Modul Superb Ting 4 Bab 2

Fizik Tingkatan 4 Bab 2
BAB
2
Daya dan Gerakan I
Force and Motion I
Tema Mekanik Newton

Theme Newton Mechanics
NOTA EFEKTIF
1 Gerakan Linear/ Linear Motion
Jarak/ Distance, d Sesaran/ Displacement, s

Panjang lintasan yang dilalui oleh suatu objek yang bergerak Jarak dalam arah tertentu
The total path length travelled by an object Distance in a specified direction
Laju/ Speed, v Halaju/ Velocity, v

Kadar perubahan jarak/ The rate of change of distance Kadar perubahan sesaran/ The rate of change of
displacement
Jarak yang dilalui/ Distance travelled
Laju/ Speed = Sesaran/ Displacement
Masa diambil/ Time taken Halaju/ Velocity =
Masa diambil/ Time taken
Pecutan/ Acceleration, a Nyahpecutan/ Deceleration

Kadar perubahan halaju/ The rate of change of velocity. Kadar pengurangan halaju pada arah
Unit S.I./ S.I. unit: m s–2 tertentu.
Perubahan halaju/ Change in velocity The rate of decreased in speed in a specified
Pecutan/ Acceleration = direction.
Masa yang diambil/ Time taken
Halaju akhir/ Final velocity, v – Halaju awal/ Initial velocity, u
a=
Masa yang diambil/ Time taken, t
v–u
a=
t
2 Graf Gerakan Linear/ Linear Motion Graph
Jenis graf
Type of graph
Graf sesaran-masa Graf halaju-masa Graf pecutan-masa
Displacement-time graph Velocity-time graph Acceleration-time graph
Jenis gerakan
Type of motion
s v
Halaju sifar
Zero velocity
t t
s v a
Halaju seragam
Uniform velocity
t t t
s v a
Halaju negatif
t
Negative velocity
t t
11 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)
Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 11 09/02/2023 11:59 AM

s v a
Pecutan seragam
Uniform acceleration
t t t
s v a
Nyahpecutan
seragam t
Uniform deceleration t t
Kecerunan = halaju Kecerunan = pecutan

Gradient = velocity Gradient = acceleration
Luas bawah graf =
sesaran
Area under graph
= displacement
3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas/ Free Fall Motion

(a) Daya tarikan graviti ialah daya yang p = mv
menarik objek ke arah pusat Bumi.
Gravitational force is a force which pulls an object (b) Prinsip Keabadian Momentum:
towards the center of the Earth. Principle of Conservation of Momentum:
(b) Pecutan graviti, g ialah pecutan yang Jumlah momentum suatu sistem adalah
dialami oleh objek disebabkan tarikan daya kekal tidak berubah jika tiada daya
graviti. luar yang bertindak ke atas sistem itu.
Gravitational acceleration, g is the acceleration of The total momentum of a system remains
an object due to the pull of the gravitational force. unchanged if no external force acting on the
(c) Jatuh bebas ialah keadaan di mana objek system.
jatuh disebabkan daya tarikan graviti (c) Perlanggaran kenyal/ Elastic collision
sahaja. Jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran
Free fall is the situation where an object falls down = Jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran
due to gravitational force only. Total momentum before collision =
4 Inersia/ Inertia Total momentum after collision
(a) Sifat suatu objek yang cenderung untuk
menentang sebarang perubahan keadaan m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
asalnya sama ada pegun atau bergerak
dalam satu garis lurus dengan halaju malar. (d) Letupan/ Explosion
The tendency of an object to remain at rest or to Jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran
continue its uniform motion in a straight line at = Jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran
uniform velocity. Total momentum before collision =
(b) Hukum Gerakan Newton Pertama: Total momentum after collision
Newton’s First Law of motion: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Setiap objek akan kekal dalam keadaan 0 = m1v1 + m2v2
pegun atau bergerak dengan halaju malar m1v1 = – m2v2
jika tiada daya luar bertindak ke atasnya.
An object will remain at rest or move at uniform 6 Daya/ Force
velocity unless acted upon by an external force. Hukum Gerakan Newton Kedua:
(c) Semakin besar jisim, semakin besar inersia. Newton’s Second Law of Motion:
The larger the mass, the larger the inertia. Kadar perubahan momentum berkadar terus
5 Momentum/ Momentum dengan daya dan bertindak pada arah tindakan
(a) Momentum = Jisim × Halaju daya.
Momentum = Mass × Velocity The rate of change of momentum is directly
Unit S.I./ S.I. unit: kg m s–1 proportional to the force and acts in the direction of the
applied force.
© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 12

7 Impuls & Daya Impuls (c) Hukum Gerakan Newton Ketiga:

Impulse & Impulsive Force Newton’s Third Law of Motion:
(a) Impuls, Ft: Perubahan momentum Untuk setiap daya tindakan terdapat satu
Impulse, Ft: Change of momentum daya tindak balas yang sama magnitud
tetapi bertentangan arah.
Ft = mv – mu For every action there is a reaction of same as
Unit/ Unit: kg m s–1 atau/ or N s magnitude but in the opposite direction.
8 Berat/ Weight
(b) Daya impuls, F: Kadar perubahan momentum Berat = Jisim × Pecutan graviti
sewaktu perlanggaran atau letupan. Weight = Mass × Gravitational acceleration
Impulsive force, F: The rate of change of Unit S.I/ S.I unit: N
momentum in a collision or explosion.
W = mg
mv – mu
F=
t
Unit/ Unit: kg m s–2 atau/ or N
2.1 Gerakan Linear

Linear Motion
Buku Teks: m.s 26-36

1 Gerakan linear dijelaskan dengan jarak, sesaran, laju, halaju dan pecutan.
Linear motion can be described in terms of distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.
(a) Apakah definisi jarak? TP 1 OP2

hat is the definition of distance
Panjang lintasan yang dilalui oleh suatu objek yang bergerak.

The total path length travelled by an object.
(b) Apakah definisi sesaran? TP 1 OP2

hat is the definition of displacement
Jarak dalam suatu arah tertentu.

istance in a specific direction.
(c) Seorang pengakap memulakan kembara dari stesen A ke stesen B yang terletak 400 m ke timur stesen A.
Apabila tiba di stesen B, dia diarahkan untuk ke stesen C yang terletak 400 m ke utara stesen B.
A scout starts his journey from station A to station B which is located 400 m to the east of station A. When he
reached station B, he is ordered to go to station C which is 400 m to the north of station B.
A B

(i) Apabila pengakap itu di stesen , berapakah jarak perjalanannya dari stesen A? TP 2 OP3
When the scout at station C, what is his distance travelled from station A
d = 800 m
(ii) Apabila pengakap itu di stesen , berapakah sesaran dari stesen A? Nyatakan magnitud dan arah.
When the scout at station C, what is his displacement from station A State the magnitude and direction.
TP 2 OP3
s= (400)2 + (400)2
= 565.69 m pada arah AC / in the direction of AC
(iii) Mengapakah jawapan di (i) dan (ii) berbeza? TP 4 OP5

Why does the answers in (i) and (ii) di erent
Kerana sesaran mempunyai magnitud dan arah
Because displacement has magnitude and direction
(d) Perbezaan antara laju dan halaju. TP 2 OP3

i erence between speed and elocity.
Laju Halaju
Speed Velocity
Kadar perubahan jarak (iii) Kadar perubahan sesaran

Rate of change in distance Rate of change in displacement
(i) Unit S.I: meter per saat (m s–1) Unit S.I: meter per saat (m s–1)
S.I unit: meter per second (m s )
–1
S.I unit: meter per second (m s–1)
Kuantiti skalar (iv) Kuantiti vektor

Scalar quantity Vector quantity
d s
(ii) v = v=
t t
(e) Apakah definisi dan rumus bagi pecutan? TP 1 OP2

hat is the definition and formula of acceleration
Kadar perubahan halaju / Rate of change in velocity.

