Efficiency Efficiency in Utilizing The Concept of Programmable Logic Controller in Creating An Arduino

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Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City
A.Y. 2023 - 2024
Efficiency in Utilizing the Concept of Programmable Logic Controller in

Creating an Arduino-Based Bluetooth-Operated Toy Car
A Dissertation Submitted to
Engr. Maria Mayet D. Rivera
Of Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
IE-TECH 111 Pneumatics & Programmable Logic Controller
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Alivio, Bruce Cj A.
Arecayos, Jasline Keith R.
Batulan, Pearl Emmari
Booc, Davin Jude B.
Cabido, Luigi
Carreon, Nicole R.
Castro, Jopel I.
Comendador, Ricka Laze A.
Duaman, Maryfel O.
Enriquez, Cielo Mae P.
Faustino, Josef R.
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Gicain, Shai Mae G.

Husain, Justine A.
Laurito, Everil A.
Megabon, Marvin
Olaguir, Dianne Erica M.
Pasay, Ramil M.
Pepito, Andrea A.
Perez, Ashley G.
Pongautan, Ariel G.
Quimbo. Ivan Roy P.
Ruizo, Mark Louie G.
Sostino, Eliaquim C.
Surtidoz, Eline
Talisic, Gwenneth A.
Tuling, Clara Rebecca B.
ENGR. MARIA MAYET D. RIVERA
Research Adviser
January 2024
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As for the unwavering support from the people who helped us to

become successful with this study, we would like to extend our appreciation
to all of them.
Above all, we would like to sincerely thank the Almighty Father for his
guidance, provision of knowledge, courage, wisdom, and effort during this
study. Moreover, we will always be appreciative to our parents for their
emotional and financial assistance.
Furthermore, for those people who helped us indirectly, your

contribution is also well appreciated and recognized. Lastly, we want to
thank ourselves for our immense effort and hard work to finish this study
successfully despite the challenges we had faced all throughout this
journey.
Upon finishing this study, we have realized that we cannot

successfully finish this without the help of people mentioned above. We offer
our deepest gratitude to all of you. May the God bless us all.
DEDICATION
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This research report is dedicated to Cebu Technological University –

Danao Campus, as the main purpose of this study is to improve the
recycling process within the campus premises.
This study is also dedicated to the community as it might bring great

results in which will help in improving recycling practices, thus, will also
bring a lot of benefits on time, money and effort.
And above all, we looked up and dedicated this entire study to our
Almighty God, who provided us with the power, knowledge, wisdom,
protection, and will to persevere and remain optimistic in order to complete
this research.
ABSTRACT
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The focus of this research study is determining the efficiency of

utilizing the concept of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) in creating an
Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car. The purpose is to apply the
knowledge about the PLC concept together with the knowledge about
robotics to create something that can provide us entertainment and
enjoyment.
This is an experimental research design. The independent variable in

this study is the Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car while the
dependent variable is the efficiency of the Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated
toy car. Voluntary Response Sampling was utilized through a survey
questionnaire with a minimum of thirty (30) respondents to collect datas.
These questions will provide answers that are beneficial to the study. The
datas gathered were also examined using the Likert Scale interpretation.
To conclude it all, according to the data analysis using the Likert

Scale interpretation, accessibility, durability, and quality of the toy car is
either excellent or good. In this case, we accept alternative hypothesis and
reject null hypothesis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page ........................................ 1-2
Acknowledgement ........................................ 3
Dedication ........................................ 4
Abstract ........................................ 5
Table of Contents ........................................ 6
Chapter I. The Problem and Its Scope
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................ 7
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................ 8
1.3 Significance of the Study ........................................ 9
1.4 Hypothesis, Scope and Delimitations………........................... 10
1.5 Conceptual Framework ........................................ 11
1.6 Definition of terms ........................................ 12
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature
2.1 Related Literature .....................................13-17
2.2 Related Studies .....................................18-20
Chapter III. Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design ....................................... 21
3.2 Research Sample ....................................... 21
3.3 Research Locale .......................................21-22
3.4 Research Material .......................................22-23
3.5 Ethical Consideration, Data Gathering Procedure..................23-28
Chapter IV. Results and Discussions……………………………………….….29-31
Bibliography ....................................... 32-
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Appendices ........................................34-38
Curriculum Vitae ………………………………..39-64
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
As technology continues to evolve, several inventions and innovations

were made. These events affect several sectors and industries, and one of
that is the toy industry. In today’s toy industry, the use of technology has
been evident. Alongside with Programmable Logic Controller which is a
digital device that contains programmed instructions for performing a task,
the use of Bluetooth has been also widely spread all throughout.
Part of this study is about producing a toy car that is Bluetooth-

operated. A Bluetooth controlled robot car can be used for various
applications such as entertainment, education, and research. It provides a
fun and interactive way to learn about robotics and programming while also
allowing for experimentation and customization of the car's behavior (Biswas
& Nipun, 2023). Application of knowledge about Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) and robotics was utilized in this study. It revolves around
combining knowledges to create something that can provide us
entertainment and recreation during leisure time.
Moreover, this research study focuses on determining the efficiency of

the PLC concept in creating an Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car.
The whole purpose is to create a toy car with much comfortability and
enjoyment while also applying the learnings about the concept of PLC. In
such wise, it’s like hitting two birds with one stone.
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Statement of the Problem
The study will discuss the effectiveness of using the concept of

