ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 7 | Muscular System

MUSCLE FUNCTION SKELETAL MUSCLE

PRODUCE MOVEMENT - Striated Muscles: Fibers have obvious stripes
- Responsible for the body’s mobility or striations.
- Enables to respond to changes. - Skeletal muscle fibers are large, cigar-shaped,
- There are 3 types of muscles: Smooth, multinucleate cells.
Skeletal, Cardiac) - Voluntary; This muscle type is subject to
MAINTAIN POSTURE AND BODY POSITION conscious control.
- Skeletal muscles maintain body posture, that - These muscles can be activated by reflexes.
makes us stand erect despite the never-
ending pull of gravity. Irritability – The ability to receive and respond to a
STABILIZE JOINTS stimulus, also known as excitability or response.
- Muscles and tendons are essential in Contractility – Ability to shorten when an
reinforcing and stabilizing joints. adequate stimulus is received.
GENERATE HEAT Extensibility -Ability of muscle fibers to stretch,
- Muscle activity generates body heat as a by- recoil, and resume their resting length.
product.
- ATP is used to power muscle contractions.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
- Skeletal muscle accounts at least 40% percent
of body mass. - Has NO Striations or Stripes.
- Involuntary; can’t consciously control.
→ Smooth muscles form valves to regulate - Found in Visceral organs; Stomach, Urinary
passage of substances through internal body bladder, Respiratory passages.
openings. - Fibers are spindle-shaped, uninucleate and
surrounded by scant endomysium.
→ Dilate and constrict the pupils of our Eyes. - Motion; constriction of blood vessels and
airways.
→ Make up the arrector pili body opening.

→ Skeletal muscles form valves under voluntary

control
CARDIAC MUSCLE
- Found only in the Myocardium (Heart)
MUSCLE TYPES - Straited and Involuntary.
- Three types of muscle tissue - Located in the heart wall.
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac - Used for pumping blood to all parts of the
- They all differ in cell culture, body location, and body.
HEART CONTRACTS – Internal Chambers become
how they are stimulated to contract.
smaller; force blood into the large arteries.
- Myo/Mys (“muscle”); sarco- (“flesh”)

INTERCALATED DISCS – Special gap junctions that

join branching cells of the Cardiac muscle.

1
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 7 | Muscular System

SKELETAL MUSCLE SKELETAL MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS

- Striated Muscles: Fibers have obvious stripes ORIGIN – The site were bone and muscle are
or striations. attached; but do not move during contraction.
- Skeletal muscle fibers are large, cigar-shaped,
multinucleate cells. INSERTION – The site where bone and muscle
- Voluntary; This muscle type is subject to attached; move during contraction.
conscious control.
- These muscles can be activated by reflexes. a. Direct (fleshy) – Epimysium of the muscle
is fused to the periosteum of a bone or
FUNCTIONS: Motion, Posture, Heat production, perichondrium of a cartilage; and
Protection. connects to indirect attachments.
b. Indirect – Formed when the connective
CONNECTIVE TISSUE WRAPPINGS tissue layers (epimysium, perimysium,
OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE and endomysium) form a complex at the
a. ENDOMYSIUM (Endo = within the muscle) end to the muscle.
- Connective tissue around single muscle fiber. Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
b. PERIMYSIUM (Peri = around) attachment
- Around a Fascicle (bundle of fibers) TENDON
c. EPIMYSIUM - A fibrous connective tissue that attaches
- Covers the entire skeletal muscle; outside the muscle to a bone
muscle. Over coat of many fascicles.
d. FASCIA SITES OF MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
- On the outside of the epimysium; usually color - BONES
white. - CARTILAGES
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS

NAMING OF SKELETAL ATTACHEMTS

DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS

- Some muscles are named in reference to the
direction of the imaginary line.

RECTUS – (Straight); Fibers run parallel to the

imaginary line.
Example: Rectus Femoris; muscle of the thigh
OBLIQUE – (Slanted); Fibers run slantly to the
imaginary line.
Example: External Obliques; sides of the
abdominal area.

2
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 7 | Muscular System

RELATIVE SIZE OF THE MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE

- Some muscles are named in reference to their - Has NO Striations or Stripes.
size. - Involuntary; can’t consciously control.
Maximus – (Largest) - Found in Visceral organs; Stomach, Urinary
Minimus – (Smallest) bladder, Respiratory passages.
Longus – (Long) - Fibers are spindle-shaped, uninucleate and
Example: Gluteus Maximus – Largest muscle in surrounded by scant endomysium.
the Gluteus muscle group. - Motion; constriction of blood vessels and
airways.
LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE
- Some muscles are named after the bone
which they are associated with.

Example – Temporalis (Temporal); Frontalis

(Frontal)

NUMBER OF ORIGINS
- When the terms are, biceps, triceps, and CARDIAC MUSCLE
quadriceps. You can assume that the muscles - Found only in the Myocardium (Heart)
have two, three or four origins. - Straited and Involuntary.
- Located in the heart wall.
LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE’S ORIGIN AND - Used for pumping blood to all parts of the
INSERTION. body.
- Some of the muscles are named after the HEART CONTRACTS – Internal Chambers become
bone which they are attached to or associated smaller, force blood into the large arteries.
with. INTERCALATED DISCS – Special gap junctions that
Example: join branching cells of the Cardiac muscle.
Temporalis (Temporal) Frontalis (Frontal)

SHAPE OF MUSCLE
- Some muscles are named after their
distinctive shapes.

Example: Delta (Triangle) = Deltoid

ACTION OF THE MUSCLE

- Some are named after their action.

Example: Flexor. Extensor and Adductor.

