ForcedMotion45kEE IE A II In

EE FI FET Jreaction
5k47 7 4154794 17577547
weight Tension Friction Normal

wt
DE D f BR EFattahAAH
Chapter 3 Force and Motion (I) P 22
3.1 Introduction to forces
A Some basic understanding about forces
1 The SI unit of force is the ___________, N
newton written as _____.
2 A force is due to the interaction between two objects.
3 FEI
In physics, force is a ___________
Ee ka direction
517
vector quantity. It has both magnitude and ____________.
4 Forces exist in ___________.
pairs
t.EE E
1 IAN
HEAD AHEAD t
When you punch a sandbag, you
actionreactionpair
apply a force on it. At the same
force experienced
by the fist force acting on time, your fist experiences a force
the sandbag acted by the sandbag.
by the fist
3K
5 Forces can be measured using a ___________________
balance or a force sensor in laboratory.
spring
B
5 FEED tf FEAa D
Contact forces and non-contact forces
1 Forces can be classified as:

(a) ____________ t
Contact forces which exist only when two objects are in contact; A9
(b) Non
____________
contactforces which can exist even if the objects are not in direct contact.
2 Examples of contact force:

(a) Friction Et 4547 E

f y
• arises whenever an object slides or tends
_________________ over another object
to slide
• direction: always ____________ to the relative motion or the tendency of
opposite
motion between two surfaces

Draw an arrow to show the direction of friction acting on the box by the slope in
each of the following diagrams.

Fa
stationary, but with a
moving up tendency of sliding
the slope down the slope

friction

friction

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 1
 l
O 57 773 kick'THE
417
O
(b) Tension na i w
• stretched Ea
exists when, e.g. a rope, is ______________
• direction: always along the rope
7 4 EEE 3Eaf 43
• same ______________ at every point on the rope
magnitude
T1 = T2 T1 = T2
tension T1

tension T1 tension T2

trolley fixed tension T2

on a table

load

A
(c) Normal force Normal reaction t.lk H7HGKfED
• acting on an object by the surface in contact with it
• direction: ____________________ to the surface
perpendicular
N
normal
normal force
force

3 Examples of non-contact force: EE X 4573117

gravitationalforce
(a) Weight yi z
• acting on an object by the ____________
Earth
• direction: vertically downwards towards the centre of the Earth

(b) Electric force i D311TH F b coulumb force

ftpetitt3
• exists between electric charges HqtEEffa7433 7lttf At
(c) Magnetic forceTakht
o_O
• exists between magnets or between magnets and magnetic objects

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS
l N
2

INTE TENS
 i
at3H D

C
1
1343
iEi i 1A
Free-body diagram
FIEL7

A free-body diagram shows all ______________

forces
Ift
acting on an object.
w
req
I EL k
free-body diagram
ka1703
box resting normal
on a slope force
CR
R f
friction 4 HI
43itH box Cfs t.EE x
i
F 1 T weightCW

Checkpoint 1
In the system below, boxes A and B are connected by a string and both of them are
stationary. Draw the free-body diagram for each box.

FIFE rough horizontal

box A

table surface

box B

Solution
Box A Box B
T
reaction R fusion
noprmal
tension 1
friction.FI
weightw Iweight W
D Net force
A resultantforce A
1 net force
All the forces acting on an object can be added up to a __________________.

Checkpoint 2
Find the net force acting on the object.
2N 18 N
10 N
Solution
Take the direction to the right as positive.
Net force = 18 1 2 tho 6N
5FEE tf
\ The net force is __________________________.
6N to the right
2 557
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 3
 2N Dforce5N
it.i t
Net 2N tonight II FEL FIX
FEE 5first law
3.2 Inertia and Newton’s
A
HEHE MEEE
Inertia and mass
Eating
the'tE I
HEHE 4 f 13 4741711 unbalanced
1 Inertia is the tendency of an object to maintain
rest
its state of ____________ or of forces
constant
_______________ velocity.
qq.azEtk EEfizzgekEkTqDBEEekitiFiHt
2 4 21
Mass is a measure of an object’s ____________. The larger the mass of an object, the
Inertia
harder / easier to change its velocity.