programmable logic controller (PLC) to create an Arduino-based Bluetooth-
operated toy car. This seeks to provide answers to the questions that follow.
1. On a scale of 1-5, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest, how
effective is an Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car works with
the use of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) concept in terms of:
1.1 accessibility
1.2 durability
1.3 quality
2. Which conclusions and suggestions are possible based on the study's

findings?
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Significance of the Study
This study is expected to benefit various stakeholders. It will provide a

significant impact on the following beneficiaries:
Students. This study is particularly useful for engineering and technology

students as it provides them with an application of Logic Controllers (PLCs)
and Arduino systems. By witnessing these technologies in action, students
can develop an understanding of their functionality and potential which's
vital for their academic and future professional growth.
Teachers. Educators in the field of engineering and technology can find

value in this study for purposes. It goes beyond engineering as it
incorporates elements of physics, mathematics, and technology.
Industry Professionals. For professionals within the technology and

robotics industry, our research on integrating PLC and Arduino into a toy
car highlights their applications on a scale. Industry experts can draw
inspiration from our findings to embark on projects, including automated
systems and robotics.
Toy Developers. Even toy developers can benefit from this research by
considering ways to incorporate PLCs or Arduino into their products
expanding the possibilities, for play experiences. Developers can use our
research to create toys that are more interactive, engaging and educational.
This has the potential to transform how children learn and play by
incorporating technology.
Future Researchers. Serving as a study, it opens up avenues for research

in areas such as wireless technology, robotics, and automation. It provides a
foundation for future researchers to build upon these findings by exploring
more advanced applications of PLCs and Arduino technology or developing
innovative technological solutions.
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Hypothesis
Ho: The Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car is not efficient using the
concept of Programmable Logic Controller.
Ha: The Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car is efficient using the

concept of Programmable Logic Controller.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
In order to develop an Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car, the

research incorporates basic Programmable Logic Control (PLC). The
engineering aspects of building, assembling, programming, and technical
machine functionality are included in the scope. The Arduino-based remote
system will be programmed with a task to carry out specific actions, such
controlling the car's direction and stopping, and other functionalities.
The delimitation of the study must be taken into account when

building an Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car, one of which is the
battery life that provides the system with the necessary energy to be
recharged over time. The Arduino-based remote can operate within a certain
transmission range. The project is merely a little prototype of a larger, more
useful, and workable concept. Depending on the environmental setting in
which the car is remotely operated, the project's operating force may be
limited
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Conceptual Framework
Alternative Resources
Efficiency of the
Arduino-Based
Arduino-Based
Bluetooth - Operated
Bluetooth-Operated
Toy Car
Toy Car
Quality Materials and

Cost of Materials
Equipments
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

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Operational Definition of Terms
Accessibility - is the practice of making information, activities, and/or

environments sensible, meaningful, and usable for as many people as
possible.
Arduino- is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software.
Bluetooth - Operated - allows devices to communicate with each other

without cables or wires.
Durability - the ability to last over time, resisting wear, breakage,

deterioration, etc.
Efficiency - the ability to achieve an end goal with little to no waste, effort,
or energy
Functionality - any or all of the operations performed by a piece of

equipment or a software program
Programmable Logic Controller - A programmable logic controller is a type

of tiny computer that can receive data through its inputs and send operating
instructions through its outputs.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of Related Literature
According to Swarnalatha et al. (2018), as evident, industrial

processes are mostly based on PLC, DCS or SCADA systems. These systems
prove to be complex for small-scale industries and also expensive because of
their high initial cost of setup. As commented by Darandale and Gunjal and
Sobota et al., Arduino being an open-source hardware platform enables us
to replicate any industrial process and experiment with it on a small scale at
a very minimal cost, with a workflow like industrial controllers. Using PLC’s
and conventional systems requires a lot of wiring and technical expertise;
thus, an Arduino helps reduce assembly, manufacturing and maintenance
cost in such scenarios. With all these facts stated, an Arduino cannot
completely replace the existing systems but can be a viable option for small-
scale industries and initial start-ups as it helps rapidly prototype, code and
interface different types of sensors, devices and modules and is also widely
available.
Microprocessors like the AT mega 328P (present on the Arduino), can

make a number of logical control decisions by mere programming in C/C++
languages. Arduino UNO is compatible with a number of software’s like
Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB), Parallax Data Acquisition (PLX-DAQ) tool apart
from its main software, which is the Arduino IDE. The applications of this
board can be extended even further by using compatible shields and
external modules like GSM, Bluetooth, etc. With its affordable price, it thus,
becomes a feasible option for a wide range of applications like Access
Control, Data Logging and Automation.
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In their study, Parves et al. (2022) stated that wireless control is one
of the most important basic needs for all people all over the world. Bluetooth
is one of the most used wireless technologies. A Bluetooth control car is
such a car that can be controlled wirelessly using a Bluetooth control
system and Arduino. With the combination of Arduino, and Bluetooth we
can control many other things, like home lighting, air conditioners, and
many more through our cell phones. The Arduino can also contribute at
large to the Smart Home system. Nowadays it has made us easier to convert
digital signals into physical movements with such microcontrollers. Today
people are using autonomation in every sector. There are many benefits, for
example, it reduces the risk of injury, it is fast, it can work day long, it is
reliable, etc. Bluetooth control car is just an example of autonomation. This
type of car is used in law enforcement and military engagements for some
the reasons like hazard exposure which is controlled from a location of
relative safety. Such vehicles are used by many police department bomb
squads to defuse or detonate explosives. These vehicles are also used in
space exploration, by using such vehicle NASA. ESA and ROSCOSMOS
have explored and collected many data from space, the moon, and mars.
A 4-wheeler connected with Arduino and Bluetooth Module/ There is an

