STYLISTICS (LIT 4011

1a. What is style? Provide 4 scholarly definitionsS

Style is the choice of language used by the writer that demonstrates his personalities, styles or methods

1. Geoffrey Leech and Mick Short, in "Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional
Prose," define style as "the linguistic choices and patterns that distinguish the spoken or written
language of an individual, a group, or a literary period."

2. In "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences," Peter Robinson defines style as "the
complex and interrelated choices in language use at the levels of phonology, morphology, syntax,
semantics, and pragmatics, which together provide a distinctive, recognizable and potentially
characteristic pattern for a given speaker or writer."

3. Thomas Conley, in "Rhetoric in the European Tradition," defines style as "the set of linguistic
characteristics that make a piece of discourse or writing distinctive, give it a specific texture or tenor,
and together create a particular effect on the reader or listener."

4. According to Richard Nordquist in "The Handbook of Good English," style is defined as "the manner
in which a writer or speaker expresses himself, or the characteristic mode of expression of an author or
school of authors."

1b. Discuss Style and Register.

Style refers to the particular way in which language is used by an individual, a group, or in a specific
context. It encompasses the choices of words, phrases, and sentences, as well as the overall tone and
effect of the language. Style can vary widely depending on factors such as the purpose of
communication, the audience, the genre, and the cultural or social context. For example, a formal style
may be used in academic writing, while a more casual and informal style may be found in everyday
conversation.

Register, on the other hand, refers to the variety of language that is appropriate for a particular social
setting or occupation. It involves the use of specific vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that is
associated with a particular social group, professional field, or situation. Registers can range from formal
to informal, and may include technical, legal, academic, or colloquial language. For instance, a doctor
speaking to a patient would use a different register than when conversing with colleagues in a medical
conference.

In summary, style is the individual or contextual choice of language and expression, while register refers
to the specific variety of language that is suitable for a particular social or professional setting. Both style
and register are crucial for understanding and analyzing the nuances of language use in different
communication contexts.

2a. What is stylisyics? Give 4 scholarly definitions.

Stylistics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study and analysis of style in language, including
the choices and patterns of language use that create specific effects and conveys particular meanings.

1. According to Richard Bradford, in his book "Stylistics," stylistics is "the study of the ways in which
meaning is created and conveyed in language, whether in literary or non-literary texts.

2. Walter Nash defines stylistics as "the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation,
focusing on the precise linguistic choices, patterns, and strategies used by writers to create particular
styles and effects in their texts.

3. Mick Short, in "Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays, and Prose," defines stylistics as "the
linguistic analysis of literary texts, which aims to show how they work, but also what they mean."

4. According to Peter Verdonk, in "Stylistics," stylistics is "the study of style in language, especially
literary style—the study of the linguistic features and expressive aspects of a text that distinguish it from
other texts."

2b. Discuss the relationship between style and stylistics.

Style and stylistics are related in that style refers to the specific way in which language is used,
including the choices of words, phrases, and sentences, while stylistics is the study of how these choices
are used to create meaning and effect in literature and other forms of written and spoken
communication. In other words, stylistics is the analysis and interpretation of style, examining how
language is used to create particular effects, convey specific meanings, and evoke certain emotions.
Therefore, stylistics is concerned with the systematic study of style in language and literature, examining
the patterns and techniques used by writers and speakers to achieve their communicative goals.
3. 3. Trace the history of stylistics till date

The history of stylistics can be traced back to ancient Greece, where the study of rhetoric, the art of
persuasive speaking and writing, played a prominent role. However, the formal discipline of stylistics as
it is known today emerged in the 20th century.

Early developments in stylistics can be seen in the work of Russian Formalists, such as Viktor Shklovsky
and Roman Jakobson, who focused on the study of poetics and the analysis of defamiliarization in
literary texts. They highlighted the importance of linguistic devices and patterns in creating unique and
artistic expressions.

In the mid-20th century, the influence of American New Criticism and British literary criticism led to a
greater focus on close textual analysis and the examination of stylistic features. Scholars like W.K.
Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks emphasized the importance of studying language in relation to its
immediate context and effects.

During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a shift towards a more linguistics-based approach to stylistics,
with scholars like Randolph Quirk and Michael Halliday incorporating linguistic theories and
methodologies into the analysis of style. This period also saw the development of corpus linguistics,
which allowed for the analysis of large collections of texts and the identification of recurring patterns.

