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Eosinophilic Modulation of Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses in HIV-

Exposed Infants

Article in Haematology International Journal · March 2024

DOI: 10.23880/hij-16000241

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 Haematology International Journal
MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2578-501X
Committed to Create Value for Researchers

Eosinophilic Modulation of Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses

in HIV-Exposed Infants

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1* and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2

1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda Review Article
Volume 8 Issue 1
2
School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda
Received Date: February 22, 2024

Published Date: March 07, 2024
*Corresponding author: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory
DOI: 10.23880/hij-16000241
Science, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda, Tel: +2348037369912; Email:
[email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The intricate interplay between eosinophils and neonatal vaccine immune responses in HIV-exposed infants has emerged as a
captivating avenue of research, offering insights into the multifaceted dynamics of early-life immunity. This review synthesizes
current knowledge on the eosinophilic modulation of immune responses following neonatal vaccination in the unique context
of HIV exposure. We explore the potential roles of eosinophils in shaping adaptive immunity, influencing vaccine efficacy,
and contributing to the delicate balance between tolerance and protective immunity during the critical early stages of life.
Additionally, we discuss the implications of maternal HIV infection on eosinophil function and the subsequent impact on
neonatal vaccine responses. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, we aim to provide a foundation for future
research directions and the development of tailored immunization strategies for this vulnerable population.

Keywords: Eosinophils; Neonatal Vaccination; HIV-Exposed Infants; Immune Responses; HIV; Immunomodulation;
Eosinophils

Abbreviations: ART: Antiretroviral Therapy; HIV: Human modulatory role of eosinophils introduces a captivating and
Immunodeficiency Virus; BCG: Bacillus Calmette Guerin complex dimension to the field of pediatric immunology [1-
11]. The initiation of neonatal vaccines aims to establish a
Introduction foundation for lifelong immunity, yet infants born to HIV-
positive mothers encounter unique obstacles. Maternal
Neonatal vaccination represents a pivotal strategy HIV infection and exposure to antiretroviral therapy can
in safeguarding infants against a spectrum of infectious influence the neonatal immune landscape, potentially
diseases during their vulnerable early months of life. impacting vaccine responses. Amidst this intricate scenario,
This protective shield becomes even more crucial when eosinophils, conventionally associated with parasitic and
considering the specific challenges faced by infants born to allergic responses, have surfaced as dynamic contributors to
mothers living with HIV. The interplay between the neonatal immune modulation during early life [12-23].
immune system, maternal HIV infection, and the potential

Eosinophilic Modulation of Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses in HIV-Exposed Infants Haematol Int J
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Haematology International Journal
Eosinophils and Neonatal Immune diphtheria, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
Development • Challenges in eliciting robust and lasting immune
responses.
Neonatal immune development is a highly orchestrated
process crucial for establishing protection against Eosinophils in Maternal-Fetal Interface
infections early in life. While the immune system undergoes
dynamic maturation, the role of eosinophils in this The maternal-fetal interface, a complex
intricate developmental landscape is gaining recognition. microenvironment crucial for a successful pregnancy, is
Traditionally known for their involvement in parasitic characterized by intricate immunological interactions.
infections and allergic responses, eosinophils are emerging as Eosinophils, traditionally recognized for their roles in
key contributors to neonatal immune regulation, influencing parasitic infections and allergic responses, are gaining
both innate and adaptive arms of immunity [24]. prominence as dynamic contributors to immune regulation
within the placental environment [26].
Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses
Immunization Strategies for HIV-Exposed
Neonatal vaccination is a critical strategy aimed at Infants
conferring protection against a spectrum of infectious
diseases during the vulnerable early stages of life [25]. The HIV-exposed infants present a unique set of challenges
unique immunological landscape of neonates, characterized and considerations when it comes to immunization. This
by limited immunoglobulin production and a predisposition section explores current approaches to neonatal vaccination
towards Th2 responses, presents both opportunities and in the context of maternal HIV, highlighting strategies
challenges in eliciting effective and durable vaccine-induced aimed at optimizing vaccine responses, ensuring long-
immunity. term protection, and addressing the specific needs of this
vulnerable population [27-40].
Immune Responses to Specific Neonatal
Vaccines Recommendations

BCG Vaccination Advocate for early initiation of ART in HIV-positive

pregnant women to reduce maternal viral load and improve
• Induction of Th1 and Th17 responses. overall maternal and neonatal health. Ensure consistent
• Impact on innate immunity and potential nonspecific and timely administration of ART throughout pregnancy
effects. and breastfeeding. Customize neonatal immunization
• Challenges in achieving consistent efficacy across schedules for HIV-exposed infants, considering individual
diverse populations. immune profiles and potential eosinophilic modulation.
Implement a flexible approach to accommodate variations
Hepatitis B Vaccination in maternal HIV status, ART regimens, and neonatal health.
Establish integrated care models that seamlessly coordinate
• Maternal antibody interference and implications for maternal HIV care and child health services. Promote
neonatal vaccination. communication between healthcare providers to ensure a
• Development of protective antibody levels in neonates. holistic and continuous approach to maternal and neonatal
• Strategies to overcome immunization barriers. healthcare. Strengthen surveillance systems to monitor
vaccine responses in HIV-exposed infants. Develop robust
Polio Vaccination mechanisms for early detection and management of adverse
events related to immunization.
• Induction of mucosal and systemic immunity. Design and implement community-based educational
• Challenges in eradicating polio and considerations for programs to raise awareness about the importance of
neonatal vaccination. neonatal immunization in the context of maternal HIV.
• Integration of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral Address community concerns and misconceptions regarding
polio vaccine (OPV). vaccine safety and efficacy. Encourage and support research
endeavors focused on understanding the immune dynamics in
Other Neonatal Vaccines HIV-exposed infants. Invest in the development of innovative
vaccine formulations, adjuvants, or delivery systems
• Considerations for vaccines against pertussis, tetanus, tailored to the specific needs of this population. Explore
interventions aimed at enhancing eosinophilic modulation

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu. Eosinophilic Copyright© Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu.
Modulation of Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses in HIV-Exposed Infants.
Haematol Int J 2024, 8(1): 00241.
 3
Haematology International Journal
of vaccine responses in HIV-exposed infants. Investigate the Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health
potential use of adjuvants or vaccine formulations designed Sciences 3(1): 7-12.
to optimize eosinophil function during neonatal vaccination.
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strategies for immunizing HIV-exposed infants. Advocate for Cervical Lesions and Cervical Cancer Screening Services
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ongoing training and education for healthcare professionals
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involved in the care of HIV-positive pregnant women and
Ogbonna US, et al. (2021) Prevalence of Malaria with
their infants. Ensure healthcare providers are updated on
Anaemia and HIV Status in Women of Reproductive Age
the latest recommendations and strategies for neonatal
in Onitsha, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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International 33(4): 10-19.
the inclusion of HIV-exposed infants in global vaccination
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among HIV Infected MSM Attending Community Health
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Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical
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Research International 33(52B): 10-19.
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Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu. Eosinophilic Copyright© Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu.
Modulation of Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses in HIV-Exposed Infants.
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Modulation of Neonatal Vaccine Immune Responses in HIV-Exposed Infants.
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