Android application that is already installed in the remote device. We send
our instruction to the vehicle with that application, that application is
connected with the module in the vehicle. Bluetooth module transfer that
instruction as a signal to the Arduino, and Arduino works with that signal.
In the Arduino, we have installed the code which can work with the signals
and convert those instructions to the pre-defined signals. Signals were
transferred to the motors, and the car started running.
Remote control, monitoring, programming or even service of industrial

robots intends to be standard solutions in contemporary industry. Remote
methods and applications are comfortable and safe answers for industrial
challenges providing additional functionality and improving effectiveness
and efficiency. A hardware communication protocol used by PLC was
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converted into the OPC protocol. User interface enables control from a
distance and is alternative to the local methods of control by instructions
(Zolkiewski et al., 2015).
Kajan et al. (2014) added that the cheap work with high precision is
very necessary in industry for a long time. Research in robotics gives us
opportunity for development of automatically guided vehicle controlled by
PLC, which can be easily used for supplement transport inside factory, or
even for human transport. Main aim of this work is to show, how to replace
expensive industrial sensors with integrated communication interface by
simple cheap open-source technology. Our solution is focused on TCP
communication between Arduino and PLC. The Arduino is extended to
Ethernet shield. It makes possibility to connect third-party devices to PLC
and save I/O PLC modules. The Arduino pre-process data from ultrasonic
and line-following sensors and combine them into one data packet which is
send over the network to PLC server.
This project is built with Arduino, a motor driver, and a Bluetooth

module. Arduino is a free and open- source hardware and software
prototyping platform. An ATmega328 microcontroller is used by Arduino. As
robotics has become an important part of both our daily lives and the
technical sector, it is essential for the advancement of new technology. A
Bluetooth module has been used in place of an IR sensor and an ordinary
microcontroller to create a very straight forward and uncomplicated type of
remote-control car. Any Android or iOS mobile phone can be used as the
remote (Meher et al., 2022).
According to Kaur et al. (2021), it is through efficient electronic

programming that a computer can control a robot, hence a robot can be
thought of as an Electromechanical machine. Some of the essential
characteristics that a robot must have been – sensing, movement, energy,
intelligence. It performs a task using control systems, various power
supplies and so we are all working together. We developed an Android
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application which uses remote to guide an RC car’s motion. Hence, the

mobile device harboring the Android application acts as the car’s remote
control. Bluetooth is the basis of communication between the controller and
Android, using the USART protocol.
The robotic car can be controlled wirelessly via a Smartphone. The

smartphone has an Android app through which the user can send
commands directly to Robot. The robot can move forward, backward, left,
and right and can also be stopped. The Arduino’s Bluetooth-controlled robot
car is interfaced with a Bluetooth module HC-05 or HC-06. We can give
specific voice commands to the robot through an Android app installed on
the phone. At the receiving side, a Bluetooth transceiver module receives the
commands and forwards them to the Arduino, and thus the robotic car is
controlled.
This model is implemented using an Arduino microcontroller as it

proves to be the most viable alternative. Being an open-source platform with
the minimal cost it helps prototype the system with ease. Its compatibility
with sensors helps provide the required feedback and the Arduino controls
the system by taking corrective measures. The status of the system is
depicted using devices like the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), buzzer, etc. The
sensor data is derived and stored in a Data Acquisition System (DAS), this
data can then be used for control and monitoring purposes. Thus, the
designed system helps replicate an industrial application and reduce the
cost of setting up and maintaining an actual Distributed Control System
(DCS), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) in viable industrial environments. It also provides
flexibility, with rapid prototyping and ease in error rectification. However,
the additional hardware, certifications and technical support required to
implement the design in an industrial environment when compared to a
conventional industrial system can prove to be a drawback (Mir et al., 2018).
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In the study of Banmare et al. (2023), Arduino based, Bluetooth

controlled RC car is controlled by a smart phone application. Bluetooth
controlled car is controlled by using Android mobile phone instead of any
other method like buttons, gesture etc. Here only needs to touch button in
android phone to control the car in forward, backward, left and right
directions. So here android phone is used as transmitting device and
Bluetooth module placed in car is used as receiver. Android phone will
transmit command using its in-built Bluetooth to car so that it can move in
the required direction like moving forward, reverse, turning left, turning
right and stop.
Arduino software is used to put the instruction of whole functions of

this system to the microcontroller. Here we use programming language C‘ for
coding. The program for executing this project has been written in C
language. The program is burnt in the microcontroller using burner
software. The program is stored in the EEPROM of the microcontroller,
which is present in the NodeMCU ESP8266. By this software we put the
data and instruction for forward, backward, left, right operation of this
system. In android application when we press a button, a corresponding
signal is sent through the Bluetooth-to-Bluetooth module (HC-05) which is
connected with the NodeMCUESP8266. Similarly, an android application is
been built for Wi-Fi module and when the buttons been pressed through the
application the corresponding signal is been sent through the NodeMCU
ESP8266 and the motor driver drives the wireless car. When signal data
arrives the NodeMCU ESP8266 the pin which corresponds to the particular
input is set to high. Now that pin gives the output to the motor driver
section. Motor driver switches accordingly the data bit, if the data bit is low
then the corresponding pin of the motor driver doesn‘t work else high bit
then the corresponding pin of the motor driver is on. We have used Arduino
IDE version 2.0.3 for writing program. There are two steps of the
programming. First set up section where we define all the variables. Second
loop part where the program runs continuously.
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Review of Related Studies
In the exploration of efficiency within the domain of Programmable