3 The SI unit of mass is the ____________, written as _______.

HE t
kilogram kg mass weight
Checkpoint 3
A box is placed inside a stationary lorry. When the lorry accelerates forwards, the box
moves from the middle to the back of the cargo compartment. Explain why this happens.

box

Solution
When the lorry accelerates forwards from rest, the box remains in a state of ___________ rest
due to ____________. As a result, it moves backwards relative to the lorry.
inertia
B Newton’s first law of motion
1 Newton’s first law of motion states that:

AERIFIED
rest
Every object remains in a state of ______________ or uniform motion
(i.e. constant ________________) unless acted on by a net force or an
velocity
unbalanced
__________________ force. I DIED
balancedforces
moving at v F v
v initially F f IEH
smooth f rough

 If there were no friction, ‚ In practice, there is friction

a ball would ______________ acting on the ball. Therefore, a
move on
forever. force which _____________
balances the
Ef m'Ent 45 friction is required to keep the
ball moving at a constant speed.

t surface
jL
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 4

Fff objection const V

 H EE 5 E5
3.3 Net force and motion: Newton’s second law

Experiment: Acceleration, net force and mass

 Set up the apparatus as shown. The motion sensor should be mounted at the
higher / lower end of the runway.
‚ friction compensated Such a runway lets a trolley
Adjust the runway until it is _______________________.
move down with a ______________
constant speed.
Relationship between acceleration and net force
ƒ Pull the trolley down the runway with 1, 2, 3 and 4 elastic threads in turn. Keep
stretching the elastic threads to the same length all the way.
„ Find the _________________
accelerations of the trolley from the v-t graphs generated by the
data-logging program. Plot a graph of acceleration a against net force F (number of
____________________).
elasticthreads
Relationship between mass and net force
Pull the trolley again with a constant force using 2 elastic threads. Repeat by adding
1
1, 2 and 3 mass bars to the trolley. Plot a graph of a against where m is the total
m
mass of the trolley.
Result:
a a
Both graphs are ________________
tones
straight
passing through the ____________.
origin
Therefore,

F
for constant m, a µ _____
1 0 F 0
for constant F, a µ _____
m

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 5
 Newton's 2nd law of motion
1 Newton’s second law of motion states that:
17.270
The acceleration (a) of an object is directly proportional to, and in the
same ______________
direction net force
as, the __________________ (F) acting on it, and
inversely proportional to the __________
mass (m) of the object.

Janet force I A
By taking suitable units, the law can be written as:

et F = ma
Eth KERCIFEED
TNetforce W At F ma
1 N = 1 kg ´ 1 m s-2 = 1 kg m s-2

Fine MA
Checkpoint 4
A car accelerates towards the right at 4 m s-2 with a driving force of 5000 N. The friction
acting on the car is 600 N. Find the mass of the car.

F 5000N
A 4m52

600N F 5000N

Solution
Draw the free-body diagram for the car.

noramalreaction R

J
friction f
weightW
driving
force F

Take the moving direction of the car as positive.

By F = ma,
Fut a 2m52
F f
____________ = ma 1
M 500kg
5000 Goo m
m= 4 F ma
M 700 kg
\ The mass of the car is ___________. 500 2
1100kg 1000N
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 6
 friction DfEiiiiision Fa maa
tweight la fa 2 1.5
Checkpoint 5 3
Ta 3
2kg 3kg
Tp 5kg yTA
6N
A T P
B
Q
C 30 N FA Maa
c
3N 3 2 a
Blocks A, B and C are placed on a rough horizontal surface and are connected by two A 15m52
inextensible strings P and Q as shown. The masses of A, B and C are 2 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg
respectively. C is pulled by a 30-N horizontal force. The total friction acting on the blocks is
15 N.
(a) Find the acceleration of the blocks. T 3oN
(b) The friction acting on A is 3 N. F 15N Tc
(i) Find the tension in P.
tweet ma
(ii) If P breaks suddenly, how will A move?