3
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 7 | Muscular System

HISTOLOGY OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE 4 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF MUSCLES

- Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleate. PRIME MOVERS
- “Agonist”
- (Muscle husk)
- Provides the primary force driving in action.
SARCOLEMMA - Plasma membrane of
muscle fiber.
ANTAGONIST
- Cytoplasm: contains
- Works in reverse or opposes a particular
Myoglobin (protein)
movement.
that binds with oxygen
SARCOPLASM - The muscle that relaxes when the prime
- Needed by the
mover contracts.
Mitochondria for ATP
production
SYNERGIST
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The muscle that “assists” the agonist muscle
SARCOPLASTIC that encircles each
or the prime mover.
RETICULUM myofibril; stores
- Works in synergy with primary muscle.
calcium ions.
DISSECTION OF THE MUSCLE FIBER
FIXATORS
- Very fine fibers, extend
- A muscle which acts as the stabilizer that
lengthwise (contains
helps the agonist work efficiently of one part of
thick and thin
MYOFIBRILS the body during movement of another part.
microfilaments)
a. I band = Light band
b. A band = Dark band PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
- Segment of Myofibrils
between 2 Z-line
SARCOMERE NERVE STIMULUS AND ACTION POTENTIAL
- Functions as a
Contractile unit - Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a
- Thick and thin Filaments nerve to contract.
MYOFILAMENTS Actin (Thin) Somatic Motor Neuron
Myosin (Thick) - Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles to
H zone – Lighter region; contract.
mid-section. - Has a thread-like axon that extends from the
A BAND brain or spinal cord to a group of skeletal
M zone – formed by
molecules of protein myosin muscle fibers.
Midline interruption; Z disc - The Axon of a somatic motor neuron branches
I BAND many times; each branch extending to a
or Z line.
different muscle fiber.
- Conducts nerve
Motor unit
T-TUBULES impulses to every
- One neuron
Sarcomere
- Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron.

4
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 7 | Muscular System

TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE TO Action potential will only be terminated when the
MUSCLE ACh will be disintegrated in the synaptic left by
Neurotransmitter – chemical released by a nerve the acetylcholinesterase.
upon arrival of nerve impulse.
Acetylcholine – Neurotransmitter of the Synapse – a region where communication
skeletal muscle (ACh) between 2 neurons occurs.
- Neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the
sarcolemma.
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
1. Voltage gated calcium channels open.
- This will start upon the action potential
2. Calcium ions enter the axon.
propagation, along the sarcolemma, and
3. As calcium ions enter, ACh is released at the
down to the t tubules (found in the
terminal button through Exocytosis.
sarcoplasmic reticulum)
4. ACh binds to the receptors of the
sarcolemma.
5. ACh binds open ion channels in the receptors - Calcium binds to troponin, allowing the
that allow simultaneous passage of sodium attachment of myosin head to the thin
and potassium. filaments.
6. Sodium will enter the muscle fiber while
potassium exits. - The energized myosin heads will attach to the
7. This will produce a local change in the actin myofilament, forming a cross-bridge.
membrane potential (End plate potential)
- Power stroke or working stroke: breakdown of
→ Sarcolemma becomes temporarily ATP to ADP, releasing energy.
permeable to sodium, that rushes into the
cell giving a positive charge. - The myosin head will pivot and bend,
changing its bent low energy state. So, it pulls
→ Sodium rushing into the cell generates and the actin filament towards the M line.
action potential.
- Cross bridge detachment: after the ATP
→ Once started, muscle contraction cannot attaches to the myosin, the link between the -
be stopped. actin and myosin will weaken. Hence, the
cross-bridge breaks.
→ To return to resting state
a. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell. - The myosin head is once again activated
b. Sodium-potassium pump through ATP hydrolysis. This includes the
- Pumps (Na and K) back to their original cocking of the myosin head. As ATP is
positions. hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate, the myosin
head will return to its pre-stroke, high-energy,
or cocked position.

5
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 7 | Muscular System

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION CONVERGENT MUSCLES

ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS - Fascicles converge, intersect or cross towards
- “Same tone” or tension a single insertion tendon.
- Myofilaments are able to slide past each other - Triangular or fan shaped.
during contractions.
- Muscle SHORTENS Example: Pectoralis major of the Ventral thorax.
2 TYPES OF ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT
- Muscles shorten and do not work. - Run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
- Upward movement - These muscles are “straplike.”
Example: Picking up a book or kicking a ball.
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION Fusiform – A modification of the parallel
- Muscle generates pores as it lengthens. arrangements; results in a spindle-shaped
- Occur in the cuff muscle. muscle with an expanded belly (midsection).
Example: Walking up a steep hill.
Equally important for coordination and purposeful Example: Biceps brachii muscle of the arm.
movements
ISOMETRIC PENNATE (Feather pattern)
- “Same Measurement” or length - Short fascicles attached obliquely to a central
- Tension and the muscles increases tendon.
- The muscle is unable to shorten.
- Isometric Contraction occurs when the muscle Unipennate – fascicles only insert to one of the
attempts to a load greater that the force or sides of the tendon.
tension. Bipennate – Fascicles enter to opposite sides of
Example: Trying to Lift a Piano. the tendon.
Multipennate – Fascicles insert into several
different sides.

ARRANGEMENT OF FASCICLES CLINICAL INTERESTS

CIRCULAR PATTERN AGING
- Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. - Loss of Muscle mass; Loss of Flexibility
- Found surrounding external body openings;
they close when creating contracting, creating Myasthenia Gravis
a valve. - Rare autoimmune disease
- Disease of the Neuromuscular Junctions.
Sphincters – General term for these muscles
(squeezers).

Example: Orbicularis- Muscle surrounding the eye

and mouth.
6
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 7 | Muscular System

7
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F