Perubahan halaju Change in velocity
Pecutan = / Acceleration =
Masa Time
v–u
a=
t
Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 14 09/02/2023 12:00 PM

SUPERB SBP FIZIK TINGKATAN 4 BATCH 2 ART
(f) Nyatakan perubahan pada sesaran, halaju dan pecutan kereta bagi setiap rajah. TP 2 OP3
State the change in displacement, velocity and acceleration of the car for each diagram.
(a)
(b)
SB-16
SB-16
(c) SB-16
Rajah SB-15
(a) (b) (c)
Diagram SB-15
SB-15
Sesaran Sama Bertambah Berkurang
Displacement Same Increases Decreases
Halaju Sama Bertambah Berkurang

Velocity Same Increases Decreases
Pecutan Sifar Memecut Nyahpecut

Acceleration Zero Accelerates Decelerates
(g) Seorang penunggang basikal bermula dari keadaan rehat dan menambahkan halajunya pada kadar
seragam sehingga dia mencapai halaju 4.0 m s–1 dalam 5.0 s. Tentukan TP 2 OP3
A cyclist starts from rest and increases his velocity at a constant rate until he reaches a speed of 4.0 m s–1 in 5.0 s.
Determine
(ii) SB-18
4.0 – 0
(i) halaju awal = 0 halaju akhir = 4.0 m s–1 (iii) pecutan =
initial velocity SB-18
final elocity acceleration 5.0
= 0.8 m s–2
SB-18
2 Menentukan sesaran, halaju, pecutan dan masa.

To determine displacement, velocity, acceleration and time.
Sebuah pita detik dan jangka masa detik digunakan untuk menyiasat gerakan linear suatu objek. Rajah di
bawah menunjukkan bahagian pita detik yang ditarik oleh objek. Jangka masa detik dengan frekuensi 50 Hz
menghasilkan 50 titik dalam masa 1 saat. TP 4 OP5
A ticker timer and a ticker tape are used to investigate the linear motion of an object. The diagram below shows the part
of ticker tape that is pulled by the object. The ticker tape with frequency of 50 Hz makes 50 ticks in 1 second.
10 detik
10 ticks
A 8 cm B

(a) Tentukan masa, t diambil dari A ke B.
Determine the time taken, t from A to B.
50 detik = 1 s → 1 detik = 0.02 s A ke B : 10 detik
50 ticks = 1 s → 1 tick = 0.02 s A to B : 10 ticks
t = 10 × 0.02
= 0.2 s
(b) Tentukan sesaran, s dari A ke B.

Determine the displacement, s from A to B.
s = 8 cm
(c) Tentukan halaju, v dari A ke B.

Determine the velocity, v from A to B.
8.0
v= = 40.0 cm s–1
0.2
(d) Rajah menunjukkan pita detik dengan 5 detik.
The diagram shows a ticker tape with 5 ticks.
Arah gerakan
Direction of motion
0.2 cm 1.4 cm
Hitung pecutan pita detik itu.
Calculate the acceleration of the ticker tape.
0.2 1.4
Halaju awal, u = = 10.0 cm s–1 Halaju akhir, v = = 60.0 cm s–1
Initial velocity
0.02 Final velocity
0.02
v – u 60.0 – 10.0
Masa, t = (5 – 1) × 0.02 = 0.08 s Pecutan, a = =
Time Acceleration
t 0.08
= 625 cm s–2
a = 625 cm s–2
3 Menerbitkan persamaan gerakan linear. TP 3 OP4
To derive the linear motion equations.
(a) Persamaan pertama (c) Persamaan kedua

First equation Second equation
v–u v+u
a= s=( )×t
t 2
at = v – u
1
s= (v + u)t
v = u + at 2
(b) Persamaan ketiga (d) Persamaan keempat

Third equation Fourth equation
1 v2 = (u + at)2
s = [u + (u + at)]t v2 = u2 + 2uat + a2t2
2
1 1
s = (2u + at)] t v2 = u2 + 2a(ut+ at2)
2 2
1 2 v2 = u2 + 2as
s = ut + at
2

4 Menyelesaikan masalah melibatkan persamaan gerakan linear.
Solving problem related to linear motion equation.
(a) Seorang budak lelaki mengayuh basikal menuruni sebuah bukit. Halaju awalnya ialah 4 m s–1. Selepas
dia bergerak 35 m, halajunya menjadi 10 m s–1. TP 4 OP5
A boy is cycling down a hill. His initial velocity is 4 m s–1. After he moves 35 m, his velocity becomes 10 m s–1.
(i) Berapakah masa diambil untuk budak itu mengayuh sejauh 35 m?

What is the time taken for the boy to cycle at a distance 35 m
u = 4 m s–1, v = 10 m s–1, s = 35 m
1
s= (v + u)t
2
1
35 = (10 + 4)t
2
35
t=
7
=5s
(ii) Berapakah pecutannya?

hat is his acceleration
v2 = u2 + 2as
102 = 42 + 2a(35)
70a = 84
a = 1.2 m s–2
(b) Sebuah kereta bergerak dengan halaju 20 m s–1 sepanjang jalan lurus. Pemandu itu menekan brek selama
5 s dan menyebabkan nyahpecutan 3 m s–2.
Berapakah halaju akhir kereta itu? TP 4 OP5
A car is traveling at 20 m s-1 along a straight road. The driver puts the brakes on for 5 s and causes a deceleration of
3 m s–2.
hat is the car s final elocity
u = 20 m s–1, t = 5 s, a = 3 m s–2
v = u + at
= 20 + 3(5)
= 35 m s–1
(c) Sebuah kereta memecut dari keadaan rehat pada 3 m s–2 di sepanjang suatu jalan lurus.
Berapakah sesaran yang dilalui oleh kereta itu selepas 4 s? TP 4 OP5
A car accelerates from rest at 3 m s–2 along a straight road.
What is the displacement of the car travelled after 4 s
u = 0, a = 3 m s–2, = 4 s,
1 2
s = ut + at
2
1
= 0(4) + (3) (4)2
2
= 24 m

2.2 Graf Gerakan Linear

Linear Motion Graph

1 Rajah menunjukkan graf sesaran-masa bagi suatu objek.
The diagram shows a graph of displacement-time for an object.
Sesaran / m
Displacement
B C
20
A D
Masa / s
0 10 30 35 Time
(a) Hitung halaju objek di TP 3 OP4

Calculate the velocity of the object at
(i) AB. (ii) BC. (iii) CD.
20 – 20 – 0
v= v=0 v=
10 35 – 30
= 2 m s–1 = – 4 m s–1
(b) Huraikan gerakan objek di TP 3 OP4
Describe the motion of the object at
(i) AB : Halaju malar/ Constant velocity
(ii) BC : Tidak bergerak/ At rest
(iii) CD : Halaju malar pada arah bertentangan/ Constant velocity in opposite direction
(c) (i) Hitung jumlah jarak pergerakan objek. TP 4 OP5

Calculate the total distance of the object motion.
20 + 0 + 20 = 40 m
(ii) Hitung jumlah sesaran pergerakan objek. TP 4 OP5

Calculate the total displacement of the object motion.
20 + 0 + (– 20) = 0
(d) (i) Cari laju purata objek itu. TP 4 OP5

Find the average speed of the object.
40
= 1.14 m s–1
35
(ii) Cari halaju purata objek itu. TP 4 OP5
Find the average velocity of the object.
0

2 Rajah menunjukkan graf halaju-masa bagi sebuah kereta.
The diagram shows a graph of displacement-time for a car.
Halaju / m s–1
Velocity
K
20
L M
10
J O
Masa/ s
0 10 20 30 35 40 45
Time
–10
N
(a) Hitung pecutan kereta di TP 3 OP4
Calculate the acceleration of the car at
(i) JK. (ii) KL.

20 –(20 – 10)
a= a=
10 20 –10
= 2 m s–2 = –1 m s–2
(iii) LM. (iv) MN.

–(10 + 10)
a=0 a=
40 – 30
= –2 m s–2
(b) Huraikan gerakan kereta di TP 3 OP4
Describe the motion of the car at
(i) JK : Pecutan seragam/ Uniform acceleration
(ii) KL : Nyahpecutan seragam/ Uniform deceleration
(iii) LM : Halaju seragam/ Uniform velocity
(vi) MN : Nyahpecutan seragam/ Uniform deceleration
(c) (i) Hitung jumlah jarak perjalanan kereta. TP 4 OP5

Calculate the total distance travelled by the car.
Jarak = Luas di bawah graf, A
Distance = Area under the graph, A
1 1
A1 = (20 × 10) A2 = (10 + 20)10
2 2
= 100 m = 150 m
1 1
A3 = (10 + 15)10 A4 = (10 × 10)
2 2
= 125 m = 50 m
Jumlah jarak = 100 + 150 + 125 + 50 = 425 m
Total distance
(ii) Hitung jumlah sesaran kereta. TP 4 OP5

Calculate the total displacement of the car.
Jumlah sesaran = 100 + 150 + 125 – 50 = 325 m
Total displacement

3 Terjemahkan graf berikut untuk melakarkan graf yang dinyatakan. TP 4 OP5
Interpret the following graphs to sketch the stated graph.
(a) Graf halaju-masa Graf pecutan-masa

Graph of velocity-time Graph of acceleration-time
Halaju Pecutan
Velocity Acceleration
Masa
0 T 2T Time
Masa
0 T 2T Time
(b) Graf pecutan -masa Graf halaju-masa

Graph of acceleration-time Graph of velocity-time
Pecutan Halaju
Acceleration Velocity
0 Masa 0 Masa
T 2T T 2T Time
Time
2.3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas

Free Fall Motion
INFO
Sebiji epal jatuh ke tanah dari pokoknya. Isaac Newton menyatakan bahawa semua objek ditarik
oleh satu daya yang menyebabkan objek jatuh ke permukaan Bumi. Suatu objek dikatakan
mengalami gerakan jatuh bebas jika pergerakan objek itu dipengaruhi oleh daya graviti sahaja.
An apple fall on the ground from a tree. Isaac Newton said all objects are pulled by a force which causes them
to fall to the surface of the Earth. An object experiences free fall if the motion of the object is affected only by
gravitational force.
1 Apakah maksud jatuh bebas? TP 1 OP2

hat is the meaning of free fall
Keadaan di mana objek jatuh disebabkan oleh daya tarikan graviti sahaja.
An object is falling freely when it is falling under the gravitational force only.

2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebiji bola golf dan sehelai kertas dipegang pada ketinggian yang sama dan dijatuhkan
serentak.
Diagram 1 shows a golf ball and a piece of paper are held at the same height and drop them simultaneously.
Bola golf Kertas Kertas renyuk

Golf ball Paper Crumpled
paper
Tanah Tanah
Ground Ground
Rajah 1 Rajah 2
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
(a) bjek yang manakah mencecah tanah dahulu? TP 2 OP3

hich ob ect reaches the ground first
Bola golf/ Golf ball
(b) Jelaskan alasan bagi jawapan di 2(a). TP 3 OP4

Explain a reason for the answer in 2(a).
Luas permukaan kertas lebih besar, maka rintangan udara lebih besar.
The surface area of the paper larger, then the air resistance larger.
(c) Aktiviti diulangi dengan bola golf yang sama dan sehelai kertas yang direnyukkan seperti dalam Rajah 2.
The activity is repeated with the same golf ball and a piece of paper which is crumpled as in Diagram 2.
bjek yang manakah mencecah tanah dahulu? TP 3 OP4

hich ob ect reaches the ground first
Kedua-duanya/ Both objects
(d) Jelaskan alasan bagi jawapan di 2(c). TP 4 OP5

Explain a reason for the answer in 2(c).
Luas permukaan kertas renyuk menjadi kecil, maka rintangan udara turut kecil.
The surface area of the paper become smaller, then the air resistance also small.
EKSPERIMEN 2.1
Tujuan: Menentukan nilai pecutan graviti.

To determine the value of gravitational acceleration.
Aim:
Radas: Jangka masa detik, pita detik, bekalan kuasa 12 V (a.u), pemberat berslot, pengapit-G dan bangku
Ticker timer, ticker tape, 12 V (a.c) of power supply, slotted weight, G-clamp and stool
Apparatus:

Prosedur/ Procedure:
Pengapit – G
G – clamp
Jangka masa detik
Ticker timer
Bekalan kuasa
Power supply
Bangku
Stool
Pemberat berslot
Sotted weight
(i) Potong sehelai pita detik dan lalukan melalui jangka masa detik yang diapit ke bangku
menggunakan pengapit-G.
Cut a piece of ticker tape and pass through the ticker timer which is clamped to a stool using G-clamp.
(ii) Lekatkan satu hujung pita detik pada pemberat berslot 100 g.
Attach one end of the tape to the 100 g of slotted weight.
(iii) Hidupkan suis dan lepaskan pemberat berslot supaya ia jatuh bebas.
Switch on the ticker timer and release the slotted weight so that it falls freely.
(iv) Analisa pita detik untuk menentukan nilai pecutan graviti, g.
Analyse the ticker tape to determine the value of the acceleration due to gravity, g.
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i) Apakah jenis pergerakan objek jika jatuh di bawah tarikan graviti?
What is the type of motion of the objects as they fall under the pull of gravity?
Jatuh bebas/ Free fall
(ii) Bandingkan nilai pecutan graviti daripada eksperimen dengan nilai yang sebenar. Berikan alasan.
Compare the value of gravitational acceleration from the experiment with the actual value. Give a reason.
Nilai daripada eksperimen lebih rendah daripada nilai sebenar kerana terdapat rintangan udara.
The value from the experiment is lower than the actual value because there is air resistance.
(iii) Nilai g berubah dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Sebagai contoh, nilai g di Khatulistiwa ialah
9.78 m s–2 manakala g di kutub Bumi ialah 9.83 m s–2. Mengapa?
The value of gravitational acceleration, g changes from one place to another. For example, the value of at the
equator is 9.78 m s–2 while the value of at the Earth’s poles is 9.83 m s–2. Why?
Hal ini kerana Bumi sebenarnya bukan berbentuk sfera yang sempurna. Jarak dari Khatulistiwa ke
pusat Bumi lebih jauh daripada jarak dari kutub ke pusat Bumi. Nilai g lebih kecil di Khatulistiwa
daripada di kutub Bumi./ This is because Earth is actually not a perfect sphere. The distance from the Equator
to the center of the Earth is further than the distance from the poles to the center of the Earth. The value of g is
smaller at the equator than at the Earth’s poles.

3 Bagi objek yang jatuh dengan pecutan, g, berikut adalah persamaan yang berkaitan:
For an object falling with acceleration g, the following equations apply:
1
v = u + gt s = ut + gt v2 = u2 + 2gs
2
Objek dilontar ke atas/ The object is thrown upward: a = g = –9.81 m s–2
4 Amir menjatuhkan seketul batu ke dalam perigi. Nilai pecutan graviti adalah . 1 m s–2. Jika jarak di antara
bahagian atas perigi dengan permukaan air ialah 20 m,
Amir releases a stone into a well. The gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m s–2. If the distance between the top of the well and
the water surface is 20 m, [g = 9.81 m s–2]
(a) berapakah masa yang diambil oleh batu itu untuk sampai ke permukaan air? TP 3 OP4
what is the time ta en for the stone to reach the surface of the water
a = g = 9.81 m s–2
1 2
s = ut + gt
2
1
20 = 0 + (9.81)(t2)
2
20
t =
2
4.9
t = 2.02 s
(b) berapakah halaju batu itu apabila sampai di permukaan air? TP 3 OP4
what is the elocity of the stone when it reaches the surface of the water
a = g = 9.81 m s–2
v = u + gt
= 0 + 9.81(2)
= 19.6 m s–1
5 Amirah melontar bola ke atas secara menegak dengan halaju awal 10 m s–1. Hitung tinggi maksimum yang
boleh dicapai oleh bola itu. TP 3 OP4
[Abaikan rintangan udara dan nilai pecutan graviti adalah 9.81 m s–2]
Amirah threw a ball vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 10 m s–1. Calculate the maximum height that can be
reached by the ball.
[Ignore the air resistance and the value of gravitational acceleration 9.81 m s–2]
a = g = –9.81 m s–2
v2 = u2 + 2gs
0 = 102 + 2(–9.81)s
s = 5.10 m
2.4 Inersia
Inertia

1 Apakah maksud inersia? TP 1 OP2
hat is the meaning of inertia
Sifat suatu objek yang cenderung untuk menentang sebarang perubahan keadaan asalnya sama ada
keadaan rehat atau keadaan gerakan dalam satu garis lurus.
The tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line.

2 Hukum erakan Newton Pertama menyatakan bahawa sesuatu objek akan kekal dalam keadaan rehat atau
bergerak dengan halaju malar jika tiada daya luar bertindak ke atasnya.
every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line,
Newton’s First Law of Motion states that
unless it is acted on by an external force.
3 Rajah menunjukkan sekeping kadbod di atas sebuah gelas. Sekeping duit syiling diletakkan di atas kadbod.
The diagram shows a cardboard on a glass. A coin is placed on the cardboard.
Syiling
Coin
Kadbod
Cardboard
(a) Apakah yang berlaku kepada duit syiling itu apabila kadbod ditarik dengan cepat? TP 3 OP4
hat happens to the coin when the cardboard is pulled quic ly
Duit syiling jatuh terus ke dalam gelas.
The coin drops straight into the glass.
(b) Jelaskan pemerhatian di 3(a). TP 3 OP4

Explain the observation in 3(a).
Inersia duit syiling kekal pegun. Duit syiling jatuh ke dalam gelas disebabkan daya tarikan graviti.
The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest. The coin falls into the glass due to gravitational force.
4 Hubungan antara inersia dan jisim.

Relationship between inertia and mass.
EKSPERIMEN 2.2
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan seorang penarik beca membawa seorang penumpang. Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan
penarik beca yang sama membawa dua orang penumpang. Beliau mendapati lebih sukar untuk
menggerakkan dan memberhentikan beca apabila membawa dua orang penumpang.
Diagram 2.1 shows a trishaw rider carrying a passenger. Diagram 2.2 shows the same trishaw rider carrying two
passengers. e found that when carrying two passengers is more di cult to mo e and stop the trishaw.
Rajah 2.1 Rajah 2.2

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

Inferens: Inersia objek bergantung kepada jisim objek itu

The inertia of an object depends on the mass of the object
Inference:
Hipotesis: Semakin bertambah jisim objek, semakin bertambah tempoh ayunan.

The larger the mass of object, the longer the oscillation period.
Hypothesis:
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara inersia dengan jisim objek.

To study the relationship between inertia and mass of object.
Aim:
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Jisim objek

Mass of object
Manipulated variable:
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tempoh ayunan

Oscillation period
Responding variable:
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Panjang bilah gergaji

Length of hacksaw blade
Constant variable:
Radas: Bilah gergaji, pengapit-G, jam randik, plastisin, neraca tiga alur
Hacksaw blade, G-clamp, stopwatch, plasticine balls, triple beam balance
Apparatus:
Prosedur/ Procedure:
(i) Letakkan sejumlah plastisin dengan jisim 30 g pada hujung bilah gergaji.
Place a lump of plasticine with a mass of 30 g at the free end of the hacksaw blade.
(ii) Sesarkan sedikit bilah gergaji dan lepaskannya supaya ia berayun secara mengufuk.
Displace the hacksaw blade and release it so that it oscillates.
(iii) Tentukan dan rekodkan masa yang diambil untuk 10 ayunan lengkap, t saat. Hitungkan tempoh
ayunan, T = t/10 saat.
Determine and record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t. Calculate the oscillation period,
T = t/10 seconds.
(iv) Ulangi eksperimen dengan jisim plastisin 40 g, 50 g, 60 g dan 70 g.
Repeat the experiment with mass of plasticine of 40 g, 50 g, 60 g and 70 g.
Pengapit – G
G – clamp
Bilah gergaji
Hacksaw blade
Plastisin
Plasticine

Keputusan/ Result:
(i) Jadualkan data bagi m, t, T dan T2.
Tabulate data for m, t, T and T2.
Masa untuk 10 ayunan lengkap

Jisim plastisin Time for 10 complete oscillations, t/ s
Mass of plasticine
T/ s T2/ s2
m/ g
t1 t2 tpurata/average
30 4.0 4.2 4.1 0.41 0.17
40 5.0 5.1 5.05 0.50 0.25
50 6.2 6.3 6.25 0.63 0.39
60 7.0 7.1 7.05 0.71 0.48
70 8.1 7.8 7.45 0.75 0.63
(ii) Lakarkan graf tempoh ayunan melawan jisim.

Sketch the graph of oscillation period against mass.
T 2/ s2
0 m/ g
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i) Namakan kuantiti fizik yang mewakili inersia.
Name the physical quantity represented by inertia.
Tempoh ayunan/ Oscillation period
(ii) Berdasarkan graf, nyatakan hubungan antara tempoh ayunan dan jisim objek.
Based on the graph, state the relationship between oscillation period and mass of object.
Semakin bertambah jisim objek, semakin lama tempoh ayunan
The higher the mass of object, the longer the oscillation period
(iii) Berdasarkan graf, nyatakan hubungan antara inersia dan jisim objek.
Based on the graph, state the relationship between the inertia and mass of object.
Semakin bertambah jisim objek, semakin besar inersia objek
The higher the mass of object, the larger the inertia of object

5 Inersia dalam kehidupan harian. TP 5 OP6
Inertia in daily life.
(a) Mengapakah sos tomato lebih mudah dikeluarkan daripada botol jika botol digerakkan dengan laju dan
berhenti secara mendadak?
hy the tomato sauce can be easily poured out if the bottle is mo ed down fast with a sudden stop
Sos tomato bergerak bersama-sama dengan botol. Apabila botol dihentikan secara mendadak, inersia
sos terus bergerak dan keluar daripada botol.
The sauce moves together with the bottle. When the bottle stops suddenly, the inertia of the sauce continues to move
and poured out of the bottle.
(b) Terangkan menggunakan konsep inersia untuk mengetatkan kepala penukul dengan menghentak
pemegangnya pada permukaan keras.
Explain by using the concept of inertia to tight in the head of a hammer by knocking the handle on a hard surface.
Kepala penukul bergerak bersama pemegang ke bawah. Apabila pemegang diberhentikan tiba-tiba,
inersia kepala penukul ingin kekal bergerak ke depan. Oleh itu, hujung pemegang masuk ke dalam
kepala penukul.
The head of hammer is moving together with the handle as it moves down. When the handle is stopped suddenly,
the inertia of the head of hammer still want to move forward. So, the top end of the handle will slotted deeper into
the head of the hammer.
(c) Payung yang basah boleh dikeringkan dengan menggerakkan payung dengan cepat dan kemudian
diberhentikan dengan tiba-tiba. Terangkan.
Wet umbrella can be dried by moving it very fast and then stop suddenly. Explain.
Air hujan dan payung bergerak bersama-sama. Apabila payung diberhentikan dengan tiba-tiba, inersia
air hujan ingin terus bergerak dan meninggalkan payung.
The water droplet move together with the umbrella. When the umbrella is stopped suddenly, the inertia of the
droplet continues its state of motion and left the umbrella.
2.5 Momentum
Momentum

1 Apakah maksud momentum? TP 1 OP2
hat is the meaning of momentum
Momentum ialah jisim × halaju

Momentum is mass × velocity

2 Momentum dapat dihitung dengan rumus:
Momentum can be calculated by formula:
di mana/ where
p = mv p : Momentum objek/ Momentum of object
m: Jisim objek/ Mass of object
v : Halaju objek/ Velocity of object
3 Unit S.I bagi momentum adalah kg m s–1 .

kg m s–1
The S.I unit for the momentum is .
4 Apakah prinsip keabadian momentum? TP 1 OP2

hat is the principle of conser ation of momentum
Jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran sama dengan jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran jika
tiada daya luar yang bertindak ke atas sistem itu.
Total momentum before collision same as total momentum after collision if no external force acts on the system.
5 Perlanggaran kenyal dan perlanggaran tak kenyal.

Elastic collision and inelastic collision.
Perlanggaran kenyal Perlanggaran tak kenyal

Elastic collision Inelastic collision
Jenis
u1 u2 v1 v2 u1 u2 v
perlanggaran
Type of collision
m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
Keadaan
selepas Bergerak berasingan dengan halaju Bergerak bersama dengan halaju yang
perlanggaran berbeza sama
State after o e separately with di erent elocity Move together with same velocity
collision
Keabadian
momentum Diabadikan Diabadikan
Conservation of Conserved Conserved
momentum
Keabadian
tenaga Diabadikan Diabadikan
Conservation of Conserved Conserved
energy
Keabadian
tenaga kinetik Diabadikan Tidak diabadikan
Conservation of Conserved Not conserved
kinetic energy
Persamaan m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2)v

Equation

6 Letupan
Explosion
Troli pegun
Stationary trolleys
Pin
–v2 v1
m2 m1 m2 m1
Sebelum letupan Selepas letupan

Before explosion After explosion
Daripada prinsip keabadian momentum:

From the principle of conservation of momentum:
Jumlah momentum sebelum letupan = Jumlah momentum selepas letupan

Total momentum before explosion = Total momentum after explosion
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = – m2v2
7 (a) Dalam permainan bola sepak, seorang pemain A berjisim 70 g bergerak dengan halaju 4 m s–1 dan
seorang pemain B yang berjisim 75 kg bergerak dengan halaju 3 m s–1 pada arah bertentangan.
Hitungkan momentum kedua-dua pemain itu. TP 3 OP4
In a football game, a player A of mass 70 kg is moving with velocity of 4 m s-1 and a player B of mass 75 kg is
moving with velocity of 3 m s–1 in opposite direction.
Calculate the momentum of both players.
Pemain/ Player A:
pA = mv
= 70 × 4
= 280 kg m s–1
Pemain/ Player B:
pB = mv
= 75 × (–3)
= –225 kg m s–1
(b) Kereta A yang berjisim 1 000 kg bergerak pada 20 m s–1 berlanggar dengan kereta B yang berjisim
1 200 kg dan bergerak pada 10 m s–1 dalam arah yang sama. Akibatnya, kereta B, bergerak ke depan
pada halaju 15 m s–1.
Berapakah halaju, v, bagi kereta A sebaik sahaja selepas perlanggaran? TP 3 OP4
Car A of mass 1 000 kg moving at 20 m s–1 collides with a car B of mass 1 200 kg moving at 10 m s–1 in
same direction. The car B is shunted forwards at velocity of 15 m s–1 due to the impact.
What is the velocity of the car A immediately after the crash
Perlanggaran kenyal/ Elastic collision
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
(1 000)(20) + (1 200)(10) = (1 000)v1 + (1 200)(15)
1 000v1 = 14 000
v1 = 14 m s–1

(c) Sebiji bola yang berjisim 15 kg dibalingkan pada halaju 20 km j–1 kepada Meilin yang berjisim 60 kg pada
keadaan rehat di atas ais. Dia menangkap bola itu dan kemudian menggelongsor dengan bola di atas ais.
Tentukan halaju Meilin dengan bola selepas perlanggaran. TP 3 OP4
A 15 kg ball is thrown at a velocity of 20 km h–1 to Meilin with mass of 60 kg who is at rest on ice. She catches the
ball and subsequently slides with the ball across the ice.
Determine the velocity of Meilin with the ball after the collision.
Perlanggaran tak kenyal/ Inelastic collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2 )v
(15)(20) + 0 = (15 + 60)v
75v = 300
v = 4 m s–1
(d) Seorang lelaki menembak sepucuk pistol yang berjisim 1.5 kg. Jika peluru itu berjisim 10 g dan
mempunyai halaju 300 m s–1 selepas tembakan, berapakah halaju sentakan pistol itu? TP 3 OP4
A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of
300 m s–1 after shooting, what is the recoil elocity of the pistol
v 300 m s–1
Peluru
Pistol 10 g Bullet
Pistol 1.5 kg
Jumlah momentum sebelum letupan = jumlah momentum selepas letupan

Total momentum before explosion = total momentum after explosion
0 = momentum peluru + momentum pistol
0 = momentum of bullet + momentum of pistol
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
0 = (0.01)(300) + (1.5)v2
1.5v2 = – 3.0
v2 = – 2.0 m s–1
(Pistol tersentak ke belakang/ Pistol recoiled backwards)
2.6 Daya
Force

1 Hubungan antara daya jisim dan pecutan. INFO
The relationship between force mass and acceleration.
Perubahan momentum
Change in momentum
mv – mu mv – mu
F ∝ ma F∝
t
Kadar perubahan momentum
Rate change in momentum
mv – mu
t
2 Hukum erakan Newton Kedua menyatakan bahawa kadar perubahan momentum berkadar terus dengan daya
dan bertindak pada arah tindakan daya.
the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force and acts
Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that
in the direction of the applied force.

