momentarily to rest and reversing the relatively massive nucleus?

Explain construction and working of a Geiger Muller Counter.

(b) Draw the characteristic of Geiger Muller Counter and also explain it.
(c) What are the properties of Gamma Rays?
Notes:

Schrödinger’s wave equation

(b) Nuclear Fission and fusion
c) Semiconductors and applications

Pointing Theorem and Pointing Vector (b) Nuclear Fission and Fusion
(c) Band theory of Solids

Modulation and demodulation (b) Common emitter single stage amplifier

(c) Bainbridge mass spectrometer
Schrodinger equation
(b) Linear accelerator
(c) Cyclotron

Poynting Vector
(b) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
(c) Mass Defect and Binding Energy