21ST Reviewnotes
21ST Reviewnotes
21ST Reviewnotes
- a product of a particular culture that concretizes man’s array of values, emotions, actions, and ideas. It is
therefore a creation of human experiences that tells about people of their world.
-came from Greek word “litera” meaning letter.
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE
1. PROSE- It is a discourse that uses sentences and paragraphs to express ideas, feelings, and actions.
Short story – It focuses on a single main event, involving one or more characters.
Novel – It is a long narrative divided into chapters.
Legend – This is a fictitious narrative usually about origins, sometimes based on historical people or
events, handed from the past.
Myth – It deals with the stories about gods and goddesses.
- It also deals with origins (origin myths)which present theories and phenomena to explain the
creation of the world.
e. Fable – It is a fictitious story where characters are anthropomorphized or given human qualities.
- Fables illustrate or lead to an interpretation
of a moral lesson
f. Parable – It refers to stories that are usually biblical in nature.
g. Folktale – It refers to a prose narrative primarily told for amusement and instructional value.
h. Biography – It records the facts and events of a person’s life written by another person.
i. Autobiography – It deals with facts and events of a person’s life written by the person himself.
j. Diary – It is a daily record of events and experiences in the author’s life.
k. Play - It is intended to be presented on stage and is divided into acts and scenes.
l. Essay – It is an analytical and interpretative composition about a topic or subject.
m. News – It is an account of everyday events in the society.
2. POETRY- refers to writings in verse with rhythm and rhyme and is characterized by a melodious
tone.
A. Narrative is a form of poetry that is used to tell a story. The poet combines elements of storytelling
—like plot, setting, and characters—with elements of poetry, such as form, meter, rhyme, and poetic
devices.
1.Epic – This is an extended narrative of heroic adventures
2. Ballad – This is the shortest narrative poem which used to be a song accompanying a dance.
B. Lyric poetry refers to a short poem, often with songlike qualities, that expresses the speaker’s
personal emotions and feelings.
Folk songs– These are short poems intended to be sung.
Sonnet – It consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines with a formal rhyme scheme or pattern.
Ode – It expresses lofty praise for some person, place, or event.
Psalm – This is a song that praises God.
Elegy – This expresses lamentation for a dead loved one.
C. Dramatic a poem written in verse (meaning it possesses a metrical rhythm or rhyme) that is meant
to portray a story or situation. Oftentimes, dramatic poetry is acted out, either as a play or as a single
monologue.
GRAPHIC NOVEL
• Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using a comic form.
• The term is employed in broadly manner, encompassing non-fiction works and thematically linked short
stories as well as fictional stories across a number of genres. Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator,
Bob Montana, is a good example.
MANGA
• Japanese word for comics
• It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally
published in Japan. • Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
• Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to comics created by American artists in manga style.
• Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)
• Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
• Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)
• Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
• Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty)
DOODLE FICTION
• Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing, drawings and handwritten graphics in
place of the traditional font.
• Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements
• Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis. TEXT-
TALK NOVELS
• Blogs, email and IM format narratives
• Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.
FLASH FICTION
• Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity
• There is no widely accepted definition of the length and category. It could range from word to a thousand.
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
• Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction
• A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
• Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact,
but is not primarily written in service to its craft.
• As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively young and is only beginning to be scrutinized with the same
critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
• 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery are examples.
SCIENCE FICTION
• Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology,
space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe and extra-terrestrial life. • Often explores the
potential consequences of scientific and other innovations and has been called a “literature of ideas”.
BLOG
• A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly.
• Some blogs are written by one person containing his or her own opinions, interests and experiences, while
others are written by different people.
HYPER POETRY
• Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up
• It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page
much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and transform.
• It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date to no later
than the mid-1980’s
IMAGERY
language that appeals to the senses
creating a mental picture using language
Includes figurative and metaphorical language
Types of Imagery
1. Visual imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of sight.
Ex.The night was black as ever, but bright stars lit up the sky in beautiful and varied constellations
which were sprinkled across the astronomical landscape.
2. Auditory Imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of hearing.
Silence was broken by the peal of piano keys as Shannon began practicing her concerto.
(Here, auditory imagery breaks silence with the beautiful sound of piano keys.)
3. Kinesthetic imagery is produced by the use of words that appeal to the actions and movement.
Example: “At last, swooping at a street corner by a fountain, one of its wheels came to a sickening little
jolt, and there was a loud city from a number of voices, and the horses reared and plunged.”
Charles Dickens, excerpt from A Tale of Two Cities.
4. Gustatory: appeals to the sense of taste by describing whether something is sweet, salty, savory, spicy,
or sour.
Example: Her mouth watered, and her tongue burned as she bit into the sour, peppery mango chow.
5. Tactile: appeals to the sense of touch by describing how something physically feels, such as its
temperature, texture, or other sensation.
Example: “And now (how shall I describe it?), now all was still. Still, as when some pain ceases. A
peculiarly perceptible, prickling stillness, as if a wound were healing.” —Rainer Maria Rilke, excerpt
from Journal of My Other Self.
6. Olfactory: appeals to the sense of smell by describing something’s fragrance or odor.
Example:“The flower shop was here and it was my father’s domain, but it was also marvelously other,
this place heavy with the drowsy scent of velvet-petaled roses and Provencal freesias in the middle of
winter, the damp-earth spring fragrance of just-watered azaleas and cyclamen all mixed up with the
headachey smell of bitter chocolate.”—Patricia Hampl, excerpt from The Florist’s Daughter.
7. Organic Imagery: refers to descriptions of internal sensation. When the writer uses concrete description
to show an internal landscape of feelings, pains, emotions, and desires, they’re using organic imagery.
Example:“My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep.” Romeo and Juliet by William
Shakespeare
Purposes of Anecdotes
1. To Bring Cheer
Stories pop up anywhere and these are just sometimes making people laugh to brighten their mood.
Here is an example of an anecdote meant to look back on happy memories:
During dinner, a Grade 11 student recounted their experience of getting lost and accidentally
attending the wrong class on their first day of school.
2. To Reminisce
In most anecdotes, people are talking about their experiences in the past. They try to look back
on moments in their lives and share the joy of that time with others. Here is an example of an
anecdote with a hint of reminiscence:
A mother narrates to her children an anecdote from her teenage years about life in the province.
3. To Caution
Sometimes, just giving rules for individuals is not effective. Sharing to them frightening stories
of dangers can be helpful for them to realize the possible consequences of their actions. Here is
an example of a cautionary anecdote:
Before beginning a lecture on not following traffic rules, a father tells his son about an incident
of collision that caused many lives due to ignoring traffic signs.
4. To Persuade or Inspire
Sometimes, people share stories of how they surpassed their struggles in life. These, most of the
time, give encouragement to others who have been in similar situations. The message usually
conveys success in life as a fruit of hard work. Here is an example of an inspirational anecdote:
Before commencing a remedial session, the teacher shares with the students a story of a boy
who, despite struggling with reading initially, eventually became proficient in it.
Literary Pieces
APO ON THE WALL- written by BJ PATINO
PADRE FAURA WITNESSES THE EXECUTION OF RIZAL-written by DANTON REMOTO
A LETTER TO PEDRO, US CITIZEN- written by RENE ESTELLA AMPER
PRELUDES-written by DARYL DELGADO
LENGUA PARA DIABLO- written by MERINDA BOBIS