IMAGINE Interface
IMAGINE Interface
IMAGINE Interface
O N - L I N E M A N U A L
Copyright 1982 - 1999 by ERDAS, Inc. All rights reserved.
ERDAS, Inc.
2801 Buford Highway, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2137 USA
Phone: 404/248-9000
Fax: 404/248-9400
User Support: 404/248-9777
Warning
All information in this document, as well as the software to which it pertains, is proprietary material of ERDAS, Inc., and is
subject to an ERDAS license and non-disclosure agreement. Neither the software nor the documentation may be reproduced in
any manner without the prior written permission of ERDAS, Inc.
Trademarks
ERDAS is a trade name of ERDAS, Inc. ERDAS and ERDAS IMAGINE are registered trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Model
Maker, CellArray, ERDAS Field Guide, and ERDAS Tour Guides are trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Other brands and product
names are trademarks of their respective owners.
User Interface On-Line Manual
File Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
IMAGINE File Name Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
On-Line Help - File Name Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C Programmers’ Toolkit Software - File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Other Software - File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reading Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Writing New Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Wildcard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Pyramid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
File Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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User Interface On-Line Manual
Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Files of Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Select A Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Mount/Unmount CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
UNIX Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CellArrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Editing Cells of a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Selecting Rows and Columns in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Selecting Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Selecting Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Working with Columns in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Resizing Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Number Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Number Format Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Number Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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User Interface On-Line Manual
Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Row Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Sort Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Row Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Colorwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Using the Colorwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IHS Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RGB Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Color Selection by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Color Level Slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Color Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Multiple Color Buttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Color Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
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User Interface On-Line Manual
Kernel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Kernel Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Kernel Librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Digitizer Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Digitizer Setup Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Digitizing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Tablet Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Map Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Tablet Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Quick Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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User Interface On-Line Manual
Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
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IMAGINE User Interface
The EML keyword used to create a dialog is FRAME, so you may also see dialogs referred to as
“frames.”
Moving a Dialog
All dialogs can be moved on screen to a more desirable position. To move a dialog, simply
position the mouse cursor in the dialog border and left-hold and drag the dialog to the new
position.
On UNIX machines, a dialog can be placed in front of another dialog or Viewer by clicking in the
dialog border or by placing the cursor in the dialog and pressing the Front button on the
keyboard. The preferences of some windowing systems allow you specify that active windows
automatically pop to the front.
On Windows machines, a dialog can be brought to the front by clicking on a visible portion of the
dialog or by clicking on its button in the task bar.
Resizing a Dialog
Some dialogs can be resized on screen to display more information. For example, you may want
to enlarge a dialog which contains a CellArray to view the whole CellArray. If a dialog can be
resized on screen, the cursor will change as it is positioned over an edge or corner of the dialog.
Simply left-hold and drag the arrow to make the dialog larger or smaller.
Windows Systems
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IMAGINE User Interface
Unix Sustems
Some UNIX windowing systems may have “pull handles” on each corner or the cursor may
change to a resizing arrow as the cursor is positioned over an edge or a corner. Simply left-hold
and drag the arrow or handle to make the dialog larger or smaller.
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IMAGINE User Interface
Frameparts
The buttons, lists, and other contents of a dialog are called frameparts.
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IMAGINE User Interface
scroll bars
dialog title
open file selector
menu bar cellarray
tool bar
filename
input
scrolling
list
scroll
button
checkbox
edit text
color button
radiobutton nudger
meter handle
popup list number field
popup list
handle
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IMAGINE User Interface
All IMAGINE dialogs use one or more of these frameparts, most of which are implemented with
a single EML keyword.
Basic Frameparts EML Keyword
button BUTTON
check CHECKBOX
radio button RADIOBUTTON
menu MENU
popup list POPUPLIST
scrolling list SCROLLIST
number field TEXTNUMBER
text field EDITTEXT
meter number METERNUMBER
file name FILENAME
Advanced Frameparts
CellArray
histogram
colorwheel
color button
Menu
A menu is a list of options. A menu bar is a row of menus which appears along the top of a dialog
or window. For example, see the menu bar at the top of this page. Each word on the menu bar
is the title of a menu. Click on a menu title and the entire menu drops down.
Menus can have submenus, denoted by an arrow. To see the submenu, click on the arrowed
item. You can then select any item in the submenu.
Popup List
A popuplist is a list of options which “pops up” when activated. It can be anywhere in a dialog.
The popup list appears as a button and may have a triangular or rectangular “handle” on the right
side. When you click the button, a list pops up with other options. Then you can click on the
selection you want in the popup list.
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IMAGINE User Interface
Scrolling List
A scrolllist lets you select one option from a list. Usually, scrolling lists are used for selecting
from a potentially long dynamic list. The entire list is not always displayed, so you must look at
the placement of the scrollbar to know if there are more items in a list.
Radio Button
Radiobutton frameparts let you select one option from a small set, just as you might select one
station on a car radio.
A set of radio buttons represents a list of mutually exclusive options. When you check one radio
button, all other buttons in the set will be turned off.
Radio buttons are usually circular buttons. Occasionally, they are icons. The radio button of the
selected option is shaded.
Button
A button is a simple framepart on which you click to make something happen.
Buttons can have text labels or they can be icons, such as the icons on the IMAGINE icon panel.
An icon is simply a button with a picture or drawing on it.
A button may be used to start a process, to open or close a dialog, or some combination of these
events. Common buttons are:
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IMAGINE User Interface
♦ If the check is black and depressed, then the specified condition is “Yes” or “On.”
♦ If the check is light gray and raised, then the condition is “No” or “Off.”
Text Field
An edittext framepart provides an area where you can type an entry. Position the mouse pointer
in the text field and then click. A blinking text cursor will display and you may begin entering text.
In some cases, you can edit existing text. Text for text fields must be entered from the keyboard.
If your keyboard supports them, you can also enter special characters, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See
the Compose Key document for details.
☞ After you enter text in a text field, IMAGINE will read the text when you press RETURN. On
UNIX machines, text is also read when you move the pointer out of the text field.
Number Field
A textnumber framepart lets you enter a numeric expression. IMAGINE evaluates the
expression after you move the pointer out of the number field.
♦ double-click the existing number to select it, and then type a new expression over the old,
♦ click in the field and use the arrow keys to move the cursor, so you can edit an existing
number, or
♦ click the nudgers that appear on the right side of the field to increment the number up or
down. You can also hold the nudgers to continuously increase or decrease the number.
To change the increments by which you can “nudge” a number, right-hold the nudger. A popup
list gives you several increments from which to select.
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IMAGINE User Interface
Meter Number
A meternumber framepart is the same as a textnumber, but with the added feature of a meter
or gage, which appears to the right of the number field, and works like a scrollbar to express the
current value relative to a range.
Meter numbers can be read-only, to show you a value that you cannot edit, or they can be
editable.
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IMAGINE User Interface
File Name
Windows
♦ a scrolling list where you can select one file in the specified directory, and
♦ a text field where you can enter a drive, a file name, or both (including wildcards) from the
keyboard,
You can use these elements in a variety of ways to specify the desired file.
UNIX
The filename framepart allows you to enter a file specification, consisting of the path and the
name of a file that you want to open. You can also open a directory with a filename framepart by
entering the directory name followed by a slash (/).
The files that are listed in a filename framepart depend upon the default file extension of the
type of file that you are reading or writing.
Each filename framepart consists of three basic elements:
♦ a text field where you can enter a path, a file name, or both (including wildcards) from the
keyboard,
♦ a scrolling list where you can select one file in the specified directory, and
♦ a popup list of the subdirectories that make up the current path, going up the tree structure
to the root.
You can use these elements in a variety of ways to specify the desired file.
When a filename framepart first comes up, you will see a list of all of the appropriate files in the
directory that you last specified, or in the directory specified under Preferences.
You can specify a directory by selecting one from the popup list or by double-clicking on a
directory listed in the scrolling list. You may display the parent directory by double-clicking on the
../ entry.
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IMAGINE User Interface
The file selection pattern is opened in parentheses next to the title of the filename framepart. You
can change the file selection pattern simply by typing a new pattern into the text input field (for
example: *.img to select only IMAGINE image files).
Two special file selection patterns are displayed when working with ARC files. If you enter
*.arcinfo, the selection pattern displayed is (ArcCover); if you enter *.grid, the selection pattern
is displayed as (ArcGrid).
In most dialogs, the file that you specify is not actually opened or written out until you click a
button (such as OK). In some cases, where it’s appropriate, IMAGINE will check to see if the file
exists or is the right type.
If the file is not of the right type, you will get an error frame listing one or more problems with the
specified file. When done reading them, click OK and enter a new file name.
If the file name you entered already exists, you are given a warning and asked if you wish to
replace it. If you select No, the text input area is blanked and you may enter a new file name. If
you select Yes, the existing file is deleted so that it can be replaced by the new file of the same
name.
File checking is done when you move the mouse out of the text field, or when you press RETURN
after typing.
If your keyboard supports them, you can also enter special characters, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See
the Compose Key document for details.
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Numeric Expressions in Number Fields
Notation such as <degrees> in angle brackets denotes an argument that requires a certain type
of input value.
<exp> denotes any numerical expression which may include other operators and functions.
Operator/Function Description
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
** or ^ exponentiation (to the power of)
sin(<degrees>) trigonometric functions
cos(<degrees>)
tan(<degrees>)
asin(<num>) inverse trigonometric functions — results are in degrees
acos(<num>)
atan(<num>)
ln(<num>) natural logarithm
log(<num>) base 10 logarithm
dd(<degrees>, convert degrees, minutes, seconds to decimal degrees
<minutes>,
<seconds>)
sqrt(<num>) square root
<exp> <units1> TO convert the value of the expression <exp> from
<units2> <units1> to the same amount expressed in <units2>
or Example:
<exp> <units1> TO 2 feet to inches yields 24.
<units2>
Valid strings for <units1> and <units2> include the following. For a complete list, see the file
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Numeric Expressions in Number Fields
<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/units.dat.
radians
degrees
dd (decimal degrees)
meters
centimeters
kilometers
feet
inches
yards
miles
points
acres
hectares
sqmiles (square miles)
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File Specifications
File Specifications
A file specification is the complete name of a file. It consists of:
♦ a path, which is the directory and subdirectory where the file is stored, and
♦ a file name, which is usually something descriptive that will help to identify the contents of
the file.
ERDAS IMAGINE uses file name extensions to identify the type of data in each file. You can use
the part of the file name before the extension to give the file a name that is helpful to you.
There is a default file extension for each type of IMAGINE file. This is the file name extension
that IMAGINE will look for when reading an IMAGINE file, and append to new file names when
a new file is created.
The following file extensions are used in or created by ERDAS IMAGINE. You may never
encounter some of the file types listed, since they are used internally for system setup,
configuration, etc. .
Extension Format Description
.aoi HFA Area of Interest file - stores a user-defined area of
interest.
.arcgen ASCII ARC Generate file
.aux HFA Auxilliary file, mainly used in conjunction with non-
IMAGINE files accessed by the Raster DLL, to store
information not normally supported by the particular
raster format. E.g. the TIFF file format does not store
image statistics, so statistics generated by IMAGINE
are stored in an .aux file with the same prefix name as
the .tif file
.bdf ASCII X Bitmap Font Distribution Format File
.bil Binary ESRI Arc/Info BIL raster file.
.cbl ASCII Color Balance file
.cff HFA Coefficient file - stores transformation matrices created
by rectifying a file.
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File Specifications
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File Specifications
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File Specifications
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File Specifications
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File Specifications
➲ For more information on IMAGINE file formats see the “File Formats and Extensions”
Appendix in the Erdas Field Guide.