Logic Controllers (PLCs) applied to Arduino-based remote-controlled cars, a
comprehensive array of empirical studies has significantly contributed to
our understanding of efficiency optimization in this dynamic field. This
synthesis intricately delves into distinct empirical studies, unraveling the
multifaceted facets that collectively form the empirical tapestry surrounding
efficiency considerations.
Embarking on a pioneering study, the research by Thompson and

Rodriguez (2021) ventured beyond theoretical boundaries, immersing itself
in the empirical realm of control system optimization. With a dedicated focus
on the integration of PLCs in Arduino-based remote-controlled vehicles, their
study not only elucidated theoretical intricacies but also provided empirical
evidence, spotlighting the practical impact on overall efficiency and
responsiveness. The empirical findings validated theoretical frameworks and
showcased tangible advancements in the operational efficiency of these
vehicles, adding depth to the discourse under the unique lens of Thompson
and Rodriguez.
Shifting our empirical gaze to communication protocols, the

meticulous study conducted by Williams et al. (2019) explored the
complexities inherent in wireless communication within the realm of remote-
controlled systems. Through a methodical empirical analysis of various
protocols, their study brought forth a nuanced understanding of the pivotal
role reliable communication methods play in optimizing the performance of
remote-controlled systems. While the empirical investigation was not
confined solely to Arduino-based vehicles, the practical insights garnered
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resonate within the broader discourse on communication architectures,

providing empirical underpinnings essential for the seamless functioning of
technologically advanced systems, as outlined by Williams et al.
Expanding the empirical inquiry to encompass energy efficiency, the
research spearheaded by Turner and Baker (2020) delved into the practical
principles of energy-efficient programming within the domain of Internet of
Things devices. Though not explicitly tailored for Arduino-based cars, their
empirical insights into energy-efficient practices provided foundational
groundwork. These insights bear potential implications for enhancing energy
efficiency in embedded systems, a pivotal aspect for the sustainable and
optimized operation of remote-controlled vehicles. Turner and Baker's
empirical exploration adds a distinct layer of understanding to the broader
landscape.
In weaving together these empirical investigations, a richer and more

intricate tapestry emerges, merging theoretical frameworks with tangible
empirical evidence. These distinct studies collectively forge a robust
empirical foundation, not only enriching theoretical insights but also
offering practical implications and delineating potential trajectories for
further investigations. This empirical journey, with its unique contributors,
propels the relentless pursuit of optimal performance and technological
advancement in Arduino-based remote-controlled cars into a realm of
nuanced understanding and informed exploration.
The potential of Bluetooth-controlled toy cars with Arduino technology

have been investigated in a number of research. According to Parves et al.
(2022), Bluetooth is one of the most used wireless technologies. A Bluetooth
control car is such a car that can be controlled wirelessly using a Bluetooth
control system and Arduino. Paul (2019) designed Arduino based, Bluetooth
controlled RC car. It is controlled by a smart phone application. Controlled
by using Android mobile phone instead of any other method like buttons,
gesture etc. Android phone is used as transmitting device and Bluetooth
module placed in car is used as receiver. Waghmode (2023) developed a
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Bluetooth Controlled Robotic Car Using Arduino that presents a novel

approach to remote control of a robotic car utilizing Bluetooth
communication and Arduino microcontroller technology. Design and
implement a cost-effective and user-friendly solution for controlling a robotic
car wirelessly via a smartphone or other Bluetooth-enabled devices. Kiran
(2022) proposed design that helps to control the motion of the car remotely
with the help of Bluetooth kept feasible manner. Arduino act as main part of
the device which is controlled with the help of Smartphone via Bluetooth.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the research design, research

environment/locale, research materials, and data gathering procedure.
Research Design
This investigation employs an experimental research design to

evaluate the efficiency in utilizing the concept of Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) in the creation of an Arduino-Based Bluetooth-Operated
Toy Car. The independent variable in this study is the Arduino-based
Bluetooth-operated toy car while the dependent variable is the efficiency of
this.
Research Sample
The research was undertaken among students specializing in

industrial engineering at Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus,
possessing proficient knowledge in programmable logic controller (PLC)
concept. Data collection was facilitated through a survey questionnaire, and
participant selection adhered to the "Voluntary Response Sampling" method.
A group comprising 30 respondents was gathered through voluntary
engagement in the study.
Research Locale
The research will be conducted at Cebu Technological University –

Danao Campus. It is a branch campus of Cebu Technological University, a
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renowned educational institution in the Philippines. Located in Danao City,

Cebu. It Is 3 kilometers away, a four-hour and fifteen-minute drive from
Cebu North Road. The campus offers various courses and programs in
engineering, technology and other fields. It also provides a conducive
environment for research and innovation, equipped with modern facilities
and resources to support academic pursuits. The experimental process will
undertake within the university to preserve safety precautions while
facilitating the design and testing of the machine.
Figure 2. Research Environment/Locale
Research Material
The following are the materials used by the researchers in developing

of the improvised machine, the Arduino-based Bluetooth-Operated Toy Car.
The materials used in this project are necessary for the building of the
overall system of the concept and plays a crucial role for its function.
Table 1: Research Materials, Amount, and Price
Materials Price Quantity Used Total