In recent years, stylistics has expanded to encompass various other approaches and domains, including
cognitive stylistics, sociolinguistic stylistics, and multimodal stylistics. These approaches consider factors
such as cognition, social context, and the interaction of multiple semiotic modes in the analysis of style.

Overall, the history of stylistics is marked by a continuous evolution and integration of various
theoretical and methodological frameworks, leading to a rich and diverse field of study that continues to
explore the intricate relationship between language, style, and meaning.

4. Discuss the contributions of the following scholars to the study of stylistics:

I. M. A. K. Halliday, (1971)
ii. Widdowson, H.G., (1975)
iii. Paul Simpson, (2004)

1. M. A. K. Halliday (1971): Halliday made significant contributions to the field of stylistics, particularly
through his work on systemic functional linguistics (SFL). He developed a framework for analyzing
language called SFL, which focuses on the functional aspects of language and how meaning is created
through the choices and organization of language features. Halliday's work in stylistics emphasized the
relationship between language and context, and his theories have been influential in the study of style
and discourse analysis.
2. H. G. Widdowson (1975): Widdowson contributed to the study of stylistics with his book "Stylistics
and the Teaching of Literature," in which he discussed the importance of stylistic analysis in
understanding and interpreting literary texts. He argued that the study of style in literature is essential
for appreciating the aesthetic qualities of the text and for interpreting its meaning. Widdowson
emphasized the role of stylistics in language teaching and how it can enhance language learners'
understanding of literature and improve their language skills.

3. Paul Simpson (2004): Simpson's book "Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students" provides a
comprehensive introduction to the field of stylistics. Simpson explores various aspects of stylistic
analysis, including linguistic devices, discourse patterns, and genre analysis. He highlights the
significance of stylistics in understanding how language is used persuasively, expressively, and creatively
in different contexts. Simpson's work contributes to the understanding of how style functions in texts
and how it can be effectively analyzed and interpreted.

5.Discuss levels of language in stylistics.

1. Phonological level: This level involves the study of the sound patterns of language, including individual
phonemes, rhythm, stress, and intonation. In stylistics, the analysis of phonological features can reveal
how certain sound patterns contribute to the aesthetic qualities and emotional effects of a text.

2. Lexical level: The lexical level focuses on the analysis of words and vocabulary choices in a text.
Stylistic analysis at this level examines the connotations, associations, and semantic nuances of specific
words, as well as word patterns, such as repetition, alliteration, and wordplay, which contribute to the
overall style and impact of a text.

3. Morphological level: Morphology pertains to the study of word formation and structure, including
morphemes, inflections, and derivational processes. In stylistics, the analysis of morphological features
can reveal how word forms and word-building processes contribute to the stylistic effects and meanings
in a text.

4. Syntactic level: The syntactic level involves the analysis of sentence structure, word order, and
grammatical patterns in a text. Stylistic analysis at this level focuses on the arrangement of words and
phrases, the use of parallelism, inversion, ellipsis, and other syntactic devices to create particular stylistic
effects and convey specific meanings.

5. Semantic level: Semantic analysis involves the examination of meaning in language, including the
connotations, figurative language, and rhetorical devices used to convey emotions, attitudes, and ideas.
Stylistic analysis at this level explores how semantic choices contribute to the overall style and
communicative impact of a text.

6. Discourse level: This level involves the analysis of larger units of language, such as paragraphs,
dialogues, and entire texts, as well as the organization and coherence of discourse in terms of narrative
structure, cohesion, and rhetorical strategies. Stylistic analysis at this level focuses on the broader
patterns of language use that contribute to the stylistic qualities and communicative purposes of a text.

6.Using relevant examples, identify and discuss the stylistic devices peculiar to poetry.

1. Alliteration: This device involves the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a line or stanza. For
example, in T.S. Eliot's poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," the line "Let us go then, you and I"
uses alliteration with the repeated "L" sound.

2. Enjambment: This refers to the technique of extending a sentence or phrase beyond the end of a line,
without using punctuation. It creates a sense of flow and continuity. In William Wordsworth's poem
"Daffodils," the line "I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills" demonstrates
enjambment.

3. Metaphor: This device involves the comparison of two unrelated items or ideas, suggesting a shared
quality or characteristic. For example, in Langston Hughes' poem "Harlem," the metaphor "What
happens to a dream deferred?" compares a deferred dream to a raisin drying up in the sun.