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File Specifications
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File Specifications
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File Specifications
Reading Files
In a filename framepart, IMAGINE always lists only those files with the default extension that is
relevant to the current operation. For example, in the Open Annotation Layer dialog, the filename
lists only files with the extension .ovr by default, since these are annotation (overlay) files.
You can see a list of other files by entering a wildcard file specification into the filename’s text
field. In some cases, another framepart in the dialog presents you with options for the type of file
to list in the filename.
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File Specifications
When a new file is created, IMAGINE makes sure that the default extension is at the end of the
file name (unless you end the file name with a space).
♦ If you enter a file name without an extension, the default extension will be added to your file
name.
♦ If you enter a file name with a different extension (any text after a period), then the default
extension will be appended to the file name in addition to the full file name you enter.
♦ If you enter a file name with the default extension, the file name will not be changed.
♦ If you enter a file name that ends with a space, the trailing space will not be part of the file
name.
Wildcard
IMAGINE uses the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?) as wildcard characters. The wildcard
can represent characters in a file name. The asterisk (*) is used to represent zero or more
characters, while the question mark (?) is used to represent exactly one character.
For example, if you type *any* in a filename, you might see a list of file names like this:
anyfile.img
many.ovr
somefile.any
If you type *.img in a filename, you will see a list of files with the .img extension.
If you type man?????.* in a filename, you might see a list of file names like this ...
manholes.img
manholes.ovr
manholes.aoi
manhole.img
manholecover.img
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File Specifications
Pyramid Layers
IMAGINE gives you the option to “pyramid” large images for faster processing and is opened in
the Viewer. This option creates reduced subsampled raster layers. These can either be stored
within the .img HFA file, or as a separate file with the .rrd extension, determined by the Pyramid
Layers External preference setting in the Image Files (General) category.
For example, a file which is 4k x 4k pixels could take a long time to display when using the Viewer
Fit To Window option. Using the pyramid layer option, IMAGINE would create additional layers
successively reduced from 4k x 4k, to 2k x 2k, 1k x 1k, 512 x 512, 128 x128, down to 64k x 64k.
Then IMAGINE would select the pyramid layer size most appropriate for display in your Viewer
window.
The pyramid layer option is available from the Image Information and the Import utility.
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Raw File Format
In this way, rather than having to use the Generic Binary Import options to convert an image to
IMAGINE’s internal .img format, the data can be directly accessed using the Raw DLL after
defining only a few parameters about the image (such as number of rows, columns, bands, etc.)
The Raw File format is simply another raster format supported under the DLL umbrella, and as
such does not need any additional DLL design. However, it does need a well-defined method of
describing the image parameters, which is the purpose of this section.
The default file filter is “.raw”. A file with a raw extension is presumed to be a header file which
indicates the name of the file(s) containing the pixel data and the arrangement of the data within
the file(s).
All of the data associated with a keyword must be on the same line with the keyword, unless the
continuation character ‘\’ appears at the end of a line. Keywords and strings must be written in
uppercase letters, except strings which denote file names. Keywords and associated data are
separated by white space (spaces and/or tabs). Keywords may be in any order except the
recognition keyword IMAGINE_RAW_FILE, which must appear first.
Keywords
The only keywords which are required are IMAGINE_RAW_FILE, WIDTH, HEIGHT, and if the
data type size is greater than eight bits, BYTE_ORDER. All other keywords are optional and
have default values.
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE This keyword must be at the very beginning of the file, on a line
by itself.
WIDTH The number of pixels in the horizontal (x) direction. Must be an integer greater than
zero. Required; no default value.
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Raw File Format
HEIGHT The number of pixels in the vertical (y) direction. Must be an integer greater than
zero. Required; no default value.
NUM_LAYERS The number of layers (channels, bands) in the image. Must be an integer
greater than zero. Optional; default value is 1.
FORMAT The type of interleaving used in the file. Must be one of the following strings:
“BIL” (Band Interleaved By Line), “BIP” (Band Interleaved By Pixel), “BSQ” (Band Sequential),
or “TILED” (Tiled or blocked image). Tiled data is presumed to be band sequential within each
tile. If the width and/or height of the file is not an even multiple of the tile size, the tiles must
be padded with zeros so that all tiles are the same size. The tiles themselves are arranged
left to right, top to bottom. For single-layer images, BIL, BIP and BSQ are the same. Optional;
default value is “BIL”.
DATA_TYPE The data type used by the image. Must be one of the following strings: “Up”,
“U2”, “U4”, “U8”, “Ul6”, “Sl6”, “U32”, “S32”, “F32”, “F64”. Optional; default value is “U8”.
LAYER_TYPE The layer type used by the image. Must be either “ATHEMATIC” or
“THEMATIC”. Optional; default value is “ATHEMATIC”.
BYTE_ORDER For data types of sixteen bits or larger, the ordering of the high and low
bytes must be either “MSB” (most-significant-byte first, or Motorola ordering), or “LSB” (least-
significant-byte first, or Intel ordering). Required for DATA_TYPE values of U16, S16, U32,
S32, F32, and F64; ignored otherwise.
PIXEL_FILES The name of the file(s) in which the pixel data reside. For BIL, BIP and
Tiled formats, all of the pixel data must reside in the same file. For BSQ formats, each band
may reside in a separate file. Optional; defaults to the name of the raw file without the .raw
extension. If the file does not contain a path part, the same path part as the raw file will be
assumed. Relative path definitions are allowed.
DATA_OFFSET The number of bytes to be skipped at the beginning of a pixel file. Must
be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.
LAYER_SKIP_BYTES BSQ format only: the number of bytes to skip between image
layers. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.
25
Raw File Format
TILE_WIDTH Tiled format only: the number of pixels in the horizontal (x) direction per tile.
Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. and less than or equal to the image width.
Optional; defaults to the minimum of 128 and the image width.
TILE_HEIGHT Tiled format only: the number of pixels in the vertical (y) direction per tile.
Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. and less than or equal to the image width.
Optional; defaults to the minimum of 128 and the image height.
END_RAW_FILE Indicates the end of the raw file information. Useful if the raw file
information is embedded within a larger file (perhaps the image file itself), it signals the DLL
to stop scanning for further keywords. No associated values. Optional; if not present the DLL
will scan to the end of the file.
Examples
Example 1: a 1201 x 1201-pixel DEM (Digital Elevation Model) file containing only pixel data,
stored in the file “atlanta-e.dem” in the same directory as the raw file. The byte order is Motorola.
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
WIDTH 1201
HEIGHT 1201
DATA_TYPE U16
PIXEL_FILES atlanta-e.dem
BYTE_ORDER MSB
Example 2: a 3-band image in BSQ format. All the data is in the file “/usr/people/Igscene.rgb”.
The file is 1000 pixels wide and 1500 pixels high. There is a 622-byte header at the start of the
file. Each band contains a 2000 byte header and an 1000 byte trailer.
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
WIDTH 1000 HEIGHT 1500
NUM_LAYERS 3
FORMAT BSQ
PIXEL_FILES /usr/people/Igscene.rgb
DATA_OFFSET 2622
LAYER_SKIP_BYTES 3000
Example 3: a 4-band image in BSQ format. Each layer is in a separate file, named “bandl.dat”,
“band2.dat”, “band3.dat”, and “band4.dat”. The image is 6000 bytes wide and 4000 bytes high.
Each line of data contains 128 bytes of non-image data at the beginning and 32 bytes of non-
image data at the end.
26
Raw File Format
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
NUM_LAYERS 4
WIDTH 6000
HEIGHT 4000
FORMAT BSQ
PIXEL_FILES bandl.dat band2.dat band3.dat band4.dat
DATA_OFFSET 128
RECORD_BYTE_SKIP 160
Example 4: A thematic image, 1024 by 1024 pixels, tiled with tile size 64 by 64 pixels. The image
data is in the file “landcover.001”:
IMAGINE_RAW_FILE
WIDTH 1024
HEIGHT 1024
FORMAT TILED
TILE WIDTH 64
TILE HEIGHT 64
LAYER_TYPE THEMATIC
PIXEL_FILES landcover.001
27
File Selector
File Selector
This dialog is used throughout IMAGINE to provide uniform access to the file system. The actual
title in the dialog frame varies depending upon the application.
Under UNIX, the Files and Permissions tabs are common to all instances but there may be
additional tabs provided by the application. In these cases, there is an additional Help button on
the tab to explain its use in that application.
In general, this dialog is opened when you click on the icon in any toolbar or palette.
Windows
File This tab provides access to the directory structures and files.
Look in: The current or default directory is displayed. Click the popup list button to
change drives. Click the Up Folder icon to go up one level in the directory structure.
File name: Enter the name of the file, or select it from the scrolling list above.
Files of Type: Click the popup list button and select the file type to display in the file
selector window. Files of Type is the label given to the popup list that is available on all
File Chooser dialogs.
OK Click this button to use the selected file and close the dialog.
Recent... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed files. The List of Recent
Files dialog is opened.
Goto... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed directories. The Select A
Directory dialog is opened.
Cancel Click this button to cancel the selection and close the dialog.
28
File Selector
This icon occupies the space that is used for the image preview chip if no chip
exists for the selected file or if you have disabled the preview function. The preview chip
provides a miniature version of the selected file before the file is opened. You may elect to
disable the preview function by setting a preference in the User Interface & Session
category of the Preference Editor.
UNIX
Files This tab provides access to the directory structures and files.
Filename: Enter or select the name of the file.
Directory: The current or default directory is displayed. You can enter a new directory
path in the Filename: field.
File Type: Click the popup list button and select the file type to display in the file selector
window.
Permissions This tab provides easy access to file ownership and permissions. Under
some conditions, this tab is not displayed.
Permissions If you are the owner of a file, you can change the file permissions for
yourself (Owner), your Group (those who have the same GID), and all Others. There are
three basic modes of permission in each of these classes.
Read The file may be opened for viewing only. No changes can be made to the file.
Write The file may be opened for editing. Changes made to the image may be saved
to the file.
Execute This permission is for executable files such as shell scripts and programs.
OK Click this button to use the selected file and close the dialog.
Recent... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed files. The List of Recent
Files dialog is opened.
29
File Selector
Goto... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed directories. The Select A
Directory dialog is opened.
Rename... Click this button to change the name of a file for which you have write
permission. You are presented with a dialog in which to enter the new name.
Delete... Click this button to delete the currently selected file. You are queried before the
file is deleted.
CDROM... Click this button to mount a new CD-ROM. The Mount/Unmount CD-ROM
dialog is opened.
Cancel Click this button to cancel the selection and close the dialog.
This icon occupies the space that is used for the image preview chip if no chip
exists for the selected file or if you have disabled the preview function. The preview chip
provides a miniature version of the selected file before the file is opened. You may elect to
disable the preview function by setting a preference in the User Interface & Session
category of the Preference Editor.
30
Files of Type
Files of Type
Files of Type is the label given to the popup list that is available on all File Chooser dialogs. This
popup list contains a list of file types from which you can choose.
ERDAS IMAGINE can read images produced by versions 1.2, 1.3, and 2.0 of the MrSID
Compressor. For more information on MrSID or LizardTech, visit their web site at http://
www.lizardtech.com
RAW is a data file without any header information. The Raw DLL supports files which are not
otherwise supported by a Raster DLL, but which are formatted in such a way that the
arrangement of the data may be described by a relatively small number of parameters.
31
File Open Dialog
File Name Enter the name of the file in the text field.
32
List of Recent Files
Recent Files... Click on one of the recently used files in this list and click the OK button
to display the file in the Files tab.
OK Click this button to pass this file to the FIle Selector for viewing the permissions and
preview chip if one exists. The file is not opened until the OK button on the File Selector is
clicked.
Cancel Click this button to cancel file selection and close the dialog.
33
Select A Directory
Select A Directory
This dialog presents a list of recently accessed directories from which you may select the current
directory. This dialog is opened when you click on the Goto... button in the File Selector dialog.