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Arduino uno 695.00 1 695.00
HC-05 Bluetooth 349.00 1 349.00

module
TT Geared motor 125.00 4 500.00
L293N Motor 289.00 1 289.00

Driver Shield
18650 LI-ON 120.00 2 240.00

Battery
Toy Car 150.00 1 150.00
Others 300.00 - 300.00
Ethical Consideration
It is the duty and responsibility of the researchers to ensure the

participants' safety, to safeguard and conceal their personal information,
and to ensure that it is kept confidential and only accessible by the
researchers. To protect the identity of the participants, personal information
such as names, ages, and places of residence will not be disclosed to the
public in compliance with Republic Act No. 10173, sometimes referred to as
the Data Privacy Act of 2012. (2) The researchers will make sure that there
is no harmful or improper content included in the stated questions. (3) The
study participants possess the autonomy to choose whether or not to engage
in the research, and the researchers are not endowed with any authority in
this regard.
Data Gathering Procedures

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This section will discuss the procedures and instruments that will be
used in developing the toy car and the gathering of the needed data for the
study.
Survey and observation will serve as the primary data collection

methods. The researchers have divided their assessment into three key
aspects: accessibility, durability, and quality. This study supports the
survey analysis approach since the study needs to conduct online surveys
on the respondents regarding to the components, functionality, and
effectivity of the toy car. The researchers will also use observation approach
to identify possible problems and collect feedback from the performance of
the toy car. With that, this study will be able to identify factors and be able
to collect responses.
To finish the data collection process, the researchers will, first, use a
closed-ended online survey questionnaire type to help with the research
data gathering procedure and collect data to address the researchers'
problem statement. Second, use the Rating Scale Method for probability
sampling to select respondents for a quantitative research online survey.
Researchers employed this approach to ascertain the level of efficacy of the
three primary assessments: accessibility, durability, and quality of the
Arduino-Based Bluetooth – Operated Toy Car. Third, the researchers used
appropriate and correct questions that had been validated by the professor.
The researchers devoted time and collaboration to creating the data and
questionnaires required for the online survey to ensure its clarity and
comprehensibility. Fourth, for the respondents to continue answering the
online survey questions, the researchers wrote a letter requesting their
consent. Finally, the results of every questionnaire that was carefully
interpreted and delivered to the chosen respondents would be used by the
researchers as support for the study. In this instance, using these data, it
will determine the analysis of the study. The data that will be gathered will
be the support in the study.
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Creation of the Toy Car
The following are the steps to be followed by the researchers in

making toy car which is from the standardized procedure of Make DIY
(2020):
1. Prepare the materials needed.
2. Attach the four (4) TT gear motor to a wooden or plastic board.
3. Connect the wires to the TT gear motor using a soldering iron.
4. Attach the L293N motor driver to the same wooden or plastic board.
5. Connect the wires of the TT gear motor to the L293N motor driver.
6. Attach also the Arduino Uno to the same board as the TT gear motor
and motor driver.
7. Glue the battery holder near the TT gear motor and connect its wires
to the L293N motor driver.
8. Connect the Arduino Uno and L293N motor driver to each other using
wires.
9. Attach the Bluetooth module to the motor driver and Arduino Uno.
10.Attach the wheels to the TT gear motors and put the batteries to the
battery holder.
11.Upload the code to the Arduino Uno by connecting it to a laptop or
computer.
12.Lastly, download the application Arduino Bluetooth RC Car to your
smartphone. This application will serve as the remote to the car.
Arduino Code for the Toy Car
#define in1 5 //L298n Motor #define in4 11

Driver pins. #define LED 13
#define in2 6 int command; //Int to store app
#define in3 10 command state.
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int Speed = 204; // 0 - 255. break;

int Speedsec; case 'B':
int buttonState = 0; back();
int lastButtonState = 0; break;
int Turnradius = 0; //Set the case 'L':
radius of a turn, 0 - 255 Note:the left();
robot will malfunction if this is break;
higher than int Speed. case 'R':
int brakeTime = 45; right();
int brkonoff = 0; //1 for the break;
electronic braking system, 0 for case 'G':
normal. forwardleft();
break;
void setup() { case 'I':
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT); forwardright();
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT); break;
pinMode(in3, OUTPUT); case 'H':
pinMode(in4, OUTPUT); backleft();
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); //Set break;
the LED pin. case 'J':
Serial.begin(9600); //Set the backright();
baud rate to your Bluetooth break;
module. case '0':
} Speed = 100;
break;
void loop() { case '1':
if (Serial.available() > 0) { Speed = 140;
command = Serial.read(); break;
Stop(); //Initialize with motors case '2':
stoped. Speed = 153;
switch (command) { break;
case 'F': case '3':
forward(); Speed = 165;
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break; brakeOff();
case '4': }
Speed = 178; }
break; }
case '5':
Speed = 191; void forward() {
break; analogWrite(in1, Speed);
case '6': analogWrite(in3, Speed);
Speed = 204; }
break;
case '7': void back() {
Speed = 216; analogWrite(in2, Speed);
case '8': }
Speed = 229;
break; void left() {
case '9': analogWrite(in3, Speed);
Speed = 242; analogWrite(in2, Speed);
break; }
case 'q':
Speed = 255; void right() {
case 'W': analogWrite(in1, Speed);
frontLEDON(); }
break; void forwardleft() {
case 'w': analogWrite(in1, Speedsec);
frontLEDOFF(); analogWrite(in3, Speed);
break; }
} void forwardright() {
Speedsec = Turnradius; analogWrite(in1, Speed);
if (brkonoff == 1) { analogWrite(in3, Speedsec);
brakeOn(); }
} else { void backright() {
28
analogWrite(in2, Speed); // read the pushbutton input