4. Simile: Similar to a metaphor, a simile also makes a comparison between two unrelated items or
ideas, but it uses "like" or "as" to establish the relationship. In Maya Angelou's poem "I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings," the line "his wings are clipped and his feet are tied" uses a simile to describe the
confinement of a caged bird.
5. Personification: This device involves attributing human characteristics or actions to non-human
entities. In Emily Dickinson's poem "Because I could not stop for Death," Death is personified as a
gentleman who kindly takes the speaker on a carriage ride.

6. Onomatopoeia: This device uses words that imitate the sound they represent. For example, in Edgar
Allan Poe's poem "The Bells," the line "Hear the sledges with the bells" uses onomatopoeia to mimic the
sound of bells ringing.

7. 7.Explain the stylistic features commonly found in Drama.

Drama, as a literary genre, incorporates various stylistic features to engage audiences and convey its
thematic and dramatic elements. Some of the commonly found stylistic features in drama include:

1. Dialogue: Dialogue is a primary stylistic feature in drama, as it serves as the main mode of
communication between the characters. It is through dialogue that characters interact, reveal their
thoughts and emotions, and advance the plot. Effective dialogue in drama is often marked by natural
language, subtext, and the use of rhetorical devices such as irony, repetition, and metaphor.

2. Soliloquy and Monologue: Soliloquies and monologues are dramatic devices used in plays to give
insight into a character's inner thoughts and emotions. They are often reflective, introspective, and offer
an opportunity for characters to express their motivations and conflicts directly to the audience.

4. Chorus: In classical Greek drama and some modern plays, the chorus serves as a collective character
that comments on the action and expresses the moral and thematic significance of the events unfolding
on stage. The chorus often employs rhythmic language, repetition, and other poetic devices to convey
its message.

5. Setting and Stagecraft: The depiction of setting and stagecraft are central to the stylistic elements of
drama. The physical environment, props, lighting, and sound effects create the atmosphere and
contribute to the overall mood and impact of the play. Through these elements, the playwright and
production team enhance the visual and sensory dimension of the performance.
6. Structure and Plot Devices: The structure and plot devices used in drama, such as dramatic tension,
flashbacks, foreshadowing, and other narrative techniques, contribute to the stylistic complexity of the
play. These devices are employed to create suspense, pacing, and narrative interest.

7. Characterization: The portrayal of characters in drama involves various stylistic features, including the
use of direct and indirect characterization, character relationships, and the portrayal of character
conflicts and motivations.

8a. Distinguishbetween literary stylistics and general stylistics

Literary stylistics specifically focuses on the analysis of style and language use in literary texts such as
poems, novels, plays, and short stories. It examines the unique linguistic features and techniques
employed by writers to create literary effects such as imagery, metaphor, rhythm, and tone. Literary
stylistics also explores the deeper layers of meaning and interpretation in literature, including the
exploration of themes, characterization, and narrative techniques. It often involves close reading and
detailed analysis of specific literary texts.

On the other hand, general stylistics has a broader scope and encompasses the analysis of style and
language use in various forms of written and spoken communication, including non-literary texts such as
advertisements, speeches, news articles, and legal documents. General stylistics focuses on the study of
language choices, patterns, and strategies used to create style in different forms of discourse. It may
examine aspects such as register, genre conventions, rhetorical devices, and pragmatic considerations.
General stylistics often adopts a more analytical and descriptive approach, aiming to uncover patterns
and regularities in language use across different text types and genres.

In summary, while literary stylistics focuses specifically on the analysis of style in literary texts, general
stylistics takes a more comprehensive approach, exploring style in various forms of discourse, whether
literary or non-literary.

8b. Explain the features of stylistics.

1 Lexical Repetition: As a form of lexical repetition, words may be repeated, synonyms or near-
synonyms may be used. At times, poets repeat some lexical items, near-synonymy may be used, for
instance, to foreground the intended message.
2. .3 Syntactic Features: Syntax has to do with the arrangement of units larger than the word. These
units include groups/phrases, clauses and sentences. Look at this sentence: “He went home”.The
pattern of the sentence is SPA (S — Subject, P = Predicator, A — Adjunct).A poet can violate the order of
the above sentence in the form below:
“Home he went” (This has ASP pattern).
The item “home” occurs in the initial position of the sentence to foreground it. This is deviation for a
specific effect.