Enter New Directory... Enter the directory name or path or select one from the list
below.
Recent Directories... Click on one of the recently used directories in this list and click
the OK button to display the file list in the Files tab.
OK Click this button to display the file list for the selected directory. Files are listed in the
Files tab.
Cancel Click this button to cancel directory selection and close the dialog.
34
Mount/Unmount CD-ROM
Mount/Unmount CD-ROM
UNIX Only
This dialog enables you to mount and unmount a CD-ROM. Normally CD-ROMs are
automatically mounted and unmounted in the data loading program, but in special cases, you
may have to use this utility to mount and unmount the CD-ROM. This is often the case when you
are loading data that are not normally on CD.
This dialog is opened when you select Utilities | Mount/Unmount CD-ROM... from the main
ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel menu bar. It is also opened when you click on the CD-ROM...
button in the File Selector dialog.
➲ For step-by-step instructions on loading many types of data, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour
Guides.
35
CellArrays
CellArrays
A CellArray is a group of “cells” which contains information, similar to a table. It is like a scrolling
list that displays information organized in rows (records) and columns (fields). CellArrays can
scroll in two directions if necessary. Scrollbars will appear at the side or the bottom of the
CellArray, or both, if there are rows or columns not showing.
Some CellArrays are read-only, and simply is opened data. Others have editable cells that you
can treat like text fields or number fields. A CellArray can have both editable and read-only
cells.
☞ Depending on the application, a CellArray may provide any combination of the following
features.
♦ To select one row, click in the first column of the row, or in any uneditable column. The row will
be highlighted.
36
CellArrays
♦ To select a range of rows, click in the first column of the first row in the range,
then middle-click
in the first column of the last row in the range. Or, hold and drag across the range. All rows
in the range will be highlighted.
♦ To select multiple rows that are not in a range, shift-click in the first column of each row that you
want to select.
For more row selection options, right-hold in the first column of the CellArray for the Row
Selection popup menu.
Selecting Columns
♦ When multiple columns are selected and you want to deselect all but one column, click in the
column header that you want to remain selected.
♦ To select multiple columns that are not in a range, shift-click in the first column of each row that
you want to select.
Each column is opened with an initial default size. This size can be changed to allow you to see
more or less of the information in the column.
To change the size of a column, place the cursor over the column separator in the header
cell.The cursor will change from a simple pointer to a right-left arrow pair. You can now hold and
drag the mouse to change the size of the column.
Column Options
For more options for working with columns, right-hold in the header row of any column except
the first column. The Column Options popup menu displays. This menu lets you:
37
CellArrays
♦ Select a standard format or create a customized format for numerical values in the CellArray
(See Number Formats)
38
Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray
39
Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray
Variable Description
asin(<exp>) Returns the arcsine of the argument. The
result is in radians.
acos(<exp>) Returns the arccosine of the argument. The
result is in radians.
atan(<exp>) Returns the arctangent of the argument. The
result is in radians.
ln(<exp>) Returns the natural logarithm of the argument.
log(<exp>) Returns the common logarithm of the
argument.
sqrt(<exp>) Returns the square root of the argument.
dd(<exp>,<exp>,<exp>) Treats the three expressions as degrees,
minutes, and seconds, respectively and
converts them to decimal degrees.
<exp> unitname Multiplies the expression by the conversion
factor for the given unitname. For example “3
feet” will multiply 3 by the number of feet per
meter.
<exp> unitname unitname Multiplies the expression by the conversion
<exp> unitname TO unitname factor needed to convert from the first
CONVERT(<exp>,unitname,unitna unitname to the second unitname. For
me) example “3 feet inches” will multiply 3 by 12.
☞ In all of the forms above that deal with units, the unit names come from the file
<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/units.dat. This file defines a series of categories (distance,
area, weight) and within each category a variety of units are defined. For each category a
default unit is defined which has a conversion factor of 1.0.
For example, the default unit in distance is the meter, so all of the other distance units are
given in meters. Units and categories may be added to this file. If the environment variable
ERDAS_ETC_PATH is defined, then the file units.dat will be found using that path. The
default value of the path is
./:/<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/. This means that you can put a modified units.dat file in
the current directory instead of modifying the file in <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc.
40
Number Formats
Number Formats
Select Formats from the Column Options and the Number Format dialog is opened. This
dialog lets you select the way numeric values are displayed in the CellArray. The Standard
Formats contains a list of commonly used formats.
You may also create a customized number format in the Custom Format: area. The custom
format is a character string which uses variables to control the way the numbers are presented.
The custom format string may consist of up to three fields of formatting information separated by
semicolons. The default conditions for each field are:
♦ If only the first field is given, then it is used for all numbers.
♦ If the first and second fields are given, then the first is used for positive numbers and the
second is used for zero and negative numbers.
♦ If all three fields are given, then the first is for positive numbers, the second is for negative,
and the third is for zero.
Each field may also specify a condition of the form [<te><value>]. Here <te> is one of
<,>,=,<>,>=,<= and <value> is any number.
#,##0;(#,##0);0
41
Number Formats
Variable Description
0 The general place holder for a digit. It is used to indicate the
number of decimal places to be displayed if used on the right of a
decimal point, and the number of leading zeros to be printed to the
left of the decimal point.
# The same as 0 except that nothing is printed if the position would
contain a leading or a trailing zero.
? The same as 0 except that it prints a space for leading and trailing
zeros.
. Indicates where the decimal point is to be included.
, If this occurs between the digit place holders (0,#,?), then it
indicates that thousands should be separated by commas.
E+,E-,e+,e- Use scientific notation. E causes an uppercase E to be used and e
causes a lowercase e to be used. E+ and e+ force the sign to be
printed. E- and e- print the sign only if it is negative.
% Indicates that the number is to be scaled by one hundred and then
displayed with a percent sign (%).
$,/, ,-,+,(,),: Includes each of these characters as is in the output.
\ Includes the following character as is with no interpretation in the
output.
“...” Includes the characters between the quotes as is with no
interpretation in the output.
d Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the month (1-31) without leading zeros.
dd Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the month (01-31) with leading zeros.
ddd Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the week as (Sun, Mon, Tue, etc.).
dddd Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of
the week as (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.)
m Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as a number (1-12) without leading zeros.
mm Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as a number (01-12) with leading zeros.
42
Number Formats
Variable Description
mmm Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as (Jan, Feb, Mar...).
mmmm Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the
month as (January, February, March, etc.).
yy Interpret the number as a time and extract the year. Print the year
as a two digit number (00-99) which is the number of years since
1900.
yyyy Interpret the number as a time and extract the year. Print the year
as a four digit number (1992).
h Interpret the number as a time or an angle and extract the hour.
Print the hour of the day without leading zeros as 00-23 if 24-hour
time is used, or as 1-12 if twelve hour time is used.
hh Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the hour. Print
the hour of the day with leading zeros as 00-23 if 24-hour time is
used, or as 1-12 if twelve hour time is used.
m Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the minute.
Print the minute as 0-59 without leading zeros. (m is interpreted as
minute instead of month if it follows h or hh.)
mm Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the minute.
Print the minute as 0-59 with leading zeros. (mm is interpreted as
minute instead of month if it follows h or hh.)
s Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the second.
Print the second as 0-59 without leading zeros.
ss Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the second.
Print the second as 0-59 with leading zeros.
A/P,a/p Use 12-hour time and indicate the 12-hour period with A or a for
AM and P or p for PM.
AM/PM,am/pm Use 12-hour time and indicate the 12-hour period with AM or am
for AM and PM or pm for PM.
dg Interpret the number as decimal degrees. Extract and print the
degrees without leading zeros. This may be followed with
(m,mm,s,ss).
deg Interpret the number as decimal degrees. Extract and print the
degrees with leading zeros. This may be followed with
(m,mm,s,ss).
43
Number Formats
Variable Description
N/S,n/s If the number is positive print N or n and if the number is negative
(south of the equator) print S or s. When this is used the sign on
the degrees is always positive.
E/W,e/w If the number is positive (east) print E or e and if the number is
negative (west) print W or w. When this is used the sign on the
degrees is always positive.
[Black] Indicate the color code to be used for the output text.
[Red]
[Blue]
[Magenta]
[White]
[Green]
[Cyan]
[Yellow]
[=value] Use this field if the number is equal to the given value.
[>value] Use this field if the number is greater than the given value.
[<value] Use this field if the number is less than the given value.
[>=value] Use this field if the number is greater than or equal to the given
value.
[<=value] Use this field if the number if less than or equal to the given value.
[<>value] Use this field if the number is not equal to the given value.
Numbers which are interpreted as times (of day) are assumed to be encoded as the number of
seconds which have elapsed since Jan-1-1970, 12:00:00 AM GMT.
44
Column Options
Column Options
This right button menu gives you a list of options that can be applied to the columns in a
CellArray. To reach this menu, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first
column.
☞ Depending upon the application you are using, you may not have access to all of these
options.
Select All All columns are selected. Selected columns are highlighted in cyan.
Invert Selection Any columns that are currently unselected will be selected, and any
selected columns will become unselected.
Edit Title When this option is active, it allows you to edit the existing title or enter a new
title for the column.Type in the change and press Return.
Currently, this option is active in the legend tool in Map Composer and the Table tool in the
Model Maker.
Copy This option lets you copy data from the CellArray. Select the rows or columns to
be copied. If no rows or columns are selected when you click on Copy, then the entire
CellArray will be copied.
The data are stored into a buffer until something else is saved with the Copy command. The
copied data can be pasted into another application.
Paste This option lets you retrieve data that were copied with the Copy command. The
data from the copy buffer are copied into the selected rows of the selected columns. If there
are more rows in the copy buffer than there are in the CellArray, then the data will either be
discarded or pasted into new rows (if the application allows for new rows).
Format... This option allows you to choose the format to use for displaying numeric values
in the CellArray. The Format dialog is opened.
Report... Using this option you can generate a report from the data in the CellArray. The
Report Format Definition dialog is opened.
Import... This option allows you to import ASCII data into your CellArray. The Import
Column Data dialog is opened.
45
Column Options
Export... This option allows you to export column data to an ASCII file for use in other
applications. The Export Column Data dialog is opened.
Delete... This option is used to delete the selected columns if the application allows it. The
Column Delete Warning dialog is opened.
Add... This option is used to add new columns to the CellArray if the application allows it.
The Add New Column dialog is opened.
Formula... This option lets you create a formula which can be applied to selected rows or
columns. The Formula dialog is opened.
Color... This option allows you to change the color used for a class. The Color Chooser
dialog is opened.
46
Number Format
Number Format
This dialog enables you to choose the format for displaying numeric values in the CellArray. To
open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of the column for which you want to set the number
format, and select Format... from the Column Options that display.
➲ For more information on format descriptions and variables, see Number Formats.
Categories: Select a category of standard formats. Choose from the General, Time,
Money, or Coordinates format, examples of which display in the Standard Format field.
Standard Formats: Select one of the prepared formats listed below or use the Custom
Format option.
When one of these prepared formats is selected, it is copied to the Custom Format field for
use as is or for modification.
Default Applies the default application formatting.
General If the number is a whole number, the result has no decimal places. If it is not a
whole number, the result will have as many decimal places as needed. If the number
exceeds 12 digits then scientific notation is used.
0
0.00
#,##0
#,##0.00
$#,##0;($#,##0)
$#,##0.00;[Red]($#,##0.00)
0%
0.00%
0.00E+00
m/d/yy
d-mmmm-yy
dg mm ss N/S
dg mm ss E/W
hh:mm:ss
Custom Format: This option lets you create a customized number format by entering a
string of number format variables.
Apply Click to apply the selected number format. This format will be applied to all of the
selected numeric columns in CellArray.
