DTE (22320) Chapter 5 Notes
DTE (22320) Chapter 5 Notes
DTE (22320) Chapter 5 Notes
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Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
• A digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is a device that
converts a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal
(current, voltage, or electric charge). An analog- to-digital
converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation .
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• DAC Characteristics:
1. Resolution
2. Offset Error
3. Gain Error
4. Relative Accuracy
• DACs are used in many other applications, such as
voice synthesizers, automatic test system, and
process control actuator.
• In addition, they allow computers to communicate
with the real (analog) world.
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PLD
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Ch.4 Sequential logic circuits
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Timing Diagram
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Truth Table & Timing Diagram
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Gated or Clocked SR Flip-Flop
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•The D flip-flop is widely used. It is also known as a "data" or
"delay" flip-flop.
portion of the clock cycle (such as the rising edge of the clock).
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a) Symbol b) D Flip-Flop using NAND gate
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Qn+1=D
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• The basic S-R NAND flip-flop circuit has many
advantages and uses in sequential logic circuits but it
suffers from two basic switching problems.
1. the Set = 0 and Reset = 0 condition (S = R = 0)
must always be avoided
2. if Set or Reset change state while the enable (EN)
input is high the correct latching action may not occur
• Then to overcome these two fundamental design
problems with the SR flip-flop design, the JK flip
Flop was developed.
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Cont…
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S=J.Q’n
R=K.Qn
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•The T or "toggle" flip-flop changes its output on each
clock edge, giving an output which is half the frequency of
the signal to the T input.
• It is useful for constructing binary counters, frequency
dividers, and general binary addition devices. It can be
made from a J-K flip-flop by tying both of its inputs high.
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High
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Race Around Condition In JK Flip-flop –
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Master-Slave JK Flip Flop
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• The initial state of the flip-flop would be uncertain as it
may be in the SET state, (Q = 1) or it may be in the RESET
state, (Q = 0).
• In many conditions it is initially Set or Reset the Flip-
Flop i.e the initial state of the FF is to be assigned.
• Obviously this uncertainty in its switching is undesired
as in the majority of applications we require the output to
be set in a predefined state, either SET or RESET ready to
accept data.
• But we can overcome this uncertainty with the
conversion of flip-flops using two additional
asynchronous inputs referred to
as Preset (PR) and Clear (CLR) as shown below in the S-R
Flip-Flop
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The most common applications of flip – flops
are
1.Counters
2. Registers
3.Frequency Divider circuits
4.Data transfer
5.Used as memory element & Delay element
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Timing Diagram
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Truth Table & Timing Diagram
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