Solution F f ma
Consider the horizontal direction. Take the direction to the right as 30 15
positive. 2 13 5 a
(a) Consider A, B and C as one object. a 1.5ms 2
N
Kaka A, B and C
By F = ma,
a=
Ima1303 2
5 5m52 f
30 N

\ The acceleration of the blocks is

__________________________. W
I5m52towards theright
(b) (i) For A, by F = ma,

Tp fa MIAA
ma A
ka
Tp tfa Tp
2 1.5 3 c
6N ta IWA

6N
\ The tension in P is ________.
(ii) After P breaks, the ______________
friction becomes the net force acting on A.
By F = ma,
43 EE tnYELfsh.fF
a=
3z l 5ms2 bE GIm I
A will keep moving to the right with a deceleration of ________
1.5ms2 and eventually
______________.
stop

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 7
 FED FaD BED
and in
i
3.4 Weight, friction fluid resistance
A Weight EA
Etsitty473117
1 The weight of an object on the Earth is the _______________________ acting on the
gravitational force
object by the Earth.

2 When an object falls freely, only its ______________ acts on it. In this case, the object me
weight
has an acceleration of g. Applying F = ma,
g EAM Ek'tgravitation acceleration9SI
weight
Gravity soon
ararrylweights

yqffEE.TL LAMERE
W= ng gymass
Ig mass
mass kg azsie.EC
ikEsaaweisulg
577712317 my Eg ht pigight.hntEHeE iE
weight 50 10 50on Earth rears itt's If b
3 On the Earth’s surface, g = _________ m s-2 » _________ -2 yiz
grar n.am
9.81 10 m s
4 The table below compares mass and weight.

Mass 4111 Weight

EID a kindofforce
(a) measure of _____________ of object 547314
force
______________________ acting on
Inertia gravitational
object
t.FE.tt
(b) measured in ________
kg N
measured in ________

(c) value depends / does not depend on value depends / does not depend on
location location

Checkpoint 6
HE
The acceleration due to gravity on the Earth and on Mercury are 9.81 m s-2 and
3.72 m s-2 respectively. If an object weighs 60 N on the Earth, what is its mass and its
weight on Mercury? Wm
Huffs 437
me
Solution on the Earth
Apply W = mg. WEMGE
WE Go m 9.81 m 6.1162kg
Go
On theMercury
Mass of the object = =
gE gig 6.12kg
3.72 22,8N WM
Weight on Mercury = mgM = 6.12
_Mgm
Wme6.1162 3.72
e
22.8N

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 8
B
W t.ES A7EI.EEIau raIiiafn
Measuring weight and feeling weight Rnr
1 balance or
A ______________________ F a weighing scale can be used to measure weight.
spring
spring balance weighing scale
walk 4KHER
431 2
IN

weight W
alidade
R w
upward force F t.ttaizE isa z
by the spring
balance
normal force N
id
weight W

The reading of the spring The reading of the weighing

balance gives the size of F.
id
scale gives the size of N.

* In some special cases, W ¹ F or W ¹ N, so the readings are not equal to the weight.
Be
2 Consider a passenger standing on a weighing scale in a lift.
(a) When the acceleration of the lift is not zero, according to F = ma,
HEATta aE.iif
isY7aa
ooo
F ma osa
i.x.se ia.ec.ae
so e
suaomg ima
the _______________
net force acting on the passenger is not zero. As a result, nor300N 6II.EE
ft 6ooNtw
N) ¹ W.
reading (i.e. normal forcetold ma w w Rq F w42 we
I
Fvet w r o w.pro were
a ao ao aco
+ Fnet R W ma
Acceleration a Net force F Readingdat
N
(upward as +) (upward as +) and weight W

>0 >0 N>W

W
tf
=0
N
id
O R W
<0
so Raw

(b) The normal force N also gives the passenger the feeling of his own weight.