3. Phonological Features (Sounds)

Phonology refers to how sound is organised to be meaningful. Sound patterning functions linguistically
in poetry to project a poets purpose or concern in a work”

5 Graphological Features
Another way in which poets can make us contemplate the otherwise unmarked structure of words is by
playing around with word boundaries. Graphology means the arrangement of words based on their
meanings.

9.9. Discuss cohesion and coherence in stylistics.

Cohesion and coherence are two important concepts in stylistics that are crucial for creating a well-
structured and effective text.

Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical connections within a text that tie it together and make it
feel unified. This can include things like pronouns and other cohesive devices that refer back to
previously mentioned ideas or information. Cohesion also involves the use of language features such as
conjunctions, lexical repetition, and parallelism to link sentences and paragraphs together.

On the other hand, coherence refers to the overall sense of unity and logic in a text. It involves the
organization and arrangement of ideas in a way that makes them clear and understandable to the
reader. Coherence also involves the use of logical transitions, and the development of a clear and
consistent narrative or argument.

In stylistics, cohesion and coherence work together to create texts that are not only grammatically
correct, but also meaningful and engaging. A well-crafted text will have strong cohesive ties that link
individual elements together, and a coherent structure that allows the reader to follow the author's
intended meaning easily.

In analyzing texts from a stylistic perspective, scholars often pay close attention to how cohesion and
coherence are achieved. They examine the use of pronouns, conjunctions, lexical repetition, and other
cohesive devices to see how they contribute to the overall text. They also consider the organization of
ideas and the use of transitions to evaluate how coherence is achieved.

Overall, cohesion and coherence are essential elements of stylistic analysis, as they play a key role in
creating effective and engaging written texts.

10. Explain the concepts of foregrounding and parallelism in stylistics.

Foregrounding and parallelism are two important concepts in stylistics that involve the manipulation of
language to create emphasis and aesthetic effects in a text.

Foregrounding refers to the deliberate deviation from normal linguistic patterns or expectations in order
to draw attention to certain elements of a text. It involves the use of various stylistic devices like
repetition, unusual word order, unexpected metaphors, or linguistic patterns that stand out from the
norm. By deviating from the expected linguistic conventions, foregrounding forces the reader to pay
closer attention to the highlighted elements and creates a sense of emphasis and heightened meaning.

Foregrounding can occur at various levels of language, such as phonetic (e.g., alliteration or sound
patterns), morphological (e.g., word formation), syntactic (e.g., unusual word order), semantic (e.g.,
metaphor), or pragmatic (e.g., irony). By deliberately drawing attention to specific linguistic features or
elements, foregrounding can evoke certain emotions, create a desired atmosphere, or enhance the
overall aesthetic appeal of the text.

On the other hand, parallelism refers to the repetition of similar grammatical structures, phrases, or
sounds in a text to create a sense of balance, unity, and rhythm. Parallelism can occur at various levels,
such as syntactic parallelism (repeating similar sentence structures), lexical parallelism (repeating similar
words or phrases), or sound parallelism (repeating similar sounds or patterns).

Parallelism contributes to the cohesion and coherence of a text by establishing a sense of harmony,
symmetry, and rhythm. It can help organize information, highlight important ideas, and create a pleasing
flow of language. Parallelism is commonly used in poetry, speeches, and literary works to create a
memorable and impactful effect.

11a. Why do you think we need to carry out stylistics analysis of literary texts?
Stylistics analysis of literary texts is important for several reasons:

1. Understanding literary techniques: Stylistics analysis allows us to delve deeper into the linguistic and
literary techniques used by authors. By examining the choices authors make in terms of word selection,
sentence structure, figurative language, and other stylistic devices, we can gain a greater appreciation
for the artistry and craftsmanship of the text.

2. Interpreting authorial intention: Stylistics analysis helps us understand the author's intended meaning
and purpose behind their choice of language. By closely examining linguistic patterns and textual
features, we can uncover hidden layers of meaning, symbolism, and thematic elements that contribute
to the overall interpretation of the text.

3. Examining character and narrative development: Through stylistics analysis, we can examine how
authors use language and stylistic devices to create memorable characters and develop compelling
narratives. By studying the unique linguistic choices associated with different characters, we can gain
insights into their personalities, motivations, and relationships.

4. Aiding in genre analysis: Stylistics analysis helps in distinguishing and understanding different genres
of literature. Each genre has its own stylistic conventions, and by examining linguistic features and
patterns in texts, we can identify and analyze these conventions. This enables us to appreciate the ways
in which authors adapt their language to suit specific genres.