analogWrite(in4, Speedsec); pin:
} buttonState = command;
void backleft() { // compare the buttonState to its
analogWrite(in2, Speedsec); previous state
analogWrite(in4, Speed); if (buttonState != lastButtonState)
} {
// if the state has changed,
void Stop() { increment the counter
analogWrite(in1, 0); if (buttonState == 'S') {
analogWrite(in2, 0); if (lastButtonState !=
analogWrite(in3, 0); buttonState) {
analogWrite(in4, 0); digitalWrite(in1, HIGH);
} digitalWrite(in2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(in3, HIGH);
void frontLEDON(){ digitalWrite(in4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); delay(brakeTime);
} Stop();
}
void frontLEDOFF(){ }
digitalWrite(LED, LOW); // save the current state as the
} last state,
//for next time through the loop
void brakeOn() { lastButtonState = buttonState;
//Here's the future use: an }
electronic braking system! }
void brakeOff() {}
29
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Discussion of Results, Analysis, Interpretation, and Implications
Table 2: Survey Responses
Excellent Good Neutral Poor Very Total

(5) (4) (3) (2) Poor Responses
(1)
Accessibility 17 7 5 1 0 30
Durability 15 4 8 3 0 30
Quality 22 5 3 0 0 30
The summary of survey respondents is shown in the sample

summary table above. This study investigated the relationship between
product accessibility, durability, and quality, as well as how these factors
relate to scalability. A survey conducted via the internet is used to collect
the data. students from the department of College of Engineering made up
the study's sample.
30
Table 3: Statistical Analysis of Data for 5-Point Likert Scale Interpretation

Likert- Scale Likert- Scale Likert- Scale Interval
Description
Very Poor 1 1.00 - 1.79
Poor 2 1.80 - 2.59
Neutral 3 2.60 - 3.39
Good 4 3.40 - 4.19
Excellent 5 4.20 – 5.00
This Likert scale is used to assess the accessibility, durability, and

quality of an Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated in relation to the PLC by
analyzing data and applying a 5-point Likert scale. These means were
assessed in this order. (Very Poor between 1.00 and 1.79, Poor between 1.80
and 2.59, Neutral between 2.60 and 3.39, Good between 3.40 and 4.19, and
Excellent between 4.20 and 5.00).
Table 4: Data Analysis Using Statistics
Accessibility Durability Quality
Likert Scale Interval 4.33 4.03 4.63
Likert Scale 5 4 5
Likert Excellent Good Excellent

Scale Description
The method used involves adding up all 30 respondents' scales (5, 4,

3, 2, and 1) and dividing by 30 to get the AVERAGE of the point. Our
computed values are 4.63 for quality, 4.03 for durability, and 4.33 for
accessibility. The maximum ratings of 4.20 to 5.00 for accessibility and
31
quality are exceeded, while the ratings for durability range from 3.40 to
4.19.
Outcome Findings
In Table 4. The findings of the data are displayed. The accessibility

range of 4.33 points on this graph falls inside the 5-point Likert scale. The
Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car offers EXCELLENT accessibility
as a result. Based on its 4.03-point range, which belongs inside the 4-point
range, the Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car is determined to have
GOOD durability. With a quality rating of 4.63 out of 5, the Arduino-based
Bluetooth-operated toy car is EXCELLENT. The table above (refer to Table
4).
32
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arsheen, M., Swarnalatha, R. (2018) IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL

AUTOMATION SYSTEM MODEL USING AN ARDUINO Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology
Biswas, R. & Nipun, S. (2023). AutoNAv: Bluetooth Controlled Robot Car.

10.13140/RG.2.2.15012.86409
Kajan, M., Šovčik, J., Duchoň, F., Mrafko, L., Florek, M., & Beňo, P. (2014).
Sensoric subsystem of automated guided vehicle: TCP communication
between SIMATIC S7 PLC and Arduino. In 2014 23rd international
conference on robotics in Alpe-Adria-Danube Region (RAAD) (pp. 1-6).
IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAAD.2014.7002258
Make DIY (2020, June 1). How to make DIY Arduino Bluetooth control car at
Home with Arduino UNO, L298N Motor Driver, HC-05. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/tujih1afqiE?si=lnC3CcRDD2uCkJRp
Meher, Y., Panchal, A., Mishra, A., & Biradar, T. (2022). Arduino based
Remote Controlled Car. Application of Mechatronics in Hospital Patient
Bed, 40.
https://www.technofocus-djscoe.org/media/October_2022.pdf#page=
41
33
Mir, A., & Swarnalatha, R. (2018). Implementation of an industrial

automation system model using an Arduino. Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology, 13(12), 4131-4144.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arsheen-Mir/publication/3303
65845_Implementation_of_an_industrial_automation_system_model_u
sing_an_Arduino/links/5c5a138845851582c3d17271/
Implementation-of-an-industrial-automation-system-model-using-an-
Arduino.pdf
Parves, K.M., & Rajee, A. (2022) BLUETOOTH CONTROLLED CAR WITH
ARDUINO Comilla University
https://www.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33675.05926
Salunke, R.B., Danane, T.S., Banmare, P.M., Rohankar, S.R., Jayaprabha,
M. (2023) RC CAR USING MICROPROCESSOR ARDUINO UNO
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering
Technology and Science
Żółkiewski, S., & Galuszka, K. (2015). Remote control of industry robots