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 9
Checkpoint 7
A lift moves as follows:
(a) Starts moving upwards from rest.
(b) Moves upwards at constant speed.
Vconst CEO
(c) Decelerates to a stop.
(d) Falls freely as the lift cables break.
How would a person in the lift feel his weight change?
Solution
ru l
Take the upward direction as positive.
(a) a > 0 Þ Raat
N _____ W R
\ The person feels a ____________ in weight.
9am
(b) a _______ Þ gag
N _____ W
D
\ The person feels ______________________.
actual
is weight w
(c) a _______
so Þ q
N _____ W
\ The person feels ______________________.
a loss in weight
tt R WAA1,1
N - W = -mg
(d) Rapa
1k 47EE iEtEk g
N = W - mg
look
= ______
Five R W ma
W
R W mg
mtg z R
O
A EET Fila
\ The person feels weightless.

Checkpoint 8
A spring balance is fixed at the roof of a lift. It hangs a mass of
10 kg. The lift moves downwards and decelerates uniformly
from 12 m s-1 to rest in 10 s. Find the reading of the spring
balance during this period of time. moves

gdownwarfds
fT
Solution
a
Take the downward direction as positive.
v-u H
thing
Acceleration a = = 0 12 12m52 D
they I
t To upward force R
by the spring
By F = ma, balance
Fnet ma
W R ma tweet ma
109.81 12 10 1 1.2
R 110N W T ma weight W

T ma
\ The reading is ____________.
110N Mg
10 10 T 10 C 1.2
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 10
T 112N
 for a cd 715713
case1471 Case24M EFx fa
ca a mo b c v Cd
o F
ITE Eto't
f F f
7
fs F o
C Friction y
f qp EE.IT
3tfg 7gt.zIjEEPiE µi f ftp.iseki EtsfaFaiseE
1 Consider a horizontal force F which acts on a block resting on a rough horizontal
surface.
b
smooth surface
F
friction f

(a) If F is not large enough, the block will still be at rest and f ______ F.

(b) If F is large enough, the block will start to move. When the block moves, f has a

constant
______________ value no matter what the speed of the block is.

Checkpoint 9
a 4m52 at FNet ma
2kg
block
20 2 4f
f 12NTR X 20 N
ion
Lw rough horizontal surface Lo 8
f
12N
A 2-kg block is resting on a rough horizontal surface. It is then pulled by a horizontal force
of 20 N and accelerates at 4 m s-2 towards the right.
(a) Find the friction f acting on the block by the horizontal surface.
(b) The horizontal force is then decreased to 10 N. The block decelerates until it stops.
(i) Find f as the block decelerates.
12N to the left
(ii) Hence find the deceleration ofMs 2
the block. twee ma
(iii) Find f when the block remains stationary.
(c) Now, the horizontal force disappears. What is the size of f?
lo 12 2 x at
Solution
A 1 ms 2

Consider the horizontal direction. Take the direction to the right as positive.
(a) By F = ma, block
Fret ma
Lo f 2 4 friction f
20 N

f 12N
12N (towards the _________).
\ f is __________ left
(b) (i) f is ______________________________.
12N towards the left
(ii) By F = ma,
Fnet ma
to 12 za
a 1ms2
\ The deceleration is __________.
I ms2
(iii) f is ______________________________.
ION towards 6 left
O
(c) f is ______________________________.
zero
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 11
D
71315
Fluid resistance
f liquidlgas
713117
when it moves through fluids in
1 An object experiences ______________________
fluid resistance 7u 9
(gases or ____________).
liquid
2 Speed of object ­ Þ fluid resistance _____
T
tthF.gl
z4y4EikEitk
Speed of object = 0 Þ fluid resistance = 0 ftp.EK
3 Consider the motion of a skydiver.
 ‚&ƒ „& W = weight of skydiver
v = speed of skydiver
f = air resistance acting on
skydiver
F = net force acting on skydiver
(¯ taken as positive)
a = acceleration of the skydiver
(¯ taken as positive)
0 it E4iI5a4IT
f
 The skydiver jumps out of an aircraft.
Netforce off
‚ As the skydiver falls, v ­ and so f _____. As a result, F _____
t and a _____.
Jw
p I w f a o
ƒ When f increases to a value equal to W, F = _____
O and a = _____.
O The skydiver NEW
terminal speed4K
falls with a constant speed called _____________________.94'3 f t.EE Etk
I't lo IT
„
D
As the skydiver opens his parachute, f ­ significantly. As a result, F ¯ and a ¯.
off
The speed is greatly reduced before landing. Flo aso Lw
F Wf a o
W v f F (= W - f) a (= )
m ERIE t
 constant 0 0 W g
‚ constant ­ from 0 ­ from 0 ¯ from W ¯ from g
constant
ƒ constant
(= terminal speed) W O 0
„- constant ¯ ­ (> W), then ¯ <0 co
The v-t and a-t graphs of the skydiver are as follows:
v a