5. Enhancing critical analysis: Stylistics analysis provides a powerful tool for literary criticism. By closely
examining the language of a text, we can analyze its effectiveness, identify patterns and motifs, explore
the author's unique style, and evaluate its impact on the reader. This allows for a more nuanced and
comprehensive interpretation of the text.
Overall, stylistics analysis of literary texts allows us to uncover the intricacies and artistry of the language
used by authors. It helps us gain a deeper understanding of their intentions, characters, and narrative
techniques, ultimately enriching our appreciation and interpretation of literature.

11b. With copious examples, describe the stylistic features of Newspaper Headlines.

Newspaper headlines are a unique form of communication that aims to grab the reader's attention and
convey the main points of a news story in a concise and impactful manner. They employ various stylistic
features to achieve these goals. Here are some common stylistic features found in newspaper headlines
along with examples:

1. Abbreviations: Headlines frequently use abbreviations to save space and create a sense of urgency.
Examples include "COVID-19 Cases Surge" or "UN Urges Climate Action."

2. Alliteration: Using words with the same initial sound can make a headline more memorable. For
instance, "Billionaire Buys Beachfront Mansion" or "Strong Storm Strikes City."

3. Pun: Newspaper headlines often employ puns to add a touch of humor and intrigue. For example,
"Banks Go On The Money Hunt" or "Fishy Business: Seafood Prices Plunge."

4. Repetition: Repeating words or phrases can create emphasis and draw attention. Examples include
"Rise and Shine: Morning Routines for Success" or "Back to School: Tips for a Smooth Transition."

5. Catchy Phrases: Headlines often include catchy phrases that resonate with readers. Examples include
"Breaking News: Exclusive Interview Reveals Shocking Secrets" or "The Ultimate Guide to Healthy
Living."

6. Allusion: Newspaper headlines sometimes make references to well-known people, places, or events
to create a connection with readers. Examples include "The New Normal: Navigating Post-Pandemic
Life" or "Titanic Battle: Political Parties Clash Over Tax Reform."
7. Wordplay: Using creative wordplay can make a headline more engaging and memorable. For instance,
"A Groundbreaking Discovery: Scientists Dig Deep" or "Going Viral: Social Media Sensations and their
Rise to Fame."

8. Sensationalism: Headlines often use sensational words or phrases to evoke strong emotions and grab
attention. Examples include "Terrifying Incident Shakes the Nation" or "Unbelievable Breakthrough:
Cure for Cancer Found."

9. Numerals: Including numbers in headlines can quickly convey information and pique curiosity.
Examples include "10 Tips for a Better Sleep" or "Breaking Records: Athlete Smashes World Record."

10. Rhyme: Using rhyming words in a headline can add rhythm and catchiness. For example, "Crime
Time: Detectives Unravel Mystery Rhyme" or "Stellar Seller: Pop Star's Hit Song Climbs the Charts."

These are just a few of the stylistic features commonly found in newspaper headlines. By utilizing these
techniques, journalists aim to engage readers, convey important information, and entice them to read
the full

12. Do a stylistic analysis of three of your favourite adverts.

1. Coca-Cola "Hilltop" Commercial (1971): This iconic commercial features a diverse group of young
people standing on a hilltop singing "I'd like to buy the world a Coke" to the tune of "I'd Like to Teach
the World to Sing." The style of this advert is characterized by its use of idealized and utopian imagery,
as well as its catchy and memorable jingle. The ad's message of unity and harmony is conveyed through
the use of bright and colorful visuals, and the inclusion of people from different backgrounds coming
together to share a Coke. The commercial's use of music and visuals creates a sense of nostalgia and
longing for a more peaceful and harmonious world, making it an enduring classic.

2. Apple "1984" Commercial (1984): This groundbreaking commercial, directed by Ridley Scott, aired
during the Super Bowl and is known for its dystopian and futuristic style. The ad depicts a woman
running with a sledgehammer through a crowd of conformist workers, ultimately throwing the hammer
at a giant screen displaying Big Brother. The use of dark and gritty visuals, as well as the intense and
dramatic soundtrack, creates a sense of urgency and rebellion. The commercial's message of
individuality and empowerment is conveyed through its bold and unconventional imagery, making it a
defining moment in advertising history.
3. Nike "Just Do It" Campaign: The "Just Do It" campaign by Nike is known for its motivational and
empowering style. The adverts typically feature athletes pushing their limits and overcoming challenges,
with the tagline "Just Do It" emblazoned across the screen. The style of these adverts is characterized by
their high-energy visuals, intense and upbeat music, and the use of slow-motion shots to capture the
raw emotion and determination of the athletes. The campaign's message of determination and
perseverance is effectively communicated through its use of powerful and captivating visuals, inspiring
viewers to push themselves to achieve their goals.

