What you have just read on the preceding pages are examples of some parts of a

research paper.
To understand fully about it, study the given information below.

What is Research?
• Research presents information gathered from
interviews, reference books, websites, or other sources.

• It is a careful, systematic, and scie ntific study and

investigation in some f ield of knowledge.

• It is a product of a careful or diligent inquiry into a

certain subject for the purpose of discovering and
interpreting facts and then presenting them to a

What are the technical terms used in research?

There are many technical terms used in research.

Most of them may differ in terms but their functions and meanings
are somewhat similar.

Consider the examples below.

Each research type has corresponding parts. Examine them closely and try to
compare and/ or contrast them.
What have you noticed on the parts under each chapter?

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
(Background of the Study) Purpose of the Study
Review of the Related Literature and Studies Research Questions
Theoretical Framework Theoretical Lens
Conceptual Framework Significance of the Study
Statement of the Problem Definition of Terms
Hypothesis Scope and Delimitation

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED

 Research Design LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Research Locale CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Respondents Research Design
Research Instrument Role of the Researcher
Data Gathering Procedure Research Participants
Statistical Tools Data Collection
Ethical Consideration Data Analysis
Trustworthiness of the Study
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ethical Consideration

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING
Conclusion REMARKS
Recommendation
REFERENCE (APA Format)
REFERENCE (APA Format)

They may come from different types of research but if you are going to scrutinize
them well, they mean the same thing, except only for few terminologies which really
have various functions.
Let us take them one by one and analyze very carefully how they work and
function in the research. All you have to do is be familiar with these basic and
commonly used terminologies so that when the time comes for you to write your own
research paper, you already have the knowledge on how to do it.

What you are going to learn in this module are merely the technical terms that
are commonly used in the research. These are the following:

INTRODUCTION

• It is the first paragraph of a written research paper, or the first thing you
say in an oral presentation, or the first thing people see, hear, or experience
about your study.
• It gives the readers the beginning of the piece of thread so they can
follow it.
• It presents information from global, national, and local settings.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

• It is a statement of "why" the study is being conducted, or the goal of the

study. The goal of a study might be to identify or describe a concept or to
explain or predict a situation or solution to a situation that indicates the type of
study to be conducted (Beckingham, 1974).
• It identifies the variables, population and setting for a study. Every study
has an explicit or implicit purpose statement. The research purpose should be
 stated objectively or in a way that does not reflect biases or values of the
researcher.

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

• It is a process and documentation of the current relevant research

literature regarding a topic or subject of interest.
• It is a systematic identification and location of documents concerning
information related to the research problem.
• It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present
study is related.
• It presents the readings related to the study. They may be obtained from
the books, journals, magazines, internet, etc.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/ LENS

• It is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.

• It introduces and describes the concept which explains why the research
problem under study exists.
• It refers to the theories or studies of varied authors as proven and tested.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• It refers to visual templates, illustrations, and examples to determine

theories and methodologies for the research.
• It is a visual plan on how to conduct the research.
• It is the structure or chart that shows the dependent and the
independent variables.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/ RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• It states the questions that are ought to be answered by the

researcher/s.
• It refers to an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue.
• It is the initial step in a research project. The 'initial step' means after
you have an idea of what you want to study, the research question is the first
active step in the research project.

HYPOTHESIS

• It is an educated prediction that can be tested.

 • It is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement
about the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular
property of a population, such as presumed differences between groups on a
variable or relationships between variables.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Defining important terms is essential to ensure a common

understanding of key concepts and terminology is shared between the author
and the readers or audience, particularly if the term is unusual or not widely
known.
• These are general words and phrases defined within the context of how
they apply to the research study.
• It refers to the conceptually defined (taken from dictionary) and
operationally defined (as used in the study by the researcher/s) terms or words
in the research study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• It mainly focuses on the question “Who will benefit from the study?”
• It describes what contribution the study will make and the usefulness of
the study in the society.
• It tells what you hope will benefit others and/or how readers will benefit
or learn from your research study.
• It is a statement which intentionally addresses to a specific individual or
groups.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

• It is to whom will the study be focusing (delimited).

• It contains the explanation of what information or subject is being
analyzed.
• It deals with the extent of the study to be made.
• It defines where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects
are/

METHODOLOGY

• It discusses the process or method the research study was done or

completed.
 • It tells the main instrument used in gathering of data (survey form,
researcher-made questionnaire, interview, etc.)

RESEARCH DESIGN

• It refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you
will effectively address the research problem.
• It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis
of data.

A research design may also include:

Ø Type of research

Ø Measurement and scaling

Ø Construct and pre-test

questionnaire

Ø Sampling process and

sample size

Ø Data analysis plan

Ø Budget and scheduling

RESEARCH LOCALE

• It refers to the place where the research study was conducted.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

• It tells who the group of individuals are used in the research study.
ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER

• The primary role of the researcher is to safeguard the participants and their data.
Mechanisms for such safeguarding must be clearly articulated to participants
before the research begins.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

• These are measurement tools (for example, questionnaires or scales)

designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.
• It tells the main instrument used in gathering of data (survey form,
researcher-made questionnaire, interview, etc.)

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE/ DATA COLLECTION

• It gives the procedure/ process of conducting the research (permission to

conduct the study, administration and retrieval of the questionnaires,
tabulation of data gathered, etc.).

DATA ANALYSIS/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• It discusses the answers based on the listed statement of the problem.

• It is also where explanations and tables be found.

STATISTICAL TOOLS/ TREATMENT

• These are methods involved in carrying out a study which include

planning, designing, collecting data, drawing meaningful interpretation, and
reporting of the findings.
• It indicates the statistical method used or utilized in the study. Example:
Mean, T-test, Standard Deviation, Pearson, Regression, One-way Anova, etc.)

TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE STUDY/ ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in

research.
• First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth,
and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying,
or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error.
• Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and
coordination among many different people in different disciplines and
institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to
 collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and
fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for
authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and
confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property
interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive
credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or
disclosed prematurely.

CONCLUSIONS

• These are statements drawn or formulated based on the findings of the

study.
• It is the last paragraph or the last part in the research paper.
• It is in some ways like the introduction. You restate your thesis
statement and summarize your main points of evidence.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• These are stated based on the findings/ results and the conclusions of
the research.
• These are suggestions, proposals that could be given to those who will
benefit the study (refer to the significance of the study) that would somehow
help them in one way or the other.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

• It states the answers in summary form/ already the gist of the study.
• It is the textual generalization, that is, a summary of the important data
consisting of text and numbers.

APA (American Psychological Association)

• It is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological

Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social
sciences (like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and
other fields).
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• It is a type of social science research that collects and works with

nonnumerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that
help understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places.
• It is used to gain insights into people’s feelings and thoughts.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• It is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to

find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations.