MARY JOSETTE ACADEMY, INC.

Tigbe, Norzagaray, Bulacan

[email protected]

NAME:

GRADE AND STRAND:

GRADE: 12
SEMESTER: FIRST SEMESTER
SUBJECT TITLE: GENERAL PHYSICS 1
NO. OF HOURS/SEM: 80 hours/semester

GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Prepared by:

LESLIE S. MERMELO

NOTE: Only the Activities, and Quiz in each learning Kit shall be returned/ submitted during
the drop-off of the answered modules.

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Quarter 1 - Module 4 Two- and Three Dimensional Kinematics

Learning Competencies

describe motion two and three dimensions,

calculate range, time of flight, and maximum heights of projectiles,
differentiate uniform and non-uniform circular motion,

Motion in Two and Three Dimension

The first thing that should be understood in describing the motion of objects in two and three
dimensions is the position vector which can be generally represented by r .

Now, let us start illustrating motion in two dimensions.

For two dimensions, we locate an object in space, using a certain system like the rectangular
coordinate system or the Cartesian plane.

Consider a particular point in space defined by the

ordered pair (2, 3), is represented as

r = 2î + 3ĵ, and illustrated as graph in Figure 1.

From this illustration, it can be concluded that the x- r = 2î + 3ĵ

coordinate is 2 and the symbol î (read as “i-hat”) is used to
represent x-coordinate axis. The y-coordinate, on the other
hand, is 3. It is represented by the symbol ĵ (read as “ĵ-hat”).
Figure 1
This graph of r may be extended in three
dimensions. Let us have the coordinate (2, r3, 4) as an example. It can be represented as = 2î +
3ĵ + 4 k̂. See its illustration in Figure
Figure 2 2.

3
v
z-axis 2
v Notice how the dotted lines show the
1 different values in the different
v coordinate axes: x-, y-, and z-axes.
The coordinate indicators î, ĵ, and k̂
1 1 2 3 4 are used to show the position of the
v v v v object in three dimension. This means
x-axis 2 y-axis
that, in general, position vectors can
3 be described by using the following
equation.

r =xî + yĵ + zk̂

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Projectile Motion

Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject to
only the acceleration of gravity. The object is called a projectile, and its path is called its
trajectory. When projectile is thrown up, there exists a particular point when the object can no
longer ascend. This point is called maximum height, where the vertical component of the velocity
becomes zero.

The horizontal and vertical components of the projectile motion are also considered
independent of each other.

Notice how the arrows represent the values of the velocities at different positions from
the left to the final position at the right. In getting the time in going up, the total time of flight,
and the maximum height and range, we observe the following derivations.

Time in going up and the total time of flight

To get the time taken by the object to go up, consider the following details.

1. At the maximum height, the vertical velocity or the velocity along y-axis is zero.
(vfy = 0 )
2. We can use the definition of acceleration to derive the equation to derive the equation
for the time in going up.

vfy – voy Note: y – sin θ and x – cos θ.

=g tup = - vo sinθ
tup g The acceleration due to gravity is ALWAYS
–voy =g negative. Any object affected only by gravity (a
tup projectile or an object in free fall) has an
Time taken to reach acceleration of -9.81 m/s2, regardless of the
– voy = tup
the maximum height direction. The acceleration is negative when
g going up because the speed is decreasing.

t= -2 vo sinθ
In getting the time of flight (T), we simply double the time in
g
either going up or down.

Range or the maximum horizontal displacement

In solving for the maximum horizontal range, note that the y-axis is irrelevant. Thus, the
equation shall be as follows:
R = voxt, where in

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 Sin2θ
g
Maximum height or the maximum vertical displacement

Opposing maximum horizontal range, for maximum height, we use the equation:

Formulas:

Time of flight Range Maximum height

tup = - vo sinθ
g
Sin2θ
g

Time taken to reach

the maximum height

t= -2 vo sinθ
g

Example 1

A physics student is trying to estimate the average velocity of the players in a basketball
team by studying the previous games of the players.

One particular player can produce an initial velocity of 5 m/s. If the player throws a
basketball from a height 2 meters at an angle of 45° with respect to the horizontal axis
and the given velocity of 5 m/s, calculate:

Solution

a. For the maximum height

initial height: 2m
angle: 45°
initial velocity: 5 m/s
velocity at the max height: 0

H = -(5m/s)2 x (sin 45)2

2(- 9.18 m/s)
H = 0.64 m

Adding up to the initial height of 2 m from where the ball has been thrown, the ball will
reach a maximum height of 2.64 m.

b. For the horizontal range

angle: 45°
initial velocity: 5 m/s

Sin2θ
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 R= -(5 m/s)2 x (sin 90)2 R = 2.55 m
The maximum horizontal range of the ball thrown is 2.55 m.
-9.81 m/s
c. For the time taken by the ball to reach its maximum height
angle: 45°
initial velocity: 5 m/s

tup = - vo sinθ
g
R= - (5 m/s) x (sin 45) The ball reaches its maximum height at 0.36 s
-9.81 m/s To solve for Time flight – just double the time
tup = 0.36 s

Circular Motion

In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of

a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation
and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation.

When an object moves in a curved path,

even if the magnitude of the velocity is constant,
the direction changes at each point. Consider a
truck with constant speed but is moving in a
curved path. Uniform circular motion is the
type of motion of objects moving along a curved
path with constant speed.

Other examples of objects moving in uniform circular motion are as follows:

1. A skater moving at a constant speed in a circular path with constant radius;

2. A satellite orbiting Earth with constant radius; and
3. A child on a merry-go-round moving at a constant speed in a particular point on the ride.

Note that not all objects moving in a curved path follow uniform circular motion. Some
objects may be in non-uniform circular motion,
which involves changes in the objects’ speed. An
example of an object following a non-uniform
circular motion is a roller coaster. If you have
already ridden a roller coaster, you may have
noticed that there have been times when the
wagon of the coaster speeds up and slows down.
This occurs because of centripetal acceleration.

For projectile motion, the accelerating

vector is constant, and is always directed
downward; thus, the value of this constant
acceleration is the same as gravity at -9.81
m/s2. This acceleration vector is only
perpendicular to the velocity vector at the
highest point of the trajectory.
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 Velocity and acceleration in projectile motion

On the other hand, for uniform circular

motion, the acceleration vector has a
constant magnitude but changing direction
at each point. This means that the
acceleration vector has is not constant since
acceleration is a vector quantity described
by both magnitude and direction. Notice
that in all points, the velocity and

Velocity and acceleration in circular motion motion

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NAME:

GRADE AND STRAND:

SUBJECT TITLE: GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Activity 1

A player can produce an initial velocity of 8 m/s. If the player throws a ball from a height 4
meters at an angle of 55° with respect to the horizontal axis and the given velocity of 8 m/s,
calculate:

a. For the maximum height

Answer: _______________

b. For the horizontal range

Answer: _______________

c. For the time taken by the ball to reach its maximum height

Answer: _______________

(Use separate sheet of paper or just use the back of this activity sheet for your solution)

Activity 2

Differentiate Uniform circular motion and non-uniform circular motion.

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