47
Number Format
48
Report Format Definition
If a CellArray contains more columns than will fit across a report page, then each page is divided
into panels. The report pages are numbered by page and panel.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first column, and select
Report... from the Column Options which appear.
Title: Enter a title to print at the top center of the first page of the report.
Header: Enter the header text to print at the top center of each page of the report, except
for the first page.
Footer: Enter the footer text to print at the bottom center of every page. It will be followed
by the page number and the panel number.
Page Size: This group lets you enter the size of the report page in number of characters.
Width: Enter the width of the page in characters.
Margins: This group lets you enter the amount of space to be left around the edges of the
report.
Width: Enter the width of the margin in characters. This insures that this much space
will be left blank on the left and right hand sides of the page.
Height: Enter the height of the margin in characters. This insures that this much space
will be left blank on top and bottom of the page.
Statistics: This group lets you select the type of statistics to be included at the end of the
report. These statistics are generated when you select Compute Stats from the Column
Options.
Total Click to report the arithmetic sum of the values in the column.
49
Report Format Definition
Standard Deviation Click to report the standard deviation of the values in the column.
OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog.
The report will be written to a temporary file which is then displayed in the IMAGINE Editor
for review. To save the report use the Save As option in the Editor menu bar. To print the
report use the Print option in the Editor menu bar.
50
Import Column Data
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table and select Import...
from the Column Options popup.
Import From... Use this filename part to specify the name of the file to import. There is
no default file extension assumed.
OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog.
View... Click to view the selected file before importing. The ASCII file is opened in the
IMAGINE Text Editor.
Options... The Import Column Options dialog opens. This dialog enables you to define
the separator character, terminator character, rows to skip, comment character, and column
order of the import data.
51
Import Column Options
To open this dialog, select Options... from the Import Column Data dialog.
Separator Character: Click the popup list button and choose the character that
separates the columns in the import data. The default is Tab.
WhiteSpace The WhiteSpace entry means that any number of sequential spaces and
tabs are used as the separator. This is used if the file was formatted into columns by using
spaces.
☞ Do not use the WhiteSpace option when two consecutive spaces or tabs have been used to
delimit an empty field.
Row Terminator Character: Click the popup list button and choose the character that
indicates the end of a row in the import data. This is based on the system on which the import
file was created.
NewLine (Unix) Select this option if the import file was created on a UNIX system.
Return NewLine (DOS) Select this option if the import file was created on a DOS
system.
Return (MacOS) Select this option if the import file was created on a Macintosh system.
Number of Rows To Skip: Enter the number of rows to skip in the input file. For
example, if the import data contain some sort of header lines at the top of the file, you could
tell IMAGINE to skip those rows when importing. The default value is 0.
52
Import Column Options
(table) You may edit this table to control the order in which the columns are imported.
Column lists the columns in your CellArray which will receive data. These entries cannot
be changed.
Field indicates the field number of the imported data to be placed into this column. The
first column in the import file is Field 1. By clicking in this column you may change the
order in which the input columns are imported.
OK Click to accept the options selected and close this dialog. The data is not imported until
you click OK in the Import Column Data dialog.
53
Export Column Data
To use this option, right-hold in the header row of any column of the CellArray, and select
Column Options | Export...
Export To... Use this file name part to specify the output file name. The .dat extension is
added automatically.
OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog.
54
Export Column Options
To open this dialog, select Options... from the Export Column Data dialog.
Separator Character: Click the popup list button and choose a character to separate
the columns in the exported text. The default is Tab.
Terminator Character: Click the popup list button and choose a character to indicate
the end of each row (based on the system to which the data are being exported).
NewLine (Unix) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a UNIX computer.
Rows are terminated with a newline.
Return+LineFeed (DOS) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a DOS
computer. Rows are terminated with a return and line feed.
Return (MacOS) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a Macintosh
computer. Rows are terminated with a return.
Number of Rows To Skip: Enter the number of rows to leave blank at the top of the
output file. The default is zero.
(table) Use this table to control the order in which the columns are exported.Right-hold on
any column heading for the Column Options popup.
Field lists the columns in the output file. There will be a field for each column that was
selected when the Export option was chosen. If no columns were selected when the
Export option was chosen, all columns are exported.
Column lists the columns in your CellArray which are to be exported. To rearrange the
order in which the data are written to the output file, select the name under Column, type
in the desired column name, and press Return. Only valid column names will be accepted.
55
Export Column Options
OK Click to accept the options selected and close this dialog. The data is not exported until
you click OK in the Export Column Data dialog.
56
Column Delete Warning
This dialog opens when you right-hold Column Options | Delete... with your cursor in a column
header.
Deleting this column cannot be undone! This message warns you that once the
column is deleted it cannot be retrieved.
Delete Click to delete the selected column and close this dialog.
57
Add New Column
Column Type: Click the popup list button to specify the data type for the new column.
Select one of the data types below.
Text
Number
Boolean
Exclusive
Cancel Click to close this dialog without adding a new column to the CellArray.
58
Formula
Formula
This dialog enables you to create a formula that can be applied to selected rows or columns in a
CellArray. You can either type the formula directly into the Formula text field or construct it from
the other tools in this dialog.
Most of the functions apply only to numeric values. However, the + function from the numeric
keypad may be used to join two character strings and the format () function may be used to
convert a number into a string. The format () function has two forms.
♦ The first form (with one argument) simply converts a number to a character string using the
General format.
♦ The version of format () with two arguments converts the number (the second argument) to
a string using the Format specified by the first argument. The formats may be chosen from
the Formats list. These are the same as the Format menu option.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table, and select Formula...
from the Column Options menu.
Columns: Lists the columns which may be used in the formula. These names are used
to build the expression.
Functions: This list contains the functions which may be used in building an expression.
row Returns the row number.
59
Formula
Formats: Select one of the standard formats from the scrolling list or create a custom
format for the <format> argument of the format(<format>,<a>) function. See Number
Formats for more information about custom formats.
General
0
0.00
#,##0
#,##0.00
0%
0.00%
0.00E+00
m/d/yy
d-mmmm-yy
dg mm ss N/S
dg mm ss E/W
hh:mm:ss
(Numeric Keypad) The number pad works like a calculator, to let you enter numerical
values into the query. The - and . keys are for negative and decimal, respectively.
60
Formula
+ This function is used to add two numbers or to join two character strings to create a
new one.
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
[ ] Use the brackets to specify a value from another row. Use the row number to specify
a particular row, or an expression to indicate previous or following rows. For example [-1]
indicates the previous row. [+1] indicates the next row.
Formula: Enter the character string defining the formula in this text field, either manually
or by using the tools in this dialog.
Apply Left-click to apply the formula to the selected rows of the selected columns.
61
Statistics
Statistics
This dialog reports the statistics for the selected rows of the selected columns of a CellArray. If
no rows are selected, statistics are calculated on all rows.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table, and select Compute
Stats... from the Column Options menu.
(Statistics CellArray) The statistics for the selected rows of the selected columns are
reported in a CellArray. If the data in a column is non-numeric, the statistical value is reported
as “N/A”. The automatically computed statistics are:
62
Row Selection
Row Selection
This menu is opened when you right-hold in the first column of a CellArray, in any row except
the header row. (This feature is inactive on some CellArrays.)
Depending on the application, any of these menu options may be inactive and is opened shaded.
Select All All rows are selected. Selected rows are highlighted in yellow.
Invert Selection Any rows that are currently unselected will be selected, and any
selected rows will become unselected.
Delete Selection The currently selected row(s) will be deleted from the CellArray if the
application allows it.
Insert Row Inserts a new row into the CellArray. You must have a row selected before this
option is enabled. This option is disabled for most applications, but is available in the Polygon/
Polyline Properties dialog so that you can more easily add vertices to polygons and polylines.
Criteria... The Selection Criteria dialog is opened, allowing you to use a query language
to select rows logically.
Sort... The Sort Rows dialog is opened, allowing you to sort (reorder) the rows of a
CellArray according to the values of one of the columns.
Goto... The Row Position dialog is opened, allowing you to move to a particular row
quickly.
➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.
63
Selection Criteria
Selection Criteria
In any CellArray, you can bring up the Selection Criteria dialog to use a “query language” to
select or search for entries.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Criteria... from the Row
Selection menu.
As you make selections from the scrolling lists in this dialog, you build a selection query in the
Criteria: text field. In addition to building this query with selections, you can also edit this query
as text.
Columns: This is a list of the columns in the CellArray that can be used for criteria
selection.
even(<a>) Selects all entries with even values in the column <a>. If the modulus of <a>
and two is zero then it is considered even. This function should be applied only to whole
numbers.
odd(<a>) Selects all entries with odd values in the column <a>. This is defined as the
inverse of even(). This function should be applied only to whole numbers.
max(<a>,<b>) This function returns the maximum of the two arguments.
row() This function returns the current row number, starting with zero (0) for the first row.
This function takes no arguments.
sin(<a>) Returns the sine of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.
cos(<a>) Returns the cosine of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.
tan(<a>) Returns the tangent of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.
64
Selection Criteria
convert (<a>,<from>,<to>)
Converts the first argument from one set of units to another. For example, convert
(1.0,feet,meters) converts 1 foot to the appropriate number of meters.
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to
contains This function checks to see if the right-hand value is a string which is
contained in the left-hand value. This comparison is valid only for strings.
(Numeric Keypad) The number pad works like a calculator, to let you enter numeric
values into the query. The - and . keys are for negative and decimal, respectively.
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
65
Selection Criteria
/ Division
( ) Use the parentheses to group logical expressions to show precedence, or with some
of the Operators: as shown in the syntax examples above.
[ ] Use the brackets to specify a value from another row. Use the row number to specify
a particular row, or an expression to indicate previous or following rows. For example [-1]
indicates the previous row. [+1] indicates the next row.
and Use and to combine two logical expressions. Both expressions must be true for the
combined expression to be true.
or Use or to combine two logical expressions. If either expression is true, the combined
expression is true.
Select Click to select entries in the CellArray based on the query currently displayed in the
Criteria: field. The appropriate entries in the CellArray and in the viewer are highlighted. The
dialog will remain open.
Subset Click to select from the currently selected entries in the CellArray. Selected entries
are tested against the Criteria. All rows which fail the test are removed from the selection.
Add Click to check every unselected row against the criteria. If the criteria are true for the
row then the row is added to the selection.
Remove Click to remove any rows from the current selection which do not meet the
specified criteria.
Clear Click to clear the contents of the Criteria: field. This dialog will remain open.
66
Sort Rows
Sort Rows
This dialog enables you to sort (reorder) the rows of a CellArray according to the values of one
of the columns. All rows will be sorted, regardless of which rows are selected. After sorting a
CellArray, you can revert to the original order by selecting a Sort Order of None.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Sort... from the Row
Selection menu.
Column To Sort By: Select the column on which to base the sort. All columns of the
CellArray are listed.
Descending The rows are sorted in descending order: numeric values will go from
greatest to least, character data is in reverse alphabetical order.
None The rows are unsorted. This option is used to revert the CellArray back to its
original order after sorting.
67
Row Position
Row Position
This dialog enables you to move to a particular row quickly.
To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Goto... from the Row
Selection menu.
Goto Row Type: Specify whether you want the goto to work on all rows in the CellArray
or just the selected rows.
Row: Enter the row number to goto. Click the Goto button to actually go to that row.
First Click to goto the first row in the CellArray or the first selected row.
Prev Click to goto the previous row in the CellArray or to the previous selected row.
Goto Click to goto the row number specified in the Row field.
Next Click to goto the next row in the CellArray or the next selected row.
Last Click to goto the last row in the CellArray or to the last selected row.
68
Colorwheel
Colorwheel
A colorwheel is an advanced framepart that lets you select a color from a wheel-shaped palette.
hue
saturation
Use this slider bar to control intensity. Use this slider bar to
control opacity where
applicable.