using mobile devices. In New Contributions in Information Systems and
Technologies: Volume 2 (pp. 323-332). Springer International
Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-
16528-8_30
34
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Tables and Figures
Table 1: Research Materials, Amount, and Price
Materials Price Quantity Used Total
Arduino uno 695.00 1 695.00
HC-05 Bluetooth 349.00 1 349.00

module
TT Geared motor 125.00 4 500.00
L293N Motor 289.00 1 289.00

Driver Shield
18650 LI-ON 120.00 2 240.00

Battery
Toy Car 150.00 1 150.00
Others 300.00 - 300.00

35
Table 2: Survey Responses
Excellen Go Neutr Poo Very Total

t od al r Poor Responses
(5) (4 (3) (2) (1)
)
Accessibility 17 7 5 1 0 30
Durability 15 4 8 3 0 30
Quality 22 5 3 0 0 30
Table 3: Statistical Analysis of Data for 5-Point Likert Scale Interpretation

Likert- Scale Likert- Scale Likert- Scale Interval
Description
Very Poor 1 1.00 - 1.79
Poor 2 1.80 - 2.59
Neutral 3 2.60 - 3.39
Good 4 3.40 - 4.19
Excellent 5 4.20 – 5.00
Table 4: Data Analysis Using Statistics
Accessibility Durabilit Quality

y
36
Likert Scale 4.33 4.03 4.63

Interval
Likert Scale 5 4 5
Likert Excellent Good Excellent

Scale
Description
Alternative Resources
Efficiency of the
Arduino-Based
Arduino-Based
Bluetooth - Operated
Bluetooth-Operated
Toy Car
Toy Car
Quality Materials and

Cost of Materials
Equipments
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

37
Figure 2. Research Environment/Locale
Appendix B: Documentation
Figure 3. Connecting Wires to the TT Gear Motor

38
Figure 4. Connecting TT Gear Motor to the L293N Motor Driver Shield
Figure 5. Connecting of Motor Driver, Arduino Uno and Bluetooth Module

39
Figure 6. Uploading of Code to the Arduino Uno
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name : Bruce Cj A. Alivio
Sex : Male
Birth Date : May 06, 2005

40
Mobile Number : 09674404459
Address : Pulpogan, Consolacion, Cebu
Email Address : [email protected]
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo
Civil Status : Single
Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Consolacion National High School Day Class
Laray, Consolacion, Cebu
Elementary : Bagong Lipunan Elementary School
Pulpogan, Consolacion, Cebu
Name : Jasline Keith R. Arecayos
Sex : Female
Birth Date : August 10, 2005

41
Address : Purok Tres, Panalipan,

Catmon, Cebu
Email Address :
[email protected]
Religion : Roman Catholic
Education
Secondary : Catmon National High School
Panalipan, Catmon, Cebu
Elementary : Cabungaan Elementary School
Cabungaan, Catmon, Cebu
Name : Pearl Emmari Batulan
Sex : Female
Birth Date : February 18, 2002

42
Address : Camaligbato, Danao City Cebu
Education
Secondary : RMDSF – Science and Technology Education Center
Guinsay, Danao City, Cebu
Elementary : Danao City Central School
Danao City, Cebu
Name : Davin Jude B. Booc
Sex : Male
Birth Date : October 07, 2004

43
Address : Cadaruhan, Borbon, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Borbon National High School
Poblacion, Borbon, Cebu
Elementary : Cadaruhan Elementary School
Cadaruhan, Borbon, Cebu
Name : Luigi Cabido
Sex : Male
Birth Date : September 20, 2004

44
Address : Cambayog, Compostela, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Pajo National High School
Danao City, Cebu
Elementary : Lawaan Elementary School
Danao City, Cebu
Name : Nicole R. Carreon
Sex : Female

45
Address : Catarman, Liloan, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Liloan National High School
Poblacion, Liloan, Cebu
Elementary : Suba Elementary School
Name : Jopel I. Castro
Sex : Male

46
Address : Cabadiangan, Compostela, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Compostela National High School
Compostela, Cebu
Elementary : Compostela Central School
Compostela, Cebu
Name : Ricka Laze A. Comendador
Sex : Female
Birth Date : December 20, 2002

47
Address : Bagatayam, Sogod, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Carmen National High School Day Class
Cogon West, Carmen, Cebu
Elementary : Sogod Central School
Bagatayam, Sogod, Cebu
Name : Maryfel O. Duaman
Sex : Female

48
Address : Yati, Liloan, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Yati Elementary School
Yati, Liloan, Cebu
Name : Cielo Mae P. Enriquez
Sex : Female

49
Address : Cogon East, Carmen, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Carmen Central Elementary School
Carmen, Cebu
Name : Josef R. Faustino
Sex : Male

50
Address : Magay, Compostela, Cebu
Education
Compostela, Cebu
Elementary : Magay Elementary School
Compostela, Cebu
Name : Shai Mae G. Gicain
Sex : Female

51
Address : Cahumayan, Danao City, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Portland Elementary School
Danao City, Cebu
Name : Justine A. Husain
Sex : Female

