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    ECA CAT Solutions

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    Adan Bagaja

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    ECA CAT Solutions

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    8 views21 pages

    ECA CAT Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Adan Bagaja

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    EMT 2334: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS II -CAT 1

    DATE: JUNE 2022 TIME: 1 HOURS

    (a) For the circuit in Figure Q1, calculate the initial charging current of capacitor using Laplace
    Transform technique. [2 marks]

    Figure Q1

    1
    (b) A low pass filter circuit consisting of a resistor of 4k7Ω in series with a capacitor of 47nF is
    connected across a 10v sinusoidal supply. Calculate the output voltage ( VOUT ) at a frequency
    of 100Hz and again at frequency of 10kHz. [3 marks]

    Voltage Output at a Frequency of 10,000Hz (10kHz).

    (c) Define the following terms: [5 marks]


    i) Time response analysis
    ii) Transient response
    iii) Steady state response
    iv) Natural response
    v) Forced response
    i. Time response analysis is nothing but the analysis of performance of the
    system in the time domain. In other words, it’s knowing how different system
    variables change their state with respect to time.
    ii. The time that is required for the system to go from one state to another state is
    what we call transient time and the response of the system during this time is
    called the transient response.
    iii. If a system is stable and well-designed, the system will settle close to the
    desired output and this response after the system settles is the steady state
    response.
    iv. Another way to look at the time response is by analyzing how the system
    responds to the stored energy of the system with no input given which is called
    the natural response of the system.
    v. Then how the system responds to a given input but with no energy stored
    initially in the system is called the forced response.

    (d) Using graphs, mathematical expressions and the Laplace transform, explain each of the
    following basic test signals as applied in electric circuit analysis [20 marks]
    i) Step Signal
    ii) Ramp Signal
    iii) Parabolic signal
    iv) Impulse signal

    1. The Step Signal.

    Consider the circuit below.

    Let the switch be closed at time t = 0.

    Now, Before the switch is closed,

    After the switch is closed,


    Graphically,.

    This is a step signal and more often used is the unit step signal which is denoted
    by u(t) and is defined as

    The Laplace transform of the step signal will be

    The step signal represents the sudden application of an input to the system.

    2) The Ramp Signal.

    A ramp signal starts from the origin and rises linearly with time with a slope K.

    Mathematically,

    Let r(t) be the ramp signal,

    then
    Where K is the slope.

    Graphically,

    The Laplace transform of the ramp signal will be

    With K = 1 for the unit ramp signal.

    3) The Parabolic Signal.

    The parabolic signal starts from zero and is a quadratic function of time.

    Mathematically,

    Let p(t) be the parabolic signal,


    then

    Graphically,

    The Laplace transform of the parabolic signal will be

    And K = 1 for the unit parabolic signal.

    4) The Impulse Signal.

    An impulse signal [δ(t)] is a tall and narrow signal which is obtained as shown.
    As a becomes very small (almost zero), 1/a becomes infinitely tall. This means
    that the width of the above shown rectangle becomes essentially 0 and the height
    becomes infinite yet their area remains equal to 1.

    Hence the impulse signal or the impulse function takes zero value for all values of
    time except for t = 0.

    As the area remains equal to 1, we can define the impulse signal mathematically
    as
    And

    The Laplace transform of the impulse signal will be

    The impulse signal represents a sudden shock to the system.


    EMT 2334: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS II -CAT 1

    DATE: JULY 2022 TIME: 1 HOURS

    (a) A first-order differential equation involving current i in a series R–L circuit is given by:

    𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸
    + 5𝑖𝑖 =
    𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

    and i = 0 at time t = 0, Use Laplace transforms to solve for i when

    (i) E = 20 [3 marks]
    (ii) E = 40e-3t [3 marks]
    (iii) E = 50 sin 5t [3 marks]

    1
    (b) Distinguish between parallel and series resonant circuits by detailing the circuit layout,
    characteristics and application of each of the circuits [6 marks]

    Series resonant circuit


    A series L-C circuit in which magnitudes of capacitive and inductive reactances
    are exactly equal is known as series resonant circuit. It is also known as acceptor
    circuit.

    Characteristics of series resonance circuit:


    • Minimum impedance
    • Maximum circuit current
    • cos(φ) = 1 , hence current and voltage becomes in phase.
    • Circuit current becomes proportional to circuit resistance i.e. I ~ 1/R
    Uses of series resonance circuit:
    • As frequency selection circuit in radio and TV tuner circuits.
    • As band pass filter circuit.

    parallel resonant circuit

    A parallel L-C circuit in which magnitudes of capacitive and inductive reactances


    are exactly equal is known as parallel resonant circuit. It is also known as
    rejector circuit.
    Characteristics of parallel resonance circuit:
    • Maximum impedance
    • Minimum circuit current
    • cos(φ) = 1, hence voltage and current becomes in phase
    • Circuit current depends on circuit impedance, Z = L/C or I ~ -(1/R)
    Uses of parallel resonance circuit:
    • As a Band Stop Filter
    • As a tank circuit in Oscillators
    • As a plate load in IF and RF amplifiers
    • As I.F. trap in aerial circuit of radio as well as TV receivers.

    (c) A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30Ω, a capacitor of 2uF and an inductor
    of 20mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply voltage which has a constant output of 9 volts
    at all frequencies. Sketch the circuit layout and calculate,

    (i) The resonant frequency [2 marks]


    (ii) The current at resonance [2 marks]
    (iii)The voltage across the inductor and capacitor at resonance [4 marks]
    (iv) The quality factor [2 marks]

    (a)

    1. Resonant Frequency, ƒr
    2. Circuit Current at Resonance, Im

    3. Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL

    4. Voltages across the inductor and the capacitor, VL, VC

    Note: the supply voltage may be only 9 volts, but at resonance, the reactive voltages
    across the capacitor, VC and the inductor, VL are 30 volts peak!
    5. Quality factor, Q

    (d) Using the respective frequency and phase response curves, explain the operations of a low pass
    filter [5 marks]

    Low Pass Filter

    A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all
    unwanted high frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those
    signals wanted by the circuits designer.
    EMT 2334: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS II

    DATE: JULY 2022 TIME: 1 HOURS

    1.For the circuit shown in Figure 1(a), the inputs are applied at different times as indicated.
    Compute vout at: [20 marks]

    i) t = -0.5s
    ii) t = 1.5s
    iii) t = 5s

    Figure 1(a)
    2. In detail, describe three types of compensating networks [9 marks]
    3. What is a second order circuit? Provide an example [1 mark]

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