69
Colorwheel
hue
saturation
70
Colorwheel
♦ Hold the black dot, drag it to a new color and release it.
♦ Use the slider bars to control individual components.
♦ Use number fields to enter exact values of components.
♦ Select a color by name from a library.
The selected color is opened in the rectangle below the colorwheel. When you are satisfied with
the selected color, click Apply to change the current color button.
IHS Color
The colorwheel represents a color’s intensity, hue, and saturation (IHS).
71
Colorwheel
You can select from millions of colors with the colorwheel. Although the wheel itself appears to
be made up of relatively few wedges and arcs of color, each area on the wheel represents many
colors.
♦ Intensity (brightness) is expressed with the slider at the right side of the wheel. The higher
the slider, the greater the intensity. Intensity values range from 0.0 to 1.0.
♦ Hue is expressed in degrees around the colorwheel, from 0 (blue) to 360. Drag the dot around
on the colorwheel to control hue.
♦ Saturation is represented by the distance of the dot from the center of the colorwheel. Drag
the dot outward to add more hue to the color, or inward to make the color more gray.
72
Colorwheel
cyan
green (240)
(300)
73
Colorwheel
RGB Colors
Each colorwheel has a set of meter numbers to let you select a color in terms of RGB values
(red, green, blue). As you move the sliders on these meter numbers, the corresponding intensity,
hue, and saturation are represented on the colorwheel.
Green
(0,1,0)
yellow
(1,1,0)
Blue
(0,0,1)
magenta
(1,0,1)
The diagonal line
from (0,0,0) to
(1,1,1) is the gray
scale. Setting all black
three coordinates to
the same value (0,0,0)
creates a shade of Red
gray. (1,0,0)
74
Colorwheel
The color range depends upon the slice method, the number of levels selected, and the hue
variation option selected as shown in the following illustration:
RGB
level slice
blue
Using the same start and end
colors, RGB slice works with
the color palette consisting of
Whichever method is colors along a straight path.
selected, the color palette
is then divided into N even
increments where N
depends upon the slice
type.
Maximal Hue Variation
75
Color Buttons
Color Buttons
Color buttons are used to allow you to select a color. Most notably, color buttons let you specify
colors for annotation styles.
A color button is a rectangle that is filled with a solid color. Usually, the default color of a color
button is black or white.
To change the color, click the color selector button for a popup list of colors. The popup list
displays all of the colors contained in the Menu category of Standard colors, plus an Other
option.
Selecting Other brings up the Color Chooser dialog. This dialog features a colorwheel and
other frameparts that will allow you to choose from an almost unlimited number of colors.
If multiple color buttons are showing in one or more dialogs while the Color Chooser dialog is
also showing, click on any color button to use the Color Chooser dialog on that color.
76
Opacity
Opacity
Opacity is a measure of how opaque, or solid, a color is displayed in a layer. Opacity is a
component of the color scheme of categorical data displayed in pseudo color or in the fill style
of annotation, AOI, and vector layers.
♦ 100% opacity means that a color is completely opaque. Underlying layers cannot be seen.
♦ 50% opacity lets some color show and lets some of the underlying layers show through. The
effect is like looking at the underlying layers through a colored fog.
77
Color Chooser
Color Chooser
The Color Chooser lets you select colors for a variety of purposes, including annotation line
styles and fill styles. This function also allows you to set the color and opacity of raster data to
construct a color scheme for categorical data.
You can use this function to set IHS or RGB values, control opacity, perform a level slice, or
apply a gray scale.
This dialog is opened when you select the Other... option from the color chooser menu of any
color button. The Color column of a CellArray is also a color button so with your cursor on a
color patch, hold and select Other.
Standard This tab lets you choose from a variety of pre-defined colors in various
categories.
RGB This tab is for selecting colors based on red, green, and blue content. The R, G,
and B meter numbers show the red, green, and blue values of the current color. If the Use
Color checkbox (below) is enabled, then you can slide these meters to change the current
color.
R Red Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0)
IHS This tab is for selecting colors based on intensity, hue, and saturation. The I, H, and
S meter numbers show the values of each of these components for the current color. If the
Use Color checkbox (below) is enabled, then you can slide these meters to change the
current color.
78
Color Chooser
O Enter the opacity as a number or by using the slider bar: 0.0 is transparent, 1.0 is
opaque. This option is disabled until you click the Use Opacity checkbox below. This
would be useful if you wanted to fill an AOI with a semi-transparent color to make it stand
out and not mask the image under it.
Use Color When this checkbox is enabled, you can modify the current color using the
RGB or IHS slider bars or the colorwheel.
Save... Click to save the current color to a specified name in a particular category. The
Save Category or Item dialog is opened.
Rename... Click to rename a saved color or category. The Rename Category or Item
dialog is opened.
Delete... Click to remove a saved color or category. The Delete Category or Item dialog
is opened.
( color patch ) This color patch displays the currently selected color. Click Apply to
assign this color to the application from which you started the Color Chooser.
79
Kernel Selection
Kernel Selection
This option enables you to select a kernel for filtering, or to edit or create a kernel. This dialog is
opened when you left-hold Raster | Filter Image from the Viewer menu bar.
Kernel Library: Use this file name part to select the filter kernel library to access. The
default file extension is .klb.
Kernel: The kernels in the selected library are listed. Click to kernel to use or edit.
Fill
Options:
Normalize the Kernel Turn this on to normalize the matrix (kernel).
Edit ... Click to edit the selected kernel. The Kernel Editor dialog is opened.
New ... Click to create a new kernel. The Kernel Editor dialog is opened.
80
Kernel Editor
Kernel Editor
This dialog allows you to edit an existing filter kernel or to create a new one. It opens when you
click the Edit button in the Set Filter dialog.
When creating a new filter kernel, you can use the X Size and Y Size parts to set the size and
shape of the matrix. In cases where the number of rows or columns is even, the center pixel is
defined as the shaded location in the following illustration:
Rows
Odd Even
Odd
Columns
Even
File This menu provides access to the Kernel Librarian and allows you to exit the Kernel
Editor.
Edit This menu provides many kernel editing operations that make creating and
customizing kernels easier.
Fill ... Select this option to specify kernel fill values for both circular and rectangular
kernels. The Fill dialog is opened.
Shift Select this option to shift all of the values in the kernel by one cell.
81
Kernel Editor
Horizontally The values in the kernel are flipped horizontally as illustrated in the
example below:
Original Kernel Flipped Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 4.000 1.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 6.000 3.000
Vertically The values in the kernel are flipped vertically as illustrated in the example
below:
Original Kernel Flipped Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 6.000 9.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 4.000 7.000
Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are flipped diagonally from the
upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below:
Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are flipped diagonally from the
lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below:
Original Kernel Flipped Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 2.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
82
Kernel Editor
180 The values in the kernel are rotated 180 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated
in the example below:
Original Kernel Rotated Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 3.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 2.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 1.000
270 The values in the kernel are rotated 270 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated
in the example below:
Original Kernel Rotated Kernel
1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 2.000 1.000
2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 4.000
3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 8.000 7.000
Reflect Copy Select this option to reflect and copy the values of the kernel.
Left to Right The values in the kernel are reflected left to right as illustrated in the
example below:
Right to Left The values in the kernel are reflected right to left as illustrated in the
example below:
83
Kernel Editor
Top to Bottom The values in the kernel are reflected top to bottom as illustrated in
the example below:
Bottom to Top The values in the kernel are reflected bottom to top as illustrated in
the example below:
Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below:
Upper-Right to Lower-Left The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the upper right corner to the lower left corner as illustrated in the example below:
Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below:
84
Kernel Editor
Lower-Right to Upper-Left The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from
the lower right corner to the upper left corner as illustrated in the example below:
Rotate Copy Select this option to rotate and copy the values in the kernel.
Left to Right The values in the kernel are rotated left to right as illustrated in the
example below:
Right to Left The values in the kernel are rotated right to left as illustrated in the
example below:
Top to Bottom The values in the kernel are rotated top to bottom as illustrated in the
example below:
85
Kernel Editor
Bottom to Top The values in the kernel are rotated bottom to top as illustrated in the
example below:
Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below:
Upper-Right to Lower-Left The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
upper right corner to the lower left corner as illustrated in the example below:
Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below:
Lower-Right to Upper-Left The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the
lower right corner to the upper left corner as illustrated in the example below:
86
Kernel Editor
The remaining icons displayed on the toolbar are a function of the currently selected matrix
operation. Click the popup list button and select one of the following matrix operations.
Shift
Click to shift contents one cell to the right. See example above.
Click to shift contents one cell to the left. See example above.
Flip
Click to flip contents upper left to lower right. See example above.
Click to flip contents lower left to upper right. See example above.
Rotate
87
Kernel Editor
Reflect Copy
Click to reflect copy of left half to right half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of right half to left half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of top half to bottom half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of bottom half to top half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of lower left half to upper right half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of upper right half to lower left half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of upper left half to lower right half. See example above.
Click to reflect copy of lower right half to upper left half. See example above.
Rotate Copy
Click to rotate copy of left half to right half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of right half to left half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of top half to bottom half. See example above.
88
Kernel Editor
Click to rotate copy of bottom half to top half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of lower left half to upper right half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of upper right half to lower left half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of upper left half to lower right half. See example above.
Click to rotate copy of lower right half to upper left half. See example above.
(CellArray) The kernel is displayed in a CellArray. You can use the options described in
this document or the regular CellArray tools to manipulate the data in the CellArray.
X Size: The number of columns in the kernel matrix is displayed in this number field. You
can change the size and shape of the matrix by changing this value.
Y Size: The number of rows in the kernel matrix is displayed in this number field. You can
change the size and shape of the matrix by changing this value.
Default: This is the value that is placed in the cells of the matrix when a shift operation
populates empty cells.
89
Fill
Fill
This dialog allows you to fill a circular or rectangular area of a kernel with a value. It is opened
when you left-hold Edit | Fill... from the Kernel Editor menu bar.
You can open the Kernel Editor dialog from Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhance | Convolution
| Edit.
Width: If you select a rectangular fill, enter the width of the rectangle here.
Height: If you select a rectangular fill, enter the height of the rectangle here.
Circle The fill shape will be circular. You can create doughnuts by putting a smaller circle
inside a larger one. First fill the circle of larger radius then fill the smaller one.
Fill radius: If you select a circular fill shape, enter the radius of the circle here.
Fill with: Enter the value to use to fill the specified area.
Apply Click to apply the fill to the kernel displayed in the Kernel Editor.
90
Kernel Librarian
Kernel Librarian
This dialog provides access to the Kernel Librarian where you can select kernels to edit or save
kernels to kernel libraries.
This dialog is opened when you left-hold File | Librarian in the Kernel Editor menu bar.
Library: Select the kernel library to use from this file name part. The default file extension
is .klb.
Kernel: The kernels in the selected library are listed. Select the kernel you want to create
or edit.
Desc: Enter a more detailed description of the kernel than the name.
New Click to create a new kernel that reflects the current Size and Default parameters set
in the Kernel Editor.
91
Digitizer Setup
Digitizer Setup
When you setup for a digitizing session with the Map Setup dialog, follow these steps.
1. Select the type of setup, either Rectangular (to a Cartesian coordinate system) or Lat/Lon
(to Latitude/Longitude coordinates).
2. If Lat/Lon is used, you must specify the map projection of the map on the digitizer. This
projection is used so that a 1st-order transformation can be calculated from the digitizer
coordinates to a Cartesian projection system, which can be converted to Lat/Lon.
3. Using the Digitize Points CellArray, enter the known map or Lat/Lon coordinates for three
points from the keyboard.