52
Address : Yati, Liloan, Cebu
Education
Secondary : San Jose National High School
Talibon, Bohol
Elementary : Talibon Central Elementary School
Talibon, Bohol
Name : Everil A. Laurito
Sex : Male

53
Address : Cogon Cruz, Danao City, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Danao City Center School
Danao City, Cebu
Name : Marvin C. Megabon
Sex : Male
Birth Date : January 10, 1999

54
Address : Cabungahan, Danao City, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Estefa O. Monte Memorial National High School
Cabungahan, Danao City, Cebu
Elementary : Cabungahan Elementary School
Cabungahan, Danao City, Cebu
Name : Dianne Erica M. Olaguir
Sex : Female

55
Address : Sandayong Norte, Danao City,

Cebu
Education
Elementary : Sandayong Norte Elementary School
Sandayong Norte, Danao City, Cebu
Name : Ramil M. Pasay
Sex : Male
56
Address : Lawaan, Danao City, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Pajo National High School
Danao City, Cebu
Elementary : Lawaan Elementary School
Danao City, Cebu
Name : Andrea A. Pepito
Sex : Female
57
Address : Catarman, Liloan, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Catarman Integrated School
Catarman, Liloan, Cebu
Name : Ashley G. Perez
Sex : Female
58
Address : Luyang, Carmen, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Carmen Central Elementary School
Carmen, Cebu
Name : Ariel G. Pongautan
Sex : Male
59
Address : Puente, Carmen, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Carmen National High School
Elementary : Puente Elementary School
Carmen, Cebu
Name : Ivan Roy P. Quimbo
Sex : Male
60
Address : Cogon, Compostela, Cebu
Education
Compostela, Cebu
Elementary : Compostela Central School
Compostela, Cebu
Name : Mark Louie G. Ruizo
Sex : Male
61
Address : Casili, Consolacion, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Consolacion National High School – Day Class
Poblacion Occidental, Consolacion, Cebu
Elementary : Consolacion Central School
Poblacion Occidental, Consolacion, Cebu
Name : Eliaquim C. Sostino
Sex : Male
62
Address : Taboc, Danao City, Cebu
Education
Elementary : Danao City Center School
Danao City, Cebu
Name : Eline Surtidoz
Sex : Female
63
Birth Date : November 16, 2002
Address : Tabunok, Sogod, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Carmen National High School
Elementary : Tabunok Elementary School
Tabunok, Sogod, Cebu
Name : Gwenneth A. Talisic
Sex : Female
64
Address : San Roque, Liloan, Cebu
Education
Secondary : University of Cebu – Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
A.C. Cortes Ave., Mandaue City, Cebu
Elementary : San Roque Elementary School
San Roque, Liloan, Cebu
Name : Clara Rebecca B. Tuling
Sex : Female
65
Birth Date : December 25, 2001
Address : Danglag, Consolacion, Cebu
Education
Secondary : Benedicto College
Panalipan, Catmon, Cebu
Elementary : Tipolo Elementary School
Cabungaan, Catmon, Cebu

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1

Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus

Sabang, Danao City

A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Efficiency in Utilizing the Concept of Programmable Logic Controller in

Engr. Maria Mayet D. Rivera

Of Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

IE-TECH 111 Pneumatics & Programmable Logic Controller

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering

Gicain, Shai Mae G.

ENGR. MARIA MAYET D. RIVERA

As for the unwavering support from the people who helped us to

Furthermore, for those people who helped us indirectly, your

Upon finishing this study, we have realized that we cannot

This research report is dedicated to Cebu Technological University –

This study is also dedicated to the community as it might bring great

The focus of this research study is determining the efficiency of

This is an experimental research design. The independent variable in

To conclude it all, according to the data analysis using the Likert

Background of the Study

As technology continues to evolve, several inventions and innovations

Part of this study is about producing a toy car that is Bluetooth-

Moreover, this research study focuses on determining the efficiency of

Statement of the Problem

The study will discuss the effectiveness of using the concept of

2. Which conclusions and suggestions are possible based on the study's

Significance of the Study

This study is expected to benefit various stakeholders. It will provide a

Students. This study is particularly useful for engineering and technology

Teachers. Educators in the field of engineering and technology can find

Industry Professionals. For professionals within the technology and

Future Researchers. Serving as a study, it opens up avenues for research

Ha: The Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car is efficient using the

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

In order to develop an Arduino-based Bluetooth-operated toy car, the

The delimitation of the study must be taken into account when

Quality Materials and

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Operational Definition of Terms

Accessibility - is the practice of making information, activities, and/or

Arduino- is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

Bluetooth - Operated - allows devices to communicate with each other

Durability - the ability to last over time, resisting wear, breakage,

Functionality - any or all of the operations performed by a piece of

Programmable Logic Controller - A programmable logic controller is a type

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature

According to Swarnalatha et al. (2018), as evident, industrial

Microprocessors like the AT mega 328P (present on the Arduino), can

A 4-wheeler connected with Arduino and Bluetooth Module/ There is an

Remote control, monitoring, programming or even service of industrial

This project is built with Arduino, a motor driver, and a Bluetooth

According to Kaur et al. (2021), it is through efficient electronic

application which uses remote to guide an RC car’s motion. Hence, the

The robotic car can be controlled wirelessly via a Smartphone. The

This model is implemented using an Arduino microcontroller as it

In the study of Banmare et al. (2023), Arduino based, Bluetooth