3 Persamaan bagi Hukum erakan Newton kedua adalah
The equation for Newton’s Second Law of Motion is
di mana/ where
F = ma
F : Daya/ Force
m: Jisim objek/ Mass of object
a : Pecutan objek/ Acceleration of object
4 Seorang lelaki menolak troli yang berisi kotak dengan jisim 5 kg di atas permukaan licin. Jika dia
menggunakan daya 30 N untuk menolak troli itu, apakah magnitud dan arah pecutan troli itu?
A man pushes a trolley with 5 kg box on a smooth surface. If he uses a force of 30 N to move the trolley, what is the
magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the trolley
F = 30 N
Kotak
5 kg Box
Troli
Trolley
F = ma
F 30
a= =
m 5
a = 6 m s–2 (ke kanan/ to the right)
5 Sebuah bas berjisim 2 000 kg bergerak dengan halaju seragam 40 m s–1 sejauh 2 500 m sebelum ia berhenti.
Hitungkan TP 3 OP4
A bus of mass 2 000 kg travels with a uniform velocity 40 m s–1 for a distance 2 500 m before it comes to rest.
Calculate
(a) pecutan purata bas.

the average acceleration of the bus.
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = (40)2 + 2a(2 500)
5 000a = –1 600
a = – 0.32 m s–2 (nyahpecutan/ deceleration)
(b) daya purata brek untuk memberhentikan bas.

the average force applied by the brakes to stop the bus.
F = ma
= 2 000 × (– 0.32)
= 640 N
2.7 Impuls dan Daya Impuls

Impulse and Impulsive Force

1 Apakah maksud impuls? TP 1 OP2
hat is the meaning of impulse
Perubahan momentum
Change in momentum

2 Persamaan untuk impuls adalah
The equation for impulse is
J = mv – mu di mana/ where
= Ft J: Impuls/ Impulse
m: Jisim/ Mass
u: Halaju awal/ Initial velocity
v: Halaju akhir/ Final velocity
F: Daya/ Force
t: Masa impak/ Impact time
3 Apakah maksud daya impuls? TP 1 OP2

hat is the meaning of impulsi e force
Kadar perubahan momentum semasa perlanggaran atau hentaman dalam masa yang singkat.
The rate of change of momentum in a collision or impact in a short period of time.
4 Persamaan untuk daya impuls adalah

The equation for impulsive force is
mv – mu di mana/ where
F= F: Daya impuls/ Impulsive force
t
mv – mu: Perubahan momentum/ Change in momentum
t: Masa impak/ Impact time
5 Hukum erakan Newton Ketiga menyatakan bahawa untuk setiap daya tindakan terdapat satu daya tindak
balas yang sama magnitud tetapi bertentangan arah.
for every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude, but in the opposite
Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that
direction.
Daya tindak Daya tindak

balas balas
Daya tindakan Reaction Reaction
Daya tindakan
Action
Action
6 Terangkan mengapa pemain bola sepak melemparkan bola dengan cara seperti dalam rajah diberi.
Explain why the football player throws the ball as shown in the given diagram. TP 4 OP5
Masa impak lama, impuls besar./ Longer impact time, large impulse.
Perubahan momentum lebih besar./ Larger change in momentum.
Bola bergerak dengan halaju tinggi dan bergerak jauh./ Ball moves at higher velocity
and moves further.

7 (a) Menambah momentum melalui tindakan ikut lajak
Increasing the magnitude of impulse by follow through action
Daya tindak Daya tindak

balas ke atas kaki balas ke atas bola Tindakan ikut lajak
Reaction on foot Reaction on ball Follow through action
(i) Sepakan yang kuat diikuti tindakan ikut lajak menghasilkan impuls yang besar .
large
A follow through action after a strong kick produces a impulse.
(ii) Daya besar dan masa impak lebih lama .

longer
Large force and impact time.
(iii) Bola mengalami perubahan momentum besar dan bergerak dengan halaju tinggi .
high
The ball experiences a large change in momentum and moves at a velocity.
(b) Mengurangkan daya impuls dengan memanjangkan masa impak

Reducing the magnitude of impulse by extending impact time
Situasi Penerangan
Situation Explanation
Zon remuk kereta • Perlanggaran menyebabkan kereta dihentikan dan mengalami

Crumple zone of a car suatu perubahan momentum.
Collision causes a car to stop and experience a change in momentum.
• Bahagian hadapan kereta yang mudah remuk memanjangkan
masa impak semasa perlanggaran.
The crumple zone of the car extends the impact time during collision.
• Daya impuls ke atas kereta dikurangkan.
The impulsive force on the car is reduced.
(c) Meningkatkan daya impuls dengan memendekkan masa impak

Increasing the magnitude of impulse by reducing impact time
Situasi Penerangan
Situation Explanation
Penggunaan alu dan lesung • Alu bergerak ke lesung yang keras permukaannya.
The use of pestle and mortar The pestle moving at high speed to a hard mortar.
• Alu berhenti dalam masa yang singkat.
The pestle to be stopped in a very short time.
• Daya impuls besar dihasilkan menyebabkan cili mudah
dihancurkan.
A large impulsive force is produced and causes these spices to be
crushed easily.

8 Dalam satu perlawanan tenis, pemain memukul bola tenis yang mempunyai jisim 0.2 kg yang menuju ke
arahnya dengan halaju 20 m s–1. Bola itu memantul dengan halaju 40 m s–1. Masa yang diambil semasa
perlanggaran antara bola dan raket tenis ialah 0.01 s. TP 3 OP4
In a tennis match, a player hits an on-coming tennis ball with mass of 0.2 kg and velocity of 20 m s–1. The ball rebounds
with a velocity of 40 m s–1. The time taken in the collision between the tennis ball and the tennis racket is 0.01 s.
(a) Berapakah impuls yang dialami oleh bola tenis itu?

hat is the impulse e perienced by the tennis ball
J = Ft = mv – mu
= 0.2(40) – (0.2)(–20)
=8+4
J = 12 kg m s–1
(b) Berapakah daya impuls yang dikenakan ke atas bola tenis?

hat is the impulsi e force e erted on the tennis ball
mv – mu
F=
t
12
=
0.01
= 1 200 N
2.8 Berat
Weight

1 Apakah maksud berat? TP 1 OP2
hat is the meaning of weight
Daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas objek.

Gravitational force acting on an object.
2 Menurut Hukum erakan Newton Kedua,

According to the Newton Second’s Law of Motion,
F = ma di mana/ where
W: Berat/ Weight
m: Jisim/ Mass
W = mg g: Pecutan graviti/ Gravitational acceleration
3 Unit S.I bagi berat adalah Newton, N. .

Newton. N.
The S.I unit for weight is .
4 Apakah maksud kekuatan medan graviti, g? TP 1 OP2

hat is the meaning of gra itational field strength, g
Daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas jisim 1 kg.
Gravitational force acts on a 1 kg of mass.