4. Using the “>” column in the CellArray, select a point to digitize with the tablet, and digitize that
point. You can click on any cell in the > column to change the current point to digitize.
5. If you want to use more than three points for your setup, be sure the > arrow is on the last
entry in the CellArray and digitize the point. The last row of the CellArray is always blank so
that you can add points.
6. Click Apply to save the setup to a file. A transformation is calculated from the digitizer
coordinates to the map system. This transformation will be applied to all other points that you
digitize.
When the Map Setup dialog is on the screen, all input from the tablet is directed into its
CellArray. To test the setup, click Apply and then close the Map Setup dialog. Once the Map
Setup dialog is gone, the transformation will be applied to all tablet input and will be shown in
the Status dialog.
7. To test the digitizer setup, digitize one or more additional points for which map or Lat/Lon
coordinates are known. Compare the known coordinates to the coordinates that appear in the
tablet Status dialog.
♦ change the coordinates in the CellArray. Simply edit those cells, and then click Apply again
to recalculate the setup transformation.
♦ change the digitized points. Click on the > column to move the arrow to the row that you want
to change, and re-digitize that point. Then click Apply again to recalculate the setup
transformation.
♦ refine the transformation by adding more points. Be sure that the > arrow is at the last row
(an empty row). Then digitize a new point on the digitizer. Enter known coordinates into the
new row and click Apply again to recalculate the setup transformation.
92
Digitizer Setup
8. When the setup is satisfactory, click Close to end the setup without saving it, or click Apply
and then Close to save it to a file before closing the dialog.
♦ <host name>.tablet.name — an ASCII file containing the type of tablet and the port assigned.
♦ <host name>.tablet.setup — contains the transformation coefficients that are saved when
you Click Apply in the Map Setup dialog.
♦ <host name>.tablet.prj — contains map projection parameters that are entered in the
Projection Chooser if a Lat/Lon setup was performed.
If these files are present when you start IMAGINE from <host name>, then IMAGINE reads these
files and defaults to these same setup parameters. You can change the setup for a machine by
using the Map Setup... button on the Tablet Status dialog.
☞ A digitizer setup file is valid only for one map while it remains in position on the digitizer. If the
map is changed or moved, the setup must be performed again.
93
Digitizing Tips
Digitizing Tips
When you are using the digitizing tablet to digitize into vector, annotation, or AOI layers (and also
in the Measurement tool and GCP Editor), the following information may be helpful.
♦ Before digitizing, bring up the layer’s tool palette from the Viewer menu bar (or use the
digitizing template included in your Important Information material).
♦ Select the tool you wish to use. These tools work exactly as they do for screen digitizing when
you are using the digitizing tablet. Use the lock feature to retain a tool.
♦ Press the 0 (zero) button on the digitizer keypad to start digitizing a line or a polygon and
press 0 to digitize points.
i When using a Calcomp Drawing Board III press the 1 button on the digitizer keypad to start
digitizing a line or a polygon and press 1 to digitize points.
94
Tablet Setup
Tablet Setup
This dialog allows you to select a digitizing tablet to use. It appears in several places throughout
ERDAS IMAGINE, such as in the AOI, Vector, and Annotation menus of the Viewer menu bar.
It is also used in the rectification process if you are going to select GCPs using a digitizing tablet.
Tablet: Click the popup list button and select the digitizing tablet that you will use from
among the supported models. This list varies among platforms.
Calcomp 9100
GTCO Series
Altek Tablets
Drawing Board
Format: Click the popup list button and select the output format which corresponds to your
digitizing tablet switch settings.
Port: Click the popup list button and select the port to which the tablet is connected.
Under UNIX, this could be /dev/ttya, /dev/ttyb, etc.
➲ For additional information about configuring digitizing tablets, see the ERDAS IMAGINE
Installation Guide.
95
Map Setup
Map Setup
The Map Setup dialog allows you to set up a digitizing tablet for a digitizing session. In the
process of using this dialog, you will create a setup file for this digitizer.
If a setup file exists for this CPU, then there may be a setup loaded by default. This setup is valid
only if you are using the same map and that map has not moved on the digitizer.
This dialog is opened when you click OK in the Tablet Setup dialog or when you click Map Setup
in the Tablet Status dialog. It also opens when you click the icon on the Annotation Tools
palette.
This is a flexible tool that allows you to enter coordinates in map units and in Lat/Lon in the same
session. If a map projection is specified, then reference coordinates are automatically converted
to Lat/Lon and vice versa.
Setup Options: Select the type of setup, according to the map coordinates you will use.
Rectangular Setup The known coordinates that will be used for the setup are in a
Cartesian (rectangular) map coordinate system.
If you switch to Lat/Lon Setup, then these coordinates are automatically transformed to
Lat/Lon.
If you switch to reference coordinates (Rectangular Setup), then these coordinates are
automatically switched to reference coordinates, provided that you have specified a map
projection below.
Digitize Points: Use this CellArray to enter at least three known map coordinates from
the keyboard. Then digitize those points on the digitizing tablet, using the “>” column to select
the point to digitize next.
Read the information on digitizer setup for more about using this table.
OK Click to calculate the transformation matrix that will convert the digitized coordinates
into map coordinates. The digitizer setup is saved to a file.
Projection... When you select this option, the Projection Chooser is opened. This dialog
allows you to select a map projection and appropriate projection parameters.
If you specify a map projection, then you can enter both reference coordinates and Lat/Lon
coordinates in the same session. Coordinates will automatically be transformed to the
coordinate system you are using.
96
Map Setup
Clear This button erases the current setup so that you can start over. You may want to use
this if you are deleting a setup from another session, or if your setup is not accurate enough
and you want to start over.
➲ For more information about configuring a digitizing tablet, see the ERDAS IMAGINE
Installation Guide.
97
Tablet Status
Tablet Status
The Tablet Status dialog is opened after you have selected a digitizing tablet, and stays on the
screen while you digitize. You can use it at any time to record a new tablet setup, reconfigure a
digitizer, set up the digitizing template, or to turn stream mode on or off.
From Tablet: The most recently digitized X and Y coordinates are shown.
X:
Y:
Map Setup... Click to set up your map for a digitizing session. The Map Setup dialog is
opened.
Template... Click to set up a digitizing template to use the digitizing tools directly from a
template attached to your digitizing tablet. The Tablet Template Setup dialog is opened.
Stream Mode Click to turn stream mode on and off. In stream mode, vertices are
generated automatically as the digitizer keypad is moved across the tablet.
Device Setup... Click to set up your tablet for a digitizing session. The Tablet Setup
dialog is opened.
98
Quick Setup
Quick Setup
This dialog enables you to quickly setup a digitizing tablet. It is opened when you click 3 Point
Setup in the Map Setup dialog.
This option can be used when the map you are using does not have grid lines, and you must use
points at the edge of the map. This setup is not as accurate as the regular setup.
Map Coordinate: Locate three reference points on the map, for which precise map
coordinates are known. Marking them lightly with a pencil makes them easier to locate when
you are ready to digitize.
X: The X reference point is normally a tick mark on the bottom border of the map.
Y: The Y reference points are normally tick marks on the left and right borders of the
map.
Feet
Digitize Points: Use this CellArray to enter at least three known map coordinates from
the keyboard. Then digitize those points on the digitizing tablet, using the “>” column to select
the point to digitize next.
Read the information on digitizer setup for more about using this table.
99
Tablet Template Setup
Simply tape the template to your tablet and follow the instructions in this dialog to make it
available to IMAGINE. Once you have performed this setup, you can use this template whenever
you digitize in IMAGINE as long as the template is not physically moved from its original position.
If the template is moved or resized, simply repeat this procedure.
This dialog is opened when you click Template in the Tablet Status dialog.
(instructions) Digitizing the upper left and lower right corners of the template as
instructed.
100
Projection Chooser
Projection Chooser
The Projection Chooser allows you to set the map projection information for geographic data.
This dialog opens in several contexts throughout ERDAS IMAGINE where geographic projection
information is needed.
Standard This tab provides access to those projections that have been previously defined
and saved in a library. Custom projections that have been saved also appear in this popup
list. See Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE.
Categories Select the projection category from this popup list. This is the name of a
library in which the projection is saved.
Projection Select the name of the projection from the scrolling list. The number in
parentheses is the State Plane Zone.
Custom This tab provides access to the projection parameters for creating a custom
projection. If you wish to add a custom projection to a library, enter a valid file name for storing
the category, and click the Save button. Once defined, this saved file will appear in the
Standard popup list.
Projection Type: Select the projection type from this popup list. Depending upon the
selected projection type, one or more additional options are displayed for setting
projection parameters.
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
101
Projection Chooser
➲ See the On-Line Help about Spheroids and Datums for a complete list of the spheroids and
datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE, and a geographical list to help you determine the
correct datum for your area.
➲ See the Cartography chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide for information about specific
projections and projection parameters.
102
Spheroids and Datums
A geodetic datum is a smooth mathematical surface that closely fits the mean sea-level surface
throughout the area of interest. It is defined by a spheroid and the position and orientation
relationship of the spheroid to a reference mathematical model of the earth. The georeferenced
coordinates are unique only if qualified by a datum. If you go across two different datums during
georeferencing without considering the coordinate shift between them, the potential error can be
up to hundreds of meters.
There are three kinds of datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE. One is defined by seven
parameters referred to the reference ellipsoid WGS 84. The seven parameters are x-y-z
translations, omega-phi-kappa rotations, and scale variation. The Standard Molodensky
transformation and 7-parameter transformation are used for parametric datum shift.
The second kind of datum is defined by NADCON grids in which the coordinate shifts among
datum NAD 27, NAD 83, and HARN are calculated by bilinear interpolation.
The third one is defined by Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) based on DMA documents.
These datums can be identified by the labels ending with “(MRE)” in the tables that follow.
Most parametric datums applied to global areas are basically spheroids themselves without any
position shift and/or rotations relative to WGS 84. They are assumed to have same centers as
that of WGS 84. They are marked by asterisk (*) in the following tables. The main reason to use
the spheroid name as a global datum name is to make a smooth transition from older to newer
projection versions. Avoid using them when other appropriate local datums are available. Or
users can modify the ERDAS spheroid table by adding new datums if specific parameters are
known to the local geographic regions. See Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection
Categories in IMAGINE.
It is not recommended to use any datum if you are not sure what it is. Using wrong datum may
introduce significant geometric errors (up to a few hundreds of meters) when performing datum
shift calculation.
For more information about parametric datum shift, refer to the document DMA TR 8350.2. For
NADCON, please check with the National Geodetic Survey.
The following tables list the spheroids and datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE.
♦ Table 1 is arranged alphabetically by region so that you can easily see which datums apply
to a specific area of the world.