terminal ƒ „ 
speed ‚
ƒ
0 t
‚

 t „
0

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 12
 HEATH AHEAD
3.5 Action and reaction: Newton’s third law
1 Newton’s third law of motion states that:

To every action, there is an ____________ and ____________ reaction.

equal opposite
The action and reaction forces act on different interacting objects
simultaneously.

2 The action-and-reaction pair should HEAD AHEAD f

(a) act on ______________
different objects that interact with each other, til 17175
Kk at all times, and
(b) have an ____________ magnitude
equal IT HAK
(c) act in ____________ directions.
opposite HEAtTik7177717971
different opposite
Checkpoint 10
7311 Eb
the gravitational force
A man is standing on a ball.

theman
actingon
Action and reaction pair bytheEarth
force acting on
(ii)
(i) 4
weight of the man

A by B (i) (ii) normal force acting on the

man by the ball

force acting on (iii)

(iii) normal force acting on the
ball by the man
B
by A
ball

asweight oftheman
thegravitationalfora acting
on the man bytheEarth
reaction
(a) Identify the action-and-reaction pair among the given forces. 9 thegravitational force the
on the Earth
by
(b) acting
For the given force not mentioned in (a), state the reaction force which pairs with it. man
Solution
(a)
it and cie form an actorand reaction
pair
(b)
ForLi the reactionforce is theforce Gravitational force
acting on theEarthbythe man

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 13
 Checkpoint 11
The following fan carts are initially at rest. Explain what happens to each cart when its fan
is switched on. Assume the friction acting on each cart is negligible.
(a) (b)

W
Solution
(a) E'EYE.twaA7fxtEAt7EHEahEtEtAHEAD
force on the force on air
fan by air F¢ by the fan F

Rf
The fan exerts a force F on _______.
air IN 912
law
By Newton'sawthird
Þ The _______ exerts an equal and opposite force F¢ on the fan (Newton’s third law).
Þ The cart moves towards the direction of force _____.
F
actionareaction
pair
(b)
T forceacting on thesail
F¢ F g
force on the
sail by air F¢¢

force on air
by the sail F¢¢¢
fait p

Most of the air pushed by the fan is blocked by the sail

Þ F = _____
I
f
By Newton’s third law of motion,
F = _____ and F¢¢ = _____
F F
Net force acting on the cart = F¢¢ - F¢ = O

does not move

\ The cart _____________________________________________________.

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 14
Checkpoint 12

2kg txA9 F
X
f
f Y
10kg
30 N rough horizontal
surface
f us
Blocks X and Y are placed on a rough horizontal surface. The masses of X and Y are 2 kg
and 10 kg respectively. When block Y is pulled by a 30-N force, both blocks accelerate at 2
m s-2. Find the friction acting on Y by (a) the horizontal surface, (b) X.
Solution
Consider the horizontal direction.
Take the direction to the right as positive.
(a) Consider X and Y as one object. Five ma
30 f 2 10 L
X and Y 30 N

f1
f e fN
By F = ma, Freet ma
30 f 2110 2
f 6N
6N (towards the left).
\ The friction acting on Y by the horizontal surface is _________
(b) The friction acting on Y by X and the friction acting on X by Y form an
action-and-reaction pair.
action
X reaction frictionactingon X by Y
f2 Pair friction
acting on Y by
f2 For Y
Y 30 N
f1
Fue't e ma

For X, by F = ma, Fnet ma

10 2
f 2 2 20N
4N u 20N
Fine't

4N
\ The friction acting on Y by X is _________ (towards the left).
30 f fu do
3o G Sz 20
4N

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH3_WS 15