5 Tulis persamaan bagi kekuatan medan graviti, g. TP 2 OP3
rite the equation for gra itational field strength, g.
W = mg
W
g=
m
6 Apakah nilai dan unit bagi g? TP 2 OP3
hat is the alue and unit for g
g = 9.81 N kg-1
7 Nyatakan maksud lain bagi g. TP 1 OP2

State other meaning for g.
Pecutan graviti/ Gravitational acceleration
8
1
Nilai pecutan graviti, g di Bulan ialah daripada nilai g di Bumi
6
1
The value of gravitational acceleration, g on the Moon is of the value of g on the Earth
6
Kuantiti fizik Di angkasa lepas Di Bulan Di Bumi

Physical quantity In the space On the Moon On Earth
Jisim
100 kg 100 kg 100 kg
Mass
Berat 1 100 × 9.81

0N 100 × 9.81 ×
Weight 6 = .1 N
= 163.5 N
9 Sebuah kapal angkasa bergerak dari Bumi ke Marikh. Kekuatan medan graviti di permukaan Marikh ialah
3.7 N kg–1. Kapal angkasa itu membawa kapsul berjisim 100 kg diukur di Bumi. TP 3 OP4
A spacecraft mo es from arth to ars, where the gra itational field strength near the surface is 3.7 N kg–1. The
spacecraft is carrying capsule which has mass of 100 kg when measured on Earth.
(a) Berapakah berat kapsul di Bumi?

hat is the weight of capsule on arth
W = 100 × 9.81
= 1N
(b) Berapakah jisim kapsul di angkasa lepas?

hat is the mass of capsule in the space
m = 100 kg
(c) Berapakah jisim kapsul di Marikh?

hat is the mass of capsule on ars
m = 100 kg
(d) Berapakah berat kapsul di Marikh?

hat is the weight of capsule on ars
W = 100 × 3.7
= 370 N

Praktis Sumatif
KERTAS 1
1 Pecutan kereta yang bergerak dengan halaju B s

OP3 seragam akan menjadi
The acceleration of a moving car with uniform velocity
will be
A bertambah t
increase
B seragam C s
uniform
C sifar
zero
D berkurang t
decrease
D s
2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan pita detik yang ditarik oleh

OP3 troli melalui jangka masa detik dengan frekuensi
50 Hz.
t
Diagram 1 shows a ticker timer pulled by a trolley
through ticker tape with frequency of 50 Hz.
4 Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf halaju-masa sebuah
Arah gerakan OP3 bas yang membawa penumpang. Selepas
Direction of motion
10 minit, pemandu bas menekan pedal brek untuk
menghentikan bas.
Diagram 2 shows a graph of velocity-time of a bus
that carry passengers. After 10 minutes, the bus driver
0.8 cm 1.8 cm
pressed the brake pad to stop the bus.
Rajah 1
v/ m s–1
Diagram 1
Hitung pecutan troli itu.

Calculate the acceleration of the trolley. 6
A 2ms –2
B 5 m s–2
C 4 m s–2
D 10 m s–2
t/ min
0 10 12
3 Graf manakah yang mewakili objek sedang
OP4 bergerak dengan pecutan seragam?
Rajah 2
Which graph represents a moving object at uniform Diagram 2
acceleration
A s Berapakah halaju bas sebaik sahaja pedal brek
ditekan?
What is the velocity of the bus after the brake pad is
pressed
t A 0 m s–1 C 6 m s–1
B 2 m s–1 D 72 m s–1

5 Rajah 3 menunjukkan duit syiling, guli dan daun A konsep inersia
OP4 kering dijatuhkan serentak di dalam silinder vakum. the concept of inertia
ATCH 2 Diagram 3 shows a coin, a ARTWORK
marble and aBY FREELANCER
dried leaf M.ZAIDEE
B konsep keseimbangan daya
being released at the same time in a vacuum cylinder. the concept of equilibrium of forces
C prinsip keabadian momentum
the principle of conservation of momentum
D prinsip keabadian tenaga
the principle of conservation of energy
Vakum
Vacuum
Tapak
8 Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua blok kayu, R dan S,
Base OP5 yang serupa, masing-masing di atas troli P dan Q.
KBAT Diagram 5 shows two identical blocks, R and S, placed
Rajah 3 on trolleys P and Q respectively.
SB-16
Diagram 3
SB-17
Pemerhatian manakah yang betul? R S
hich obser ation is correct
A Ketiga-tiga objek terapung di dalam silinder
All three ob ects oat in the cylinder P
X QY
B Ketiga-tiga objek tiba di tapak pada masa
yang sama Arah gerakan P Pegun
All three objects reach the base at the same time Direction of Stationary
C Guli tiba di tapak lebih awal daripada duit movement of P
syiling
The marble reaches the base earlier than the coin Rajah 5
D Duit syiling dan guli tiba di tapak lebih awal Diagram 5
daripada daun kering
The coin and the marble reach the base earlier
Apakah yang berlaku kepada blok kayu R dan S
than the dried leaf apabila troli P melanggar troli yang pegun?
What happens to the wooden blocks R and S when
6 Sebiji batu bata jatuh daripada ketinggian 10 m. trolley P collides with the stationary trolley Q
OP4 Hitung masa yang diambil untuk batu bata itu
tiba ke tanah. R S
A brick falls from a height of 10 m. Calculate the time
taken for the brick to reach the ground. Terhumban ke kanan Terhumban ke kanan
A
A 0.5 s C 1.0 s Pushed to the right Pushed to the right
B 0.7 s D 1.4 s
Terhumban ke kanan Terhumban ke kiri
B
7 Rajah 4 menunjukkan keadaan pembonceng Pushed to the right Pushed to the left
OP2 motosikal yang bergerak ke belakang apabila
motosikal mula memecut. Terhumban ke kiri Terhumban ke kiri
C
Diagram 4 shows a pillion rider moving backwards Pushed to the left Pushed to the left
when the motorcycle accelerates.
Terhumban ke kiri Terhumban ke kanan
D
Pushed to the left Pushed to the right
9 Sebutir peluru berjisim 10 g ditembak daripada

OP4 senapang berjisim 490 g. Peluru meninggalkan
senapang dengan halaju 120 m s–1.
Cari halaju sentakan senapang itu.
A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun of mass
Rajah 4 490 g. The bullet leaves the gun with a speed of
Diagram 4 120 m s–1. Find the speed of recoil of the gun.
A 2.4 m s–1
Pergerakan pembonceng yang ke belakang boleh
B 4.8 m s–1
diterangkan oleh
The backwards movement of the pillion rider can be
C 6.4 m s–1
explained by D 7.4 m s–1

10 Situasi yang manakah mengaplikasikan prinsip Jika jumlah jisim basikal dan atlet ialah 80 kg,
OP2keabadian momentum? maka pecutan basikal adalah
In which situation can the principle of conservation of If the total mass of the bicycle and the athlete is 80 kg,
momentum be applied then the acceleration of the bicycle is
A A 0.67 m s–2
B 0.80 m s–2
C 1.25 m s–2
D 1.50 m s–2
12 Rajah 7 menunjukkan seorang pemain bola lisut

menggerakkan tangannya ke belakang semasa
OP5
KBAT menangkap bola yang laju.
B 2
TINGKATAN 4 BATCH ARTWORK BY FREELANCER M.ZAIDEE
Diagram 7 shows a softball player moves his hand
backwards while catching a fast-moving ball.
D SB-16
Rajah
SB-177
Diagram 7
Pergerakan tangan itu bertujuan untuk

This movement of the hand is to
SB-15 A menambahkan daya impuls
11 Rajah 6 menunjukkan seorang atlet mengayuh increase the impulsive force
OP4 basikalnya dengan daya 120 N. B menambahkan masa menghentikan bola
Diagram 6 shows an athlete cycling his bicycle with a increase the stopping time of the ball
force of 120 N. C mengawal bola daripada jatuh
control the ball to stop falling
13 Berapakah berat sebuah objek berjisim 20 kg di

OP4permukaan Bulan?
What is the weight of an object with mass of 20 kg on
the surface of the oon
A 1 6.2 N
20 N B 3.3 N
C 20.0 N
120 N D 32.7 N
SB-18 Rajah 5
Diagram 5

KERTAS 2
Bahagian A
1 Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan dua pita detik yang berlainan panjang dihasilkan oleh gerakan dua
troli.
Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show two tic er tapes with di erent lengths produced by the motion of two trolleys.
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.2
Diagram 1.2
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan panjang? OP2

hat is meant by the length
Jarak di antara dua titik
The distance between two dots

[1 markah/mark]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2, bandingkan OP3

Based on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare
(i) bilangan detik.

the number of ticks.
Sama/ Same
(ii) panjang pita detik.

the length of the ticker tapes.
Panjang pita detik Rajah 1.2 lebih panjang daripada pita detik Rajah 1.1.
The length of the ticker tape in Diagram 1.2 is longer than the ticker tape in Diagram 1.1.
(iii) laju purata pita detik.

the average speed of the ticker tapes.
Laju purata dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi daripada dalam Rajah 1.1.
The average speed in Diagram 1.2 is higher than in Diagram 1.1.