103
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
104
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
105
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
106
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Chile PSAD56
SAD69
SAD69 (Chile)
Northern, Near PSAD56 (North Chile)
19˚ S
107
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
108
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Global 165*
Airy*
Airy Modified 1849*
Australian National*
Bessel*
Bessel (Namibia)*
BTS87
Clarke 1858*
Clarke 1866*
Clarke 1880*
Clarke 1880 IGN*
Everest*
Everest 1956*
Everest 1969*
Everest (Maylasian & Singapore 1948)*
Everest (Pakistan)*
Everest (Sabah & Sarawak)*
Fischer 1960*
Fischer 1968*
GRS 1980*
Hayford*
Helmert*
Hough*
IAU 1965*
Indonesian 1974*
International 1909*
IUGG 1967*
Krasovsky*
Mercury 1960*
Modified Airy*
Modified Everest*
Modified Fischer 1960*
Modified Mercury 1968*
New International 1967*
South American 1969*
Southeast Asia*
Sphere*
Sphere of Nominal Radius of Earth*
Sphere of Radius 6370997m*
Walbeck*
WGS 60*
WGS 66
WGS 72 109
WGS 84
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
South Qornoq
Guam Guam 1963
Guadalcanal Island GUX 1 Astro
Guatemala NAD27 (West Central America)
Guinea Dabola
Guinea-Bissau Bissau
Guyana PSAD56
PSAD56 (Guyana)
SAD69
SAD69 (Guyana)
Honduras NAD27 (West Central America)
Hong Kong Hong Kong 1963
Hungary ETHZ Hungary
Iceland Hjorsey 1955
India Indian (India, Nepal)
Indonesia
110
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
111
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Morocco Merchich
Namibia Schwarzeck
Nepal Indian (India, Nepal)
Netherlands European 1950
European 1950 (West Europe)
European 1979
European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)
Nevis Fort Thomas 1955
New Georgia Islands DOS 1968
(Gizo Island)
112
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Niger Point 58
Nigeria Minna (Nigeria)
Norway European 1950
European 1950 (Finland, Norway)
European 1979
Okinawa Tokyo
Tokyo (Okinawa)
Oman (Misirah Nahrwan (Oman)
Islands) Oman
113
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
114
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Suriname Zanderij
Swaziland Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Swaziland)
Sweden European 1950
European 1979
Switzerland European 1950
European 1950 (West Europe)
European 1979
European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)
Syria European 1950 (Middle East)
Taiwan Hu-Tzu-Shan
Tanzania Arc 1960
Tasmania Australian Geodetic 1966
Australian Geodetic 1984
Tern Island Astro Tern Island (FRIG) 1961
Thailand Indian 1954
Indian 1975
Trinidad &Tobago Naparima BWI
SAD69
SAD69 (Trinidad & Tobago)
Tristan da Cunha Tristan Astro 1968
Tunisia Carthage
Turks Islands NAD27 (East Central America)
United Arab Emirates Nahrwan (United Arab Emirates)
United States, NAD27
Continental NAD83
NAD83 (DMA)
Continental, Mean NAD27 (CONUS)
NAD27 (CONUS) (MRE)
115
Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Alabama HARN
Alaska (including NAD27
Aleutian Islands) NAD27 (Alaska)
NAD83
NAD83 (DMA)
Colorado HARN
Delaware HARN
Florida Cape Canaveral
HARN
Hawaii NAD27
Old Hawaiian (Hawaii)
NAD83
Mean Old Hawaiian
Kauai Old Hawaiian
Old Hawaiian (Kauai)
Maui Old Hawaiian
Old Hawaiian (Maui)
Oahu Old Hawaiian
Old Hawaiian (Oahu)
Idaho HARN
Louisiana HARN
Maryland HARN
Montana HARN
Oregon HARN
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Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area
Tennessee HARN
Washington HARN
Wisconsin HARN
Uruguay Yacare
Venezuela PSAD56
PSAD56 (Venezuela)
SAD69
SAD69 (Venezuela)
Vietnam Indian 1954
Virgin Islands NAD27
Puerto Rico
NAD83
Wake Atoll Wake Island Astro 1952
Wales Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936
Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England, Wales)
Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Wales)
Zaire Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Zaire)
Zambia Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Zambia)
Zimbabwe Arc 1950
Arc 1950 (Zimbabwe)
117
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
118
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
119
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
120
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
121
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
122
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
123
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
124
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
125
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
126
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
127
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
128
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
129
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
130
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
131
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
132
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
133
Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid
134
Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
ERDAS IMAGINE comes with an extensive library of built-in projections, spheroids and datums.
Every effort is made to include as many projection systems as possible. Frequently ERDAS is
asked to add a new projection system to its library.
IMAGINE provides a mechanism for adding new spheroids and datums into the Projections
Chooser. IMAGINE allows you to save specific sets of parameters to the menu system for future
access.
Overview
Adding a new set of spheroids and/or datums is simple. The file <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/
spheroid.tab is read by the IMAGINE Projections Chooser to provide all the necessary
parameters for defining spheroids and datums. You can access this file by going to Tools/Edit
Text Files... from the main menu, and typing in the name of the file in the Text Editor dialog.
The following listing shows an example entry from this file for the spheroid “Australian National”.
”Australian National” {
15 6378160.0 6356774.719
“Australian National” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Anna 1 Astro 1965” -491 -22 435 0 0 0 0
“Australian Geodetic 1966” -133 -48 148 0 0 0 0
“Australian Geodetic 1966 (MRE)” regression
“Australian Geodetic 1984” -134 -48 149 0 0 0 0
“Australian Geodetic 1984 (MRE)” regression
}
“Australian National” is the name of the spheroid.The next line defines its sequential number in
the spheroid.tab file, the semi-major axis, and the semi-minor axis (in meters). The general
syntax is:
“Spheroid Name” {
Sequential Number Semi-Major Axis Semi-Minor
Axis
“Spheroid Name” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Datums ...
}
Following the spheroid definition are datums associated with each spheroid. The datums are
recorded in terms of a shift to the WGS84 datum. Any datums added to the spheroid.tab file must
also be recorded as datum shift parameters to WGS84. The parameters are recorded as:
“Datum Name” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
Where
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Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
rω, rϕ, and rκ are the omega, phi, kappa rotations to WGS84, in radians and scientific notation,
Most parametric datums applied to global areas are basically spheroids themselves without any
position shift and/or rotations relative to WGS 84. They are assumed to have same centers as
that of WGS 84. The use of the “global datum” syntax below is no longer required by IMAGINE.
“Spheroid Name” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The main reason to use the spheroid name as a global datum name is to make a smooth
transition from older to newer projection versions. Avoid using them when other appropriate local
datums are available.
The spheroid.tab file is ASCII which is easy to edit and modify. Copy spheroid.tab to
spheroid.tab.erdas. You can now make changes to spheroid.tab without the danger of loosing
the original IMAGINE spheroid.tab file.
You can add new datums to an existing spheroid by editing the spheroid.tab file with the
IMAGINE Text Editor and adding a new line for each datum in the section for that spheroid. You
can also add a new spheroid with associated datums by adding a block of text to the end of the
file using the following syntax:
“Spheroid Name” {
Number Semi-Major Axis Semi-Minor Axis
“Datum Name 1” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
“Datum Name 2” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
“Datum Name 3” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
“Datum Name n” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds
}
i Edits made to the spheroid.tab are not available until the next time the Projections Chooser
is activated.
♦ Define datums by Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) based on DMA documents. These
datums can be identified by the labels ending with “(MRE)” in the spheroid.tab.
The first method is documented here because it is the method most encountered outside of the
United States.
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Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
It is important to enter the correct parameters in the spheroid.tab file. The following example will
guide you through the addition of a “new” projection system to the IMAGINE Projection Chooser.
The source document is from the Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC) which
shows the necessary types of sources used to define the spheroid parameters.
Before you can add the new spheroid and datum to spheroid.tab, a little computation is required.
The spheroid name, semi-major axis, and inverse flattening are given in the AIOC document.
You also need the semi-minor axis. The semi-minor axis can be derived with this equation:
b
--- = 1 – f
a
Where:
a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis
f = flattening
b = ( 1 – f ) ⋅ 6378245.0
b = 1 – ------------- ⋅ 6378245.0
1
298.3
b = 6356863.019
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Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
You now have the necessary parameters to add the “Krassowski 1940” spheroid to the
spheroid.tab listing.
Using the same AOIC documentation, the datum used for this region is “Pulkovo 1942” (see
quote above), defined by:
“AOIC currently uses the following Helmert 7-parameter transformation from WGS84 to Pulkovo
Datum:
Transformation method: Bursa Wolf (position vector rotation)
Geocentric translations (meters): dx = -27.0 dY = +135.0 dZ = +84.5
Geocentric rotations (arc seconds): rX = 0.0 rY = 0.0 rZ = -0.554
Scale change (ppm): 0.2263
Note that the sense of the rotation parameters needs to be reversed for the coordinate frame
rotation method used by the US Defense Mapping Agency and others.”
The Geocentric rotations (rX, rY, rZ) are equivalent to the IMAGINE notation (rω, rϕ, rκ).
There are several differences to note in the way information is provided and the way IMAGINE
expects it:
If the transformation is not to WGS84, translations (dx, dy, dz), rotations (rω, rϕ, rκ), and scale
(ds) must be negated. Positive values are made negative and negative values are made positive.
The best way to tell whether or not to negate the rotations is to try it with some known co-
ordinates and see (enter the new parameters into the spheroid.tab and then use the Coordinate
Calculator to test, as shown later in this text).
Where:
n r = value in radians
n as = value in arc seconds
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Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
So, for example, the rκ value to be entered in to the spheroid.tab file for “Pulkovo 1942” can be
calculated by:
rκ = – 2.685867e – 06
Add these values as your datum in the copy of the spheroid.tab file in the IMAGINE text editor.
Your additions to the IMAGINE spheroid.tab file should look like the listing below. Note how the
shifts and scale have been negated with respect to the values quoted in the AIOC document.
“Krassowski 1940” {
35 6378245.0 6356863.019
“Krassowski 1940” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Pulkovo 1942” 27.0 -135.0 -84.5 0 0 -2.685867e-
06 2.263e-07
}
Save your edits and close the IMAGINE Text Editor. The new datums and spheroids will now be
available for use in IMAGINE when you restart the Projection Chooser.
“Two Gauss-Kruger map projection grid systems are used for national mapping. The first,
referred to locally as the co-ordinate system of 1942 (CS42) is a zoned system, used throughout
the former Soviet Union, similar in structure to the UTM grid system but using different
parameters. Zones cover a longitude extent of 6 degrees. Zone 9 is used in Azerbaijan onshore
east of longitude 48 degrees East, and all offshore areas. CS42 Zone 9 projection defining
parameters are:
latitude of origin: 0 degrees N
longitude of origin: 51 degrees E
scale factor at origin: 1.0
false easting: 9500000 meters [for other zones use
6
500000+(zone number * 10 )]
false northing: 0 metres
grid units: International meters”
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Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
Note: These coordinate systems are based on the Krassowski 1940 spheroid and Pulkovo 1942
datum, as quoted in the “Adding a New Spheroid” section above.
Using the above information, you can create “custom” selectors with the Save Projection dialog.
Select Tools | Coordinate Calculator... to start the Coordinate Calculator. From the Coordinate
Calculator, select Projection | Set Output Projection and Units... to open the Output
Projection and Units Setup dialog. Click the Set Output Projection button on the Output
Projection and Units Setup dialog to open the Projection Chooser.
Click OK. A message dialog opens informing you that the projection category does not exist and
asks if you would like to create it. Click Yes.
The Input Text dialog opens and asks for the base name of the new category file. Enter
Azerbaijan, press Enter or Return, and click OK.
On the Projection Chooser dialog, click the OK button. On the Output Projection and Units Setup
dialog, click the OK button.
The new projection category has been added to IMAGINE. Now it is time to verify that you have
edited the parameters correctly (especially if you are unsure if negating the rotation parameters
is required for this datum). This is accomplished by using a known set of co-ordinates.
140
Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
To test the changes you just made, use the Coordinate Calculator from the IMAGINE Tools
menu. You will need to reset the input and output projections.
From the Coordinate Calculator, select Projection | Set Input Projection and Units... to open
the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog. Click the Set Input Projection button on the Input
Projection and Units Setup dialog to open the Projection Chooser. Select the Custom tab.
Click the OK button. On the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog, click the OK button.
In the Coordinate Calculator Cell Array, enter the Pulkovo 1942 datum Lon/Lat co-ordinates
(given above) into the input projection fields. The output in CS42 Zone 9 is then calculated and
compared to the AIOC result given above. The Coordinate Calculator CellArray shows the
results and confirms that the projection system (including the spheroid and datum parameters)
has been correctly defined, since the co-ordinate values correspond directly to the AIOC results.