13. Explain how stylistics will enhance the teaching of Literature to senior secondary school students.
Stylistics, the study of linguistic and expressive elements in literary texts, can greatly enhance the
teaching of Literature to senior secondary school students in several ways:

1. Analysis of Literary Devices: Stylistics provides a framework for students to analyze and understand
the use of literary devices such as metaphor, simile, imagery, and symbolism in literary texts. By
introducing students to the concept of stylistic analysis, they can develop a deeper understanding of
how writers use language to convey meaning and evoke emotions in their works.

2. Understanding of Narrative Techniques: Stylistics can help students to explore the various narrative
techniques employed by authors, such as point of view, focalization, and narrative voice. By examining
these stylistic features, students can better comprehend how these techniques shape the overall
narrative and influence the reader's experience of the story.

3. Appreciation of Language Variation: Stylistics allows students to study the use of different language
varieties, dialects, and registers in literature. This helps students to appreciate the diversity and richness
of language, as well as understand how language choices reflect characters' backgrounds, social status,
and cultural contexts in literary works.

4. Critical Thinking and Interpretation: Stylistic analysis encourages students to critically engage with
literary texts by examining the author's choice of words, sentence structure, and stylistic patterns. This
promotes deeper interpretation and discussion, enabling students to develop their critical thinking skills
and articulate their insights about the author's intentional use of language.
5. Engaging with Modern and Classic Literature: Stylistics can make classic and modern literature more
accessible and engaging for students by highlighting the linguistic and stylistic innovations of different
time periods. By exploring the stylistic features of literary texts, students can bridge the gap between
historical and contemporary language usage, fostering a deeper understanding of the evolution of
literary language over time.

Incorporating stylistic analysis into the teaching of Literature for senior secondary school students not
only enriches their understanding and appreciation of literary texts but also nurtures their analytical and
critical thinking skills. By examining the linguistic and expressive elements of literature, students can
develop a deeper connection with the texts they study and gain a more nuanced understanding of the
creative choices made by authors.

14. How would you differentiate between the stylistic features of a prose and those of a drama text.
Stylistic features in prose and drama texts have some overlapping elements, but they also possess
distinct characteristics that differentiate them. Here are some key differences between the stylistic
features of prose and drama texts:

1. Language and Dialogue:

- Prose: Prose texts typically use narrative language to tell a story or present ideas. The language in
prose is more descriptive, allowing for detailed explanations and introspection.

- Drama: Drama texts rely heavily on dialogue to convey information and develop characters. The
language in drama is more conversational and immediate, focusing on the back-and-forth exchanges
between characters.

2. Structure and Formatting:

- Prose: Prose texts have a traditional narrative structure, including paragraphs, chapters, and sections.
They follow a linear flow of events and allow for more extensive descriptions.

- Drama: Drama texts have a specific structure, including acts, scenes, and stage directions. They are
meant to be performed, so their formatting is centered around dialogue and stage directions,
emphasizing physical actions and interactions.

3. Setting and Stage Directions:

- Prose: Prose texts tend to provide detailed descriptions of settings, including physical attributes,
emotions, and sensory experiences. They emphasize creating a mental image for the reader.

- Drama: Drama texts provide stage directions that guide the actors and indicate how the play should be
performed. These stage directions describe the physical setting, character movements, gestures, and
other theatrical elements.

4. Character Development and Narration:

- Prose: Prose texts often have complex character development, with the narrator providing insights into
their thoughts, emotions, and motivations. The narrator can analyze and provide commentary.

- Drama: Drama texts rely on dialogue to portray characters and their development. Characters reveal
themselves through their interactions with others, their spoken words, and their actions on stage.

5. Tone and Direct Address:

- Prose: Prose texts can vary in tone and can directly address the reader, creating a more intimate and
personal connection. The narrator's voice and style significantly contribute to the overall tone.

- Drama: Drama texts do not typically have direct address to the audience. Instead, the tone is conveyed
through the characters' dialogue, emotions, and interactions.

15. Choose three of the campaign slogans used during the last gubernatorial election in Oyo State, and
carry out a stylistic analysis of each of them.