[3 markah/marks]
(c) Menggunakan jawapan anda di 1(b), nyatakan hubungan antara panjang pita detik dengan laju purata.
Using your answer in 1(b), state the relationship between the length of the ticker tape and average speed. OP4
Berkadar terus/ Directly proportional

[1 markah/mark]

(d) Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan satu carta pita detik yang dihasilkan daripada gerakan sebuah troli.
Diagram 1.3 shows a ticker tape chart produced from the motion of a trolley.
Panjang (cm)
Length
X Y
8.0
6.0
4.0
W
2.0
Masa (s)
Time
Rajah 1.3
Diagram 1.3
Berdasarkan RajahSUPERB SBP FIZIK

1.3, terangkan TINGKATAN
jenis 4 BATCH
gerakan dari 2 X.
W hingga OP3 ARTWORK BY FREE
Based on Diagram 1.3, explain the type of motion from W to X.
Halaju bertambah secara seragam // Pecutan malar / /Pertambahan panjang malar // Jarak di antara titik
bertambah secara seragam
The velocity increases uniformly // Constant acceleration // Increasing in length uniformly // The distance between
dots increases uniformly

[2 markah/marks]
SB-16
Bahagian B
2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan pemain golf masih meneruskan

SB-15 ayunan kayu golf selepas bola golf dipukul.
Tindakan ini dinamakan tindakan ikut lajak.
Diagram 2.1 shows a golfer continues his swing after the golf ball has been hit. This action is called follow through
action.
SB-18
Rajah 2.1
Diagram 2.1
Tujuan tindakan ikut lajak adalah untuk meningkatkan impuls yang bertindak ke atas bola.
The purpose of follow through action is to increase the impulse acting on the ball.

(a) Apakah maksud impuls? OP2
hat is the meaning of impulse
[1 markah/mark]
(b) Terangkan bagaimana tindakan ikut lajak boleh meningkatkan impuls yang bertindak ke atas bola. OP3
Explain how the follow through action can increase the impulse acting on the ball.
[2 markah/marks]
(c) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan empat batang tiang bendera P, , R dan S dengan spesifikasi yang berbeza
didirikan di atas tanah. OP7 KBAT
Diagram 2.2 shows four ag poles, P, Q, R and S with di erent specifications mounted on the ground.
Ketegangan Ketegangan
maksimum tali P Q maksimum tali
Maximum tension of Maximum tension of
Tiang
string string
Pole Tiang
= 1 000 N Pole = 2 000 N
Tali Tali
String String
Ketumpatan tiang Ketumpatan tiang
Density of pole Tanah Tanah Density of pole
1m 1m 1m 1m
= 1 500 kg m–3 Ground Ground = 900 kg m–3
Ketegangan Ketegangan
maksimum tali R S maksimum tali
Maximum tension of Maximum tension of
Tiang
string Pole Tiang string
= 2 000 N Pole = 1 000 N
Tali Tali
String String
Ketumpatan tiang Ketumpatan tiang
Density of pole Tanah Tanah Density of pole
1m 1m 1m 1m
= 1 500 kg m–3 Ground Ground = 900 kg m–3
Rajah 2.2
Diagram 2.2
Anda dikehendaki menentukan ciri-ciri tiang bendera yang paling sesuai untuk menahan tiupan angin
yang kuat. Kaji spesifikasi keempat-empat tiang bendera itu daripada aspek berikut:
ou are required to determine the most suitable characteristics of ag pole that can withstand strong wind. Study
the specifications of all the four ag poles from the following aspects
(i) Ketumpatan tiang

The density of the pole
(ii) Keterlenturan tiang
he e ibility of the pole
(iii) Ketegangan tali
The tension of the string
(iv) Ketinggian tali yang diikat pada tiang
The height of strings tied to the pole
Terangkan kesesuaian aspek-aspek itu dan tentukan tiang bendera yang paling sesuai. Beri sebab bagi
pilihan anda.
plain the suitability of the aspects and determine the most suitable ag pole. i e reasons for your choice.
[10 markah/marks]

Modul Superb Ting 4 Bab 2

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Fizik Tingkatan 4 Bab 2

Tema Mekanik Newton

1 Gerakan Linear/ Linear Motion

Jarak/ Distance, d Sesaran/ Displacement, s

Laju/ Speed, v Halaju/ Velocity, v

Pecutan/ Acceleration, a Nyahpecutan/ Deceleration

2 Graf Gerakan Linear/ Linear Motion Graph

11 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 11 09/02/2023 11:59 AM

Kecerunan = halaju Kecerunan = pecutan

3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas/ Free Fall Motion

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 12

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 12 09/02/2023 11:59 AM

7 Impuls & Daya Impuls (c) Hukum Gerakan Newton Ketiga:

2.1 Gerakan Linear

Buku Teks: m.s 26-36

(a) Apakah deﬁnisi jarak? TP 1 OP2

Panjang lintasan yang dilalui oleh suatu objek yang bergerak.

(b) Apakah deﬁnisi sesaran? TP 1 OP2

Jarak dalam suatu arah tertentu.

13 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 13 09/02/2023 11:59 AM

(iii) Mengapakah jawapan di (i) dan (ii) berbeza? TP 4 OP5

Because displacement has magnitude and direction

(d) Perbezaan antara laju dan halaju. TP 2 OP3

Kadar perubahan jarak (iii) Kadar perubahan sesaran

Kuantiti skalar (iv) Kuantiti vektor

(e) Apakah deﬁnisi dan rumus bagi pecutan? TP 1 OP2

Kadar perubahan halaju / Rate of change in velocity.

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 14

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 14 09/02/2023 12:00 PM

Halaju Sama Bertambah Berkurang

Pecutan Sifar Memecut Nyahpecut

2 Menentukan sesaran, halaju, pecutan dan masa.

15 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 15 09/02/2023 12:00 PM

(b) Tentukan sesaran, s dari A ke B.

(c) Tentukan halaju, v dari A ke B.

(a) Persamaan pertama (c) Persamaan kedua

(b) Persamaan ketiga (d) Persamaan keempat

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 16

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 16 09/02/2023 12:00 PM

(i) Berapakah masa diambil untuk budak itu mengayuh sejauh 35 m?

(ii) Berapakah pecutannya?

17 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 17 09/02/2023 12:00 PM

2.2 Graf Gerakan Linear

Buku Teks: m.s 37-45

(a) Hitung halaju objek di TP 3 OP4

(i) AB : Halaju malar/ Constant velocity

(ii) BC : Tidak bergerak/ At rest

(c) (i) Hitung jumlah jarak pergerakan objek. TP 4 OP5

(ii) Hitung jumlah sesaran pergerakan objek. TP 4 OP5

(d) (i) Cari laju purata objek itu. TP 4 OP5

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 18

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 2)5th 9/2/23.indd 18 09/02/2023 12:00 PM

(i) JK. (ii) KL.

(iii) LM. (iv) MN.

(i) JK : Pecutan seragam/ Uniform acceleration

(ii) KL : Nyahpecutan seragam/ Uniform deceleration