If there are discrepancies, check the values in the spheroid.tab file for the spheroid and datum.
Also check the values entered in the Projection Chooser for Scale factor at central meridian,
Longitude of central meridian, and False easting.
Often a customer will want to make Global Changes to the projection libraries of an IMAGINE
installation.
For new projection libraries, the Save... button in the Projection Chooser creates new projection
categories (and their related projections) in <HOME>/.imagine840/projections. In the example
shown, a file called Azerbaijan.plb was created in <HOME>/.imagine840/projections. For this
local category to be available globally, the IMAGINE System Administrator must copy the .plb file
into the <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/projections directory.
141
Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE
Note: Always make a backup copy of any files you replace in <IMAGINE_HOME> and
remember that your new files may be overwritten themselves by patches! So have copies of
those files saved as well. For example, the contents of <IMAGINE_HOME>/etc might have:
where spheroid.tab contains your new spheroids and datums, and is the same as
spheroid.tab.customized.
142
Category or Item Chooser
This dialog class is accessed from the Other... option at the bottom of a chooser button list.
Simply hold on the chooser button and drag to select the Other... option.
♦ Color
♦ Text
♦ Symbols
♦ Lines
♦ Arrows
♦ Fill
Each of these kinds of dialog contain the common tabs and buttons described below.
Standard This tab provides access to standard items in the object class. Those items
consist of the ones that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and
saved at your site.
Custom This tab provides access to those styles over which you have control in that object
class. This allows you to create a custom style for an object and apply it to the current object.
You may save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
143
Category or Item Chooser
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the object rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how the object will look before the properties are
applied.
144
Delete Category or Item
Category Click the popup list button and select the category to be deleted.
Item First select the category from the From Category popup list below then select
the item to be deleted from this popup list.
From Category Click the popup list button and select the category from which an
item is to be deleted.
145
Rename Category or Item
Category Click the popup list button and select the category to be renamed.
Item First select the category from the In Category popup list below then select the
item to be renamed from this popup list.
In Category Click the popup list button and select the category from which an item
is to be renamed.
146
Save Category or Item
Save as: Enter the name of the object you wish to save. This is the name that is displayed
in the (Style) list in the Standard tab of the chooser dialog.
☞ No warning is given when an object of the same name resides in the same category. It is
simply replaced.
In Category: Click the popup list button and select the category in which to save the
object or enter the name of a new category to create for the new style.
147
Arrow Chooser
Arrow Chooser
This dialog assists you in selecting or designing an arrow style for your annotation purposes. It
is opened when you click on any Arrow style chooser button and select Other.... This field is
enabled when the Ends: field contains a selection other than None.
Standard This tab provides access to standard graphics arrows that are shipped with
IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list
button to select the library from which to choose a graphic arrow. Click on the arrow style that
you wish to apply to the current object.
Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control
in the arrow class. This allows you to create a custom graphic arrow style and apply it to the
current object. You may also save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.
Base Angle: Enter the base angle of the arrow end. The range is 5 to 90 degrees. This
parameter does not apply to Stick type arrows.
Tip Angle: Enter the tip angle of the arrow end. The range is 5 to 85 degrees.
i The actual length of the arrow head is the product of the length specified above and the line
width specified in the Line Style Chooser.
Filled Select this option for an enclosed arrowhead that is filled with the base line color.
The fill color does not apply to arrows.
Unfilled Select this option for an enclosed arrowhead that is not filled. Any area of the
arrow head that is not taken by the line thickness will show the background.
148
Arrow Chooser
length
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the arrow rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.
149
Fill Style Chooser
Standard This tab provides access to standard fill colors and patterns that are shipped
with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup
list button to select the library from which to choose a fill style. Click on the fill style that you
wish to apply to the current object.
Use Solid Color: Select this option to fill areas with a solid color.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the fill color of the current object. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color for the solid fill.
( line style ) This style patch shows the currently selected line style. Click on the chooser
button to specify a different line style for the outline.
Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control
in the fill class. This allows you to create a custom fill style and apply it to the current object.
You may also save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.
Use Solid Color: Select this option to fill areas with a solid color.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the fill color of the current object. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color for the solid fill.
Use Outline: Select this option to outline areas.
( line style ) This style patch shows the currently selected line style. Click on the chooser
button to specify a different line style for the outline.
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
150
Fill Style Chooser
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the fill style rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.
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Line Style Chooser
Standard This tab provides access to standard line styles that are shipped with IMAGINE
as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to
select the library from which to choose a line style. Click on the line style that you wish to apply
to the current object.
Join: Click on the popup list button to select the Join Style of line segments. Two line
segments are joined at the point where the centers of their end points intersect. The
manner in which the thickness of the line beyond this point is handled is the Join Style.
Rounded The line ends are rounded to a radius of one half of the
line thickness.
Bevel The line ends are beveled perpendicular to the bisector of the
angle of intersection.
Mitre The line ends are extended to the natural intersection of the
Note: the mitre length is regulated by the Mitre Limit preference in the Annotation
category of the Preference Editor. This limit is equal to the mitre length divided by the
line width. The default value is 3.0 which means that the mitre length may be up to 3
times the line width. Beyond this limit, the mitre is simply truncated giving the
appearance of a bevel.
Cap: Click on the popup list button to select the Cap Style of line segment ends. The
terminal ends of a line segment or polyline may be displayed in one of the following
manners.
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Line Style Chooser
Rounded The line ends are rounded to a radius of one half of the line
thickness.
Butt The line ends are squared. If an inner line exists, it is terminated flush
with the outer line.
Square The line ends are squared. If an inner line exists, it is terminated
one-half line thickness shorter than the outer line.
Ends: Click on the popup list button to select the line end on which to put an arrow head.
None There will not be an arrow head on either end of the line.
Start There will be an arrow on the start end of the line (the end with the
first vertex).
End There will be an arrowhead on the terminal end of the line (the end
with the last vertex).
Arrow: Select an arrow head style from the popup list or use the Arrow Chooser to
select from a different library or to create a custom arrow.
Width: Enter the width of the outer line. Select the units of measure for the width. The
choices are:
pts points
in inches
cm centimeters
Outer Color: Select the color of the outer line or use the Color Chooser to create a
custom color.
Inner Color: Select the color of the inner line. This option is enabled by setting the Inner
Width on the Custom tab to a non-zero value.
Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control
in the line class. This allows you to create a custom line style and apply it to the current object.
You may also save a custom line style and access it through the Standard tab.
Display Line: Indicate Whether To Display the Line Underneath the Symbols
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Line Style Chooser
( patterns ) Use this CellArray to set the mark and gap for dashed lines. The set of rows
in this CellArray establish a pattern that is repeated over the length of the line. The values
are multiples of the line width. Fractional values are allowed.
Join: The same options are available as described for Join under the Standard tab
above.
Cap: The same options are available as described for Cap under the Standard tab
above.
Ends: The same options are available as described for Ends under the Standard tab
above.
Arrow: Select an arrow head style from the popup list or use the Arrow Chooser to
select from a different library or to create a custom arrow. This chooser is enabled only
when Ends: is set to Start, End, or Both.
Outer Width: Enter the width of the outer line. Select the color of the outer line or use
the Color Chooser to create a custom color. Select the units of measure for the width.
The choices are:
pts points
in inches
cm centimeters
Inner Width: Enter the width of the inner line as a percentage of the outer width. Select
the color of the inner line or use the Color Chooser to create a custom color.
Use Symbol: Select this option to display a symbol along the line. This is a valid option
even if the line is not displayed.
Symbol: Select a symbol style from the popup list or use the Symbol Chooser to select
from a different library or to create a custom symbol.
Offset: Enter the offset of the symbol above or below the line. A zero value centers the
symbol on the line. If the symbol is on the wrong side of the line, simply change the sign
of the offset value.
Rotate: Click the popup list button to change the rotation of the symbol. The choices are:
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Line Style Chooser
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the line style rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.
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Symbol Chooser
Symbol Chooser
This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a symbol style for your annotation purposes. It
is opened when you click on any Symbol style chooser button and select Other....
Standard This tab provides access to standard symbols and libraries that are shipped
with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup
list button to select the library from which to choose a symbol style. Click on the style that you
wish to apply to the current object.
Use Color: Select this option to set the selected and default symbol(s) to a specific color.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the color of the current object. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color.
Size: Use this number field to specify the size of the symbol.
Units: Click the popup list button to select the unit type of the symbol size.
paper Select this option to use paper units. Click the popup list button to select the
paper units. The choices are:
m meters
ft feet
in inches
cm centimeters
Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control
in the symbol class. This allows you to create a custom symbol style and apply it to the current
object. You may also save a custom style in a specified library and access it through the
Standard tab.
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Symbol Chooser
i The Paste and View buttons are displayed only when the Symbol Chooser is opened from
an Annotation Style tool.
Paste Click this button to paste the currently selected annotation group to the preview
canvas on this tab. That object may then be Saved to a library. In this way you can create
custom symbols from existing symbols or from grouped annotation objects.
i Even a single annotation element must be grouped in order to make a symbol from it.
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the symbol style rendered with the
currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are
applied.
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Text Style Chooser
Standard This tab provides access to standard text styles and libraries that are shipped
with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup
list button to select the library from which to choose a symbol style. Click on the style that you
wish to apply to the current object.
Size: Use this number field to specify the size of the text.
Units: Click the popup list button to select the unit type of the symbol size.
paper Select this option to use paper units. Click the popup list button to select the
paper units. The choices are:
m meters
ft feet
in inches
cm centimeters
Alignment: This option available only for vector attributes. Click the popup list button to
select the alignment of the vector attribute to a vector point. For example, Top Left places
the top left corner of the attribute at the location of the point, making the attribute appear
below and to the right of the point. The options are:
Top Left
Top Center
Top Right
Center Left
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Text Style Chooser
Center Center
Center Right
Bottom Left
Bottom Center
Bottom Right
Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control
in the text class. This allows you to create a custom text style and apply it to the current object.
You may also save a custom style in a specified library and access it through the Standard
tab.
Fill Style: Select a fill style from the popup list or use the Fill Style Chooser to select
from a different library or to create a custom fill.
Weight: Click the popup list to select the weight of the font.
Normal
Bold
Angle: Enter the angle for the italic text. Use negative values for a backward slant.
Underline Select this option to underline the text with the fill style shown.
Offset X: Enter the X-offset for the shadow from the text.
Offset Y: Enter the Y-offset for the shadow from the text.
( color patch ) This color patch shows the color of the shadow. Click the chooser
button to specify a different color.
Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog.
Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.
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Text Style Chooser
Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog.
( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the text style rendered with the currently
selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.
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Link Viewer
Link Viewer
This dialog enables you to specify the Viewer to which you want to link.
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Print
Print
This dialog enables you to output information to a printer. It is accessible from several places
throughout ERDAS IMAGINE; for example, the ModelMaker print icon.
Printer: Enter the name of the device on which you want to print. This must be a device
that has been configured for use with ERDAS IMAGINE through the Configuration Editor.
Save Output to File Select this option to save the output to a file.
File Name: If you have selected Save Output to File, you must enter the file name to which
the output will be written.
Print: If the document/file that you are printing is more than one page long, you have the
option to print a subset.
Subset Click to print a subset. Enter the page range to print below.
From: Enter the first page number that you want to print.
To: Enter the last page number that you want to print.
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Progress
Progress
This dialog informs you of the status of an operation in ERDAS IMAGINE. It is accessed from
many places throughout IMAGINE.
☞ You are free to perform other tasks in IMAGINE while a process is running. This message
box just reports the progress for you.
Percent Done: The progress of an operation is shown in this meter that moves from 0 to
100 as the job is processed. When the job is 100% done, the OK button will be enabled.
OK Click to close this dialog when a process is complete. This option will not be enabled
